LOUSSAPATZ 914 2011 12 17.pdf
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My apologies for the appearance of the Armenian lettering... sorry for the inconvenience....
ÂÆô 914 Þ2 ́2Â, 17 ̧oÎîoØ ́oð 2011
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Artem Isahaki (Isaakovich) Alikhanian June 24, 1908, Tiflis - February 25, 1978, Moscow Soviet Armenian physicist, one of the founders and first director of the Yerevan Physics Institute, a correspondent member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946), academic of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. USSR State Prizes (1941, 1948), Lenin Prize (1970). He is known as the "father of Armenian physics". With Pyotr Kapitsa, Lev Landau, Igor Kurchatov, Abraham Alikhanov and oth-
ers, he laid the foundations of nuclear physics in Soviet Union.
1
Ð2Úàò òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü ÄÊîàôØÀ øð3⁄42Î2Ü2òÜàÔ Üàð
úðÆÜ2¶ÆÌ üð2ÜêÆ2ÚÆ ÊàðÐð ̧2ð2Ü3⁄4Ü Üoðê üñ3Ýë3Ï3Ý Ù3ÙÉáÛ ·áñÍ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý ÷áË3Ýó3Í ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ , ¦Äá- Õáíñ13Ï3Ý Þ3ñÅáõÙ ØÇáõÃÇõݧ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ù»Í3Ù3ëÝ3Ï3Ý, Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3Ïóáõ- û3Ý ÏáÕÙ¿ 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÄáÕáíÇ ûñ¿Ýë1Çñ Û3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÇÝ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ3Í ¿ ûñ¿ÝùÇ Ý3Ë3·ÇÍ,
áñáõ Ýå3ï3ÏÝ ¿ å3ïÅ»ÉÇ 13ñÓÝ»É Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý ÅËïáõÙÁ: ÜÙ3Ý ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍ ÙÁ ùáõ¿3ñÏáõ3Í »õ ÁÝ1áõÝáõ3Í ¿ñ 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÄáÕáíÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ 2006-ÇÝ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 3Ûë ï3ñáõ3Û Ø3ÛÇë 4-ÇÝ Ù»ñÅáõ3Í ¿ñ Ì»ñ3ÏáÛïÇ ûñ¿Ýë1Çñ Û3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿‘
ÝÏ3ïáõ»Éáí 3ÝÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉÇ: Üáñ ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÁ, áñ ÏÁ Ïñ¿ ¦ÄáÕáíñ13Ï3Ý Þ3ñÅáõÙ ØÇáõÃÇõݧ »õ Üáñ λ1ñáÝÇ Ïáõë3Ï-
óáõû3Ý 40 å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ñáõ ëïáñ3·ñáõÃÇõÝÁ, Ïÿ3é3ç3ñÏ¿ ë3ÑÙ3Ý»É Ù¿Ï ï3ñáõ3Û μ3Ý- ï3ñÏáõÃÇõÝ »õ 45 Ñ31⁄23ñ »õñáÛÇ ïáõ·3Ýùa Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ÅËïáÕ- Ý»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ:
¦üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ Ñ3Û»ñÁ ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Ý ÃÇñ3Ë Ñ3Ý1Çë3Ý3É ûï3ñ å»ïáõû3Ý ÏáÕÙÇó Ï3- ï3ñáõáÕ ÅËïáÕ3Ï3Ý ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõû3ݧ,- Áë3Í ¿ ¦ÄáÕáíñ13Ï3Ý Þ3ñÅáõÙ ØÇáõÃÇõݧ Ïáõ- ë3Ïóáõû3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñ, Ñ3Û31⁄2·Ç ä3ïñÇÏ ̧»õ»ç»3Ý:
ÆëÏ ÝáÛÝ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñ ì3É»ñÇ ́áõ3Û¿, áñ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó3Í ¿ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÁ 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÄáÕáíÇ ûñ¿Ýë1Çñ Û3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÇÝ, Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿. - ¦Ø»Ýù ÏÁ 1⁄2·3Ýù ÙÇÝã»õ í»ñç, »õ üñ3Ýë3Ý 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý »ñμ»ù ÏÁ 1ñë»õáñ¿ Çñ»Ý Çμñ»õ Ù3ñ1áõ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñáõ »ñÏÇñ§:
21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÄáÕáíÇ ûñ¿Ýë1Çñ Û3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ Ä3Ý-ÈÇõù ì3ñëÙ3Ý Ñ3õ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÝÏ3ï3Í ¿, áñ ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÁ ÊáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ ëïáñÇÝ å3É3ïÇ ùÝÝ3ñÏÙ3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõÇ ̧»Ïï»Ù- μ»ñ 3Ùëáõ3Û ÁÝÃ3óùÇ:
2Ûë Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ Ãñù3Ï3Ý Ã»ñûñÁ ÏÁ Ñ3Õáñ1»Ý áñ, üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ÜÇùáÉ3 ê3ñùá1⁄2Ç ÏáÕÙÝ3ÏÇó ¿, áñ í3õ»ñ3óáõÇ Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý áõñ3óáõÙÁ Û3Ýó3·áñ- ÍáõÃÇõÝ ÝÏ3ïáÕ ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÁ:
Àëï Ãñù3Ï3Ý Ã»ñûñáõ, ÷3Ï 1éÝ»ñáõ »ïÇÝ ê3ñùá1⁄2Ç Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿ 3ÛÝ Ï3ñÍÇùÁ, ÿ ûñÇ- Ý3·ÇÍÁ ÏñÝ3Û í3õ»ñ3óáõÇÉ: 2Ý 3Ýó»3ÉÇÝ ÁÝ11ÇÙ3ó3Í ¿ñ ÝÙ3Ý μ3Ý3Ó»õÇ ÙÁ í3õ»ñ3óÙ3Ýa Ì»ñ3ÏáÛïÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿, Ñ3Ï3é3Ï 3ÛÝ ÇñáÕáõû3Ý, áñ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ »Õ3Í ¿ñ 3Ýáñ í3õ»ñ3óáõÙÁ 3å3Ñáí»É ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç: 2ÕμÇõñÝ»ñ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ»Ý, ÿ üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ 3Ûë 3Ý·3Ù åÇïÇ ãÑ3Ï3é3ÏÇ: 2ÝáÝù ÏÁ ÛÇß»óÝ»Ý, ÿ ê3ñùá1⁄2Ç 3Ûë Ñ3ñóÇ Ù3ëÇÝ Çñ Ï3ñÍÇùÁ ÷áË»ó oñ»õ3Ý 3Ûó»Éáõû3Ý ûñ»ñáõÝ, »ñμ oñ»õ3Ý¿Ý ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ×3ÝãÝ3Éáõ Ïáã Áñ3õ Âáõñù- ÇáÛa 3ñÅ3Ý3Ý3Éáí í3ñã3å»ï 3⁄4ñïáÕ3ÝÇ ùÝÝ313ïáõû3Ý:
ê3ñùá1⁄2Ç Û3é3çÇÏ3Û ï3ñÇ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»Ý3ÉÇù üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñáõÝ Ã»ÏÝ3Íáõ ¿ »õ Ãñù3Ï3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ ÏÁ åÝ1»Ý, ÿ 3Ý 3Ûë ù3ÛÉáí ÏÁ ÷áñ- Ó¿ Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ ùáõ¿Ý ¦áñë3ɧ:
Ü3Ë3·3Ñáõû3Ý 3ÛÉ Ã»ÏÝ3Íáõ ÙÁa ÁÝÏ»ñí3ñ3Ï3Ý üñ3Ýëáõ3 ÐáÉ3Ýï, Ëáëï3ó3Í ¿ ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÁ í3õ»ñ3óÝ»É, »Ã¿ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ÁÝïñáõÇ:
äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç ÉáÛë ï»ëÝáÕ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ¦Ø3ñÙ3ñ3§ ûñÃÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ, ÂáõñùÇáÛ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍáó Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ñ3Õáñ13·ñáõû3Ùμ ÙÁ 1Å·áÑáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿ üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ ÊáñÑñ- 13ñ3ÝÇ Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñáí Û3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ í3õ»ñ3óáõ3Í 3ÛÝ μ3Ý3Ó»õÇÝ ·Íáí, áñ å3ïÇÅ ÏÁ ë3ÑÙ3Ý¿ Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ áõñ3óáÕÝ»ñáõÝ 1¿Ù:
Ü3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ñ3Õáñ13·ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç 31⁄213ñ3ñáõ3Í ¿, ÿ 3Ýëñμ3·ñ»ÉÇ Ï3óáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ ÏñÝ3Û ëï»ÕÍáõÇÉ, »Ã¿ üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÁ í3õ»ñ3óÝ¿ 3Û1 μ3Ý3Ó»õÁ: Ü3Ë3ñ3ñáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ 1Çï»É ïáõ3Í ¿, áñ ÂáõñùÇ3 üñ3Ýë3Û¿Ý Ïÿ3ÏÝÏ3É¿ ¦ßÇÝÇã ù3ÛÉ»ñ§, áñáÝù åÇïÇ Ýå3ëï»Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ áõ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ÙÇç»õ 3éÏ3Û 3ÝÑ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ÉáõÍÙ3Ý:
¶àÜÎð3⁄4êÀ Îàâ Àð2ô ÂàôðøÆàÚa ìoð2 ̧2ðÒÜoÈàô Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü
oÎoÔoòÆÜoðÀ
ØÇ3ó»3É Ü3Ñ3Ý·Ý»ñáõ ¶áÝÏñ¿ëÇ Ü»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñáõ îáõÝÁ oñ»ùß3μÃÇ, ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ 13-ÇÝ ùáõ¿3ñÏ»ó ÃÇõ 306 μ3Ý3Ó»õÁ, áñ Ïáã ÏÿÁÝ¿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝa í»ñ313ñÓÝ»Éáõ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý, ÛáõÝ3Ï3Ý »õ 3ëáñ3Ï3Ý »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñáõ μéÝ3·ñ3õáõ3Í Ï3Éáõ3ÍÝ»ñÁ: ́3Ý3Ó»õÁ Ý3»õ ÏÁ å3Ñ3Ýç¿, áñ 2Ý·3ñ3 í»ñç ï3Û ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý Ëïñ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ýa ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý ÷áùñ3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ ÃáÛÉ3ïñ»Éáí 3é3Ýó ë3ÑÙ3Ý3÷3ÏáõÙÝ»ñáõ å3ï3ñ3·Ý»ñ Ù3ïáõó»Éáõ »õ 3ÛÉ ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý Í¿ë»ñ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñå»Éáõ:
2
§ÆØ oðÎðÆê Ø3⁄4æ ÐÆØ2 ÜoðøÆÜ §òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂÆôܦ 3⁄4¦,- Àê2Ì 3⁄4 21⁄4Ü2ôàôð
2ßË3ñÑ3Ñéã3Ï Ñ3Û »ñ·Çã Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñ 2ÝóÝáÕ ß3μ3Ã3í»ñçÇÝ ØáëÏáõ3ÛÇ Ù¿ç Ñ3Ù»ñ·áí Ñ3Ý1¿ë »Ï3Í ¿ 3ßË3ñÑ3Ñéã3Ï Ñ3Û
»ñ·Çã Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñ: 2Ý 3Ûë 3éÃÇõ 13ñÓ»3É Çñ Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝÁ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç ïÇñáÕ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÇ Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ:
¦Ü»ñÏ3ÛÇë ÇÙ »ñÏñÇë Ù¿ç Ý»ñùÇÝ ¦ó»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõݧ ï»ÕÇ Ï°áõÝ»Ý3Û: 2Û1 ù3Õ3ù3Ï3- Ý3å¿ë 3ÝÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉÇ ÏÁ Ñ3Ù3ñ»Ù: Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝ ãï3Éáí »ñÏñÇÝ ßÝã»Éáõ, Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ »ñÏÇñÁ ÏÁ 1⁄2ñÏ¿ ë»÷3Ï3Ý »ñÇï3ë3ñ1áõûݿÝ, áñ ÏÁ Ñ»- é3Ý3Û: 2Û1 ÇÙ3ëïáí, ËÝ1ÇñÁ 3ñ1¿Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ã¿, 3ÛÉ Ñ3Ù3Ù3ñ1Ï3ÛÇÝ: 2Ûë Ñ3ñóÁ å¿ïù ¿ 3ÝÛ3å3Õ ÉáõÍáõǧ,- Áë3Í ¿ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñ, áñ Ý3»õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1»ëå3ÝÝ ¿ 1⁄4áõÇó»ñÇáÛ Ù¿ç:
ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ áñáß Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 3é3ç Þ3ñÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÁ Ý3»õ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿ñ, ÿ ¦Ð3- Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç Ù3ýÇ3 Ï3Û§: ¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç Ù3ñ1áó û·Ý»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ áãÇÝã ãÇ Ï3ï3ñáõÇñ: Ø3ýÇ3ÛÇ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñáõ Ù3ëÇÝ ë3ñë3÷»ÉÇ å3ïÙáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Éë3Í »Ù: ÎÁ Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3Ý 3ÛÝå¿ë ÁÝ»É, áñ ·ÇõÕ3óÇÝ ëáí3Í ÙÝ3Û Çñ ÇëÏ ÑáÕÇ íñ3Û: Ø3ýÇ3ÛÇ 3Û1 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñáõÝ å¿ïù ¿ ·Ý13Ï3Ñ3ñ»É: 2Û1å¿ë 3ÛÉ»õë Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ã¿ ß3ñáõÝ3Ïáõ»É: Îÿáõ1⁄2¿ù 3Ý13Ù3ÏóÇ±É Ù3ýÇ3ÛÇÝ: ¶3ó¿ù Ó»ñ Ù3ýÇ3Ý áõñÇß »ñÏÇñ- Ý»ñáõ Ù¿ç ÑÇÙÝ»ó¿ù: 2Û1 Ó»ñ »ñÏñÇÝ Ù¿ç ÙÇ ÁÝ¿ù, Ó»ñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç 1¿Ù ÙÇ ÁÝ¿ù§,-Áë3Í ¿ 21⁄2Ý3- õáõñ:
Ø2ðî 1-Æ 1⁄4àÐoðàô Ð2ð21⁄42îÜoðÀ Î2è2ì2ðàôÂo2Ü Îoòàô2ÌøÀ
ÆðoÜò Ð2Ü ̧3⁄4ä ìð3⁄4ÄÊÜ ̧ðàôÂo2Ü ̧ðêoôàðàôØ ÎÀ Ð2Ø2ðoÜ Ø3ñï 1-Ç 1⁄2áÑ»ñáõ Ñ3ñ31⁄23ïÝ»ñÁ Ý3Ù3Ïáí 1ÇÙ3Í »Ý ÐÐ í3ñã3å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3- ÝÇÝ‘ 3Ýáñ Ù»Õ31ñ»Éáí Çñ»Ýó ÷áËÑ3ïáõóÙ3Ý ËÝ1ñ3ÝùÁ Ù»ñÅ»ÉáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ‘ 3Û1 áñ3Ï3õá- ñ»Éáí Çμñ»õ Ù3ñïÙ¿Ï»3Ý 1⁄2áÑ»ñáõ Ñ3ñ31⁄23ïÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ý1¿å áõÝ»ó3Í ÃßÝ3Ù3Ï3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñ-
ÙáõÝùÇ »õ íñ¿ÅËÝ1ñáõû3Ý 1ñë»õáñáõÙ: ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ù»ñÅ3Í ¿ Ø3ñï 1-Ç 1⁄2áÑ»ñáõ Ñ3ñ31⁄23ïÝ»ñáõÝ Û3çáñ1
ï3ñáõ3Ý åÇõï×¿Ý 500 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1ñ3ÙÇ ÷áËÑ3ïáõóáõÙ Û3ïÏ3óÝ»Éáõ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É 3é3ç3ñÏÁ: ¦Î3é3í3ñáõû3Ý Ù»ñÅáõÙÁ Ù»1⁄2 Ñ3Ù3ñ 3Ýëå3ë»ÉÇ ã¿ñ: ìÇñ3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ í3ñ- ã3å»ïÁ Ù»ñÅáõÙÁ å3ï×3é3μ3ÝáõÙ ¿‘ 3ë»Éáí, áñ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ3Í ã¿, ÿ Ø3ñïÇ Ù¿ÏÇ Ù3Ñáõ3Ý 1¿åù»ñÇ å3ï×3éÁ áã Çñ3õ3ã3÷ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ã»Ý: 2ÛëÇÝùÝ‘ ëÏëáõÙ »Ý Ù»ñÅ»É 3ÛÝ, ÇÝã Û3ÛïÝÇ ¿ áõ ùÝÝ3ñÏÙ3Ý »ÝÃ3Ï3Û ã¿§,- Tert.am-Ç Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ Áë3Í ¿ Ø3ñï 1-Ç 1⁄2áÑ îÇ·ñ3Ý Ê3ã3ïñ»3ÝÇ Ù3ÛñÁ‘ 2ÉÉ3 Ê3ã3ïñ»3Ý: 2Ý ÛÇß»óáõó Ý3»õ, áñ ê3Ùáõ¿É ÜÇÏáÛ- »3ÝÇ ·ÉË3õáñ3Í ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3õáñ Û3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÇ »1⁄2ñ3Ï3óáõÃÇõÝÁ »õë Ýß3Í ¿, áñ Ù3ñï»3Ý 1¿åù»ñáõÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ÏÇñ3éáõ3Í ¿ ¦ã»ñ»áÙáõË3- 7§ ï»ë3ÏÇ Û3ïáõÏ ÙÇçáó: ́3óÇ 3Û1, 2ÉÉ3 Ê3ã3ïñ»3Ý Ý3»õ íÏ3Û3Ïáã»ó Ð3Ù»ñåÁñÏÇ 1⁄2»ÏáÛóÁ, áõñ Ï°ÁëáõÇ, ÿ Ø3ñï Ù¿ÏÇÝ áõÅÇ ÏÇñ3éáõÙÁ »Õ3Í ¿ 3ÝÑ3Ù3ã3÷, ÇëÏ ï3ëÁ Ù3Ñ»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï3ùÝÝáõÃÇõÝÁa áã
3ñ1ÇõÝ3õ¿ï: ¦oñμ oõñáå3Ï3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ áñáßáõÙÁ ÉÇÝÇ, ã»Ý Ï3ñáÕ Ëáõë3÷»É ÷áËÑ3ïáõóáõÙÇó,
Ñ3ñóÁ 13 ãÇ: àõÕÕ3ÏÇ Ýñ3Ýù Ù»1⁄2ÝÇó íñ¿ÅËÝ1Çñ »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ, áñ Ù»ñ »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÇ 3ñÇõÝÁ ãí3- ×3é»óÇÝù§,- íñ1áíáõ3Í ¿ 2ÉÉ3 Ê3ã3ïñ»3Ý:
3
êöÆôèø2Ð2Ú ¶àðÌ2ð2ð ØÀ oôêa ÎÿoÜÂ2ðÎàôÆ ÖÜÞàôØÜoðàô
ê÷Çõéù3Ñ3Û ·áñÍ3ñ3ñ Ü3ñ»Ï Ð3ñÃáõÝ»3Ý
Ð3ñÏ»ñ¿ Ëáõë3÷»Éáõ Ù»Õ31ñ3Ýùáí Ó»ñμ3Ï3Éáõ3Í 3Ù»ñÇÏ3Ñ3Û μ3ñ»ñ3ñ, ¦Ü3ñ»Ï3- óǧ 3ñáõ»ëïÇ ÙÇáõû3Ý ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ »õ ¦GH Storage Enterprise§ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý ïÝû- ñ¿Ý Ü3ñ»Ï Ð3ñÃáõÝ»3Ý 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3Ïáõ»É¿ »ïù ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é3ïÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ Çñ»Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ3Í Ù»Õ31ñ3ÝùÁ áñ3Ï3Í ¿ 3ÙμáÕçáõû3Ùμ 3ÝÑÇÙÝ:
¦àã ÙÇ3ÛÝ 3ÝÑÇÙÝ ¿, 3ÛÉ ëïÇó μ3Ý»ñ »Ý ·ñ»É, ã3÷31⁄23Ýóáõ3Í ÃÇõ»ñ »Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óñ»É: 2Ûë Ù¿Ï ï3ñáõ3Û ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ 3Ûë ×ÝßáõÙÝ»ñÁ 3ñ1¿Ý ÝáñáõÃÇõÝ ã»Ý: ê3 ×ÝßáõÙ μ3Ý»óÝ»É ¿, áñ Ù»ñ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÁ, áñ Ý»ñ1ñáõÙÝ»ñ ¿ 3ñ»É, áõÝ»Ýù 3Ýß3ñÅ ·áÛù»ñ, áñ 1ñ3Ýù Û3÷ßï3Ï»Ý: 2Ûë ÙÇ ï3ñáõ3Û ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ ß3ï Ñ3É3Í3ÝùÝ»ñÇ »Ýù »ÝÃ3ñÏáõ»É, ëå3éÝ3ÉÇùÝ»ñ, ùÝÝã3- Ï3Ý, 6-ñ1 í3ñãáõÃÇõÝ, áõñ 3ë»ë, ï3ñ»É-μ»ñ»É »Ý ÇÝÓ: Üå3ï3ÏÁ ×Ýß»ÉÝ ¿, »õ ë3 1ñ3 ß3- ñáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿, ÇÝÓ Ñ3Ù3ñ ÝáñáõÃÇõÝ ã¿, áõÕÕ3ÏÇ ã¿Ç å3ïÏ»ñ3óáõÙ, áñ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ 3ÛÝ 3ëïÇ×3Ý 3Ý3ñ13ñ, 3Ñ3õáñ í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝù óáÛó ï3É: Ü3Ëûñáù Ï3ñ Ññ3Ù3Ý »õ Çñ»Ýù Ï3- ï3ñáÕÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ áõÕÕ3Ïǧ,- Áë3Í ¿ Ð3ñÃáõÝ»3Ý:
ÖÝßáõÙÝ»ñáõ Ýå3ï3ÏÁ, Áëï 3Ù»ñÇÏ3Ñ3Û μ3ñ»ñ3ñÇ, Çñ»Ý Ûáõë3Ñ3ï»óÝ»É ¿, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Ó·¿ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã »õ Ñ»é3Ý3Û Ð3Û3ëï3Ý¿Ý:
¦ØÇ3Ýß3Ý3Ï ÏáÝÏñ»ï 3ÝÓÇÝù Ï3Ý, μ3Ûó 3ÝáõÝÝ»ñ ï3ÉÁ, ÇÝÓ ÃõáõÙ ¿, ÇÙ3ëï ãáõÝÇ: ́»ñ1Çó Ýáñ »Ù 1áõñë »Ï»É, ÙÇ ùÇã Ñ3Ý·ëï3Ý3Ù... ÆÝÓ Ñ3Ù3ñ »ñ»õáÛÃÝ ¿ 3õ»ÉÇ Ï3ñ»õáñ, ù3Ý Ã¿ 3ÝáõÝÁ§, - Áë3õ Ð3ñÃáõÝ»3Ý:
ä»ï3Ï3Ý oÏ3ÙáõïÝ»ñáõ ÎáÙÇï¿Ý Ü3ñ»Ï Ð3ñÃáõÝ»3ÝÇ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÇÝ å3ïÏ3ÝáÕ ¦GH Storage Enterprise§ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý Ñ3ßÇõÝ»ñÁ ëïáõ·áõ»É¿ »ïù, ¦μ3ó3Û3Ûï3ͧ ¿ 111 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1ñ3ÙÇ ãí×3ñáõ3Í Ñ3ñÏ»ñ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ, Ð3ñÃáõÝ»3Ý ãÁÝ1áõÝÇñ 3Û1 Ù»Õ31ñ3ÝùÝ»ñÁ »õ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2- áõ3Í ¿, áñ Çñ Ë3÷3ÝÙ3Ý ÙÇçáóÁ ÷áËáõ3Í ¿ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ×ÝßÙ3Ý Ñ»ï»õ3Ýùáí:
2Ä öàÊÜ2Ê2¶2Ð. §ÂàôðøÆ2ÚÆ ÊàðÐð ̧2ð2ÜÆ Ü2Ê2¶2ÐÆ
Ú2Úî2ð2ðàôÂÆôÜÜoðÀ ìÎ2ÚàôØ oÜ Üð2Üò
2ÜêÎ1⁄4 ́àôÜø2ÚÜàôÂo2Ü Ø2êÆܦ
ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ æ»ÙÇÉ âÇã»ùÁ ÝÙ3Ý ¿ 13ëÝ 3Ý·Çñ 3ñ3Í, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 3é3ñÏ3ÛÇó áãÇÝã ãÑ3ëÏ3óáÕ 3ß3Ï»ñïÇ, »õ ÏñÏÝ»É ¿ 31ñμ»ç3Ý3Ï3Ý ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõû3Ý É»·»Ý1Ý»ñÁ ÷3Ëëï3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ »õ ûÏáõå3óáõ3Í ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ: 2Û1 Ù3ëÇÝ Û3ÛïÝ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÄáÕáíÇ ÷áËÝ3Ë3·3Ñ 3⁄41áõ3ñ1 Þ3ñÙ31⁄23ÝáíÁ‘ Ù»ÏÝ3μ3Ý»Éáí ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ:
¦ØÇ3ÛÝ 3Û1å¿ë Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ μÝáõÃ3·ñ»É â»ÙÇÉ âÇã»ùÇ Ëûëù»ñÁ ûÏáõå3óÇ3ÛÇ Ï3Ù Ù¿Ï ÙÉÝ ÷3Ëëï3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ: ƱÝã 3ëïÇ×3ÝÇ óÇÝÇ1⁄2Ù å¿ïù ¿ áõÝ»Ý3Û Ëûë»Éáõ ûÏáõå3óÇ3ÛÇ Ù3ëÇÝ ÙÇ »ñÏñÇ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇã, áñÁ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3Ï ß3ñáõÝ3Ï 1⁄23õÃ»É ¿ 3ÛÉa oØ 3Ý13Ù-»ñÏñÇ ï3ñ3Íù: Ø3ñ1Ïáõû3Ý 1¿Ù á×ñÇ ÅËïáÕ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ å»ï3Ï3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ 13ñÓñ3Í »ñÏñÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñÁ ÇÝãåÇëDZ Éáõñç ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ å¿ïù ¿ áõÝ»Ý3Û μ3ñáÛ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ»ï, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç ËûëÇ Êáç3ÉáõÇ 1¿åù»ñÇó, 1»é 3õ»ÉÇÝ Ù»Õ31ñÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÏáÕÙÇÝ 3Û1 1⁄2áÑ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ§,- Ýᯐ ¿ Þ3ñÙ31⁄23ÝáíÁ:
ì»ñçÇÝÇë Ëûëùáí, ¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É Ï»ÕÍ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ 3Ý»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ áñå¿ë Ñ3ñÃ3Ï 21ñμ»ç3ÝáõÙ μéÝ3å»ï3Ï3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3ñ·Ç ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ, 3ÝÓÇ å3ßï3ÙáõÝùÇ 3õ3Ý1áÛÃÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ лÛ13ñ 2ÉÇ»õÇ ÛÇß3ï3ÏÇ ÙÇçáó3éáõÙÝ û·ï3·áñÍ»ÉÁ íÏ3ÛáõÙ ¿ Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ 3ÝëÏ1⁄2μáõÝù3ÛÝáõû3Ý »õ ÷3ëï»ñÁ Ë»Õ3ÃÇõñ»Éáõ ÙáÉáõóùÇ Ù3ëÇݧ:
4
§2ÜÐoÂo¦ 3⁄4 Ô2ð2 ́2ÔÆ Ð2Î2Ø2ðîàôÂÆôÜÀ ÎðúÜ2Î2Ü Ð2Ø2ðoÈÀ
ØÇß¿É êáõÉ¿ÛÙ3Ý oñ»õ3ÝÇ Ù¿ç å3ïáõáÛ ÁÝ1áõÝ»Éáõû3Ý Ïÿ3ñÅ3Ý3Ý3Û ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿
Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ àõñμ3Ã, ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ 9-ÇÝ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3- ·3Ñ ØÇß¿É êáõÉ¿ÛÙ3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3ÝÁ ¦3Ýѻûç ¿ áñ3Ï»É ÇëÉ3Ù3Ï3Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ßñç3Ý3- ÏáõÙ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ Ñ3Ï3Ù3ñïáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ï3ëáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ÉáÛëÇ Ý»ñùáÛ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝ»- Éáõ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ ÷áñÓ»ñÁ:
¦ ́Ý3Ï3Ý3μ3ñ, 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ3Ýù Ý3»õ È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ ËÝ1ñÇÝ: Üß»óÇ, áñ 21ñμ»- ç3ÝÁ Û3Ù3éûñ¿Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ ÇëÉ3Ù3Ï3Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏáõÙ Ñ3Ï3Ù3ñïáõÃÇõÝÁ Ý»ñÏ3- Û3óÝ»É ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ï3ëáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ÉáÛëÇ Ý»ñùáÛ: Î3ñÍáõÙ »Ù, Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíñ1Ç å3ïÙáõû3ÝÁ »õ Ý3»õ Ñ3Ï3Ù3ñïáõû3Ý å3ï×3éÝ»ñÇÝ ùÇã ÿ ß3ï Í3Ýûà ÉÇÝ»Éáõ 1¿åùáõÙ 3ÝÑÝ3ñ ¿ Ñ3õ3ï3É ÝÙ3Ý 3ÝѻûÃáõû3ÝÁ: 2ÛÝáõÑ3Ý1»ñÓ ÝÙ3Ý Ùûï»óáõÙÁ Ñ3Ù3ñáõÙ »Ýù ËÇëï íï3Ý·3õáñ, ù3ÝÇ áñ Ï3Ý Ý3»õ 3Û1 Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝ»ñÇÝ 3ÝÍ3Ýûà ßñç3ÝÝ»ñ »õ ÝÙ3Ý Ñ3Ï3- Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ 3ÝÑ»ï»õ3Ýù ã3Ýóݻɧ, - å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý 3Ûóáí oñ»õ3- ÝáõÙ ·ïÝáõáÕ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ØÇß¿É êáõÉ¿ÛÙ3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ù3ï»Õ 3ëáõÉÇëáõÙ 3ë3ó ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ:
¦2Ûë Ñ3ñóáõÙ »õë Ï3ñ»õáñ ¿ μ3ñ»Ï3Ù å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ 3Ý3ã3é »õ 3ÝÏáÕÙÝ3Ï3É Ï»ó- áõ3ÍùÁ, ù3Ý1⁄2Ç Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñ 3ÝÑ3õ3ë3ñ3ÏßÇé ù3ÛÉ Ýå3ëïáõÙ ¿ ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3ÛÇÝ ÷ËñáõÝ Ñ3õ3ë3ñ3Ïßéáõû3Ý »õ Ï3ÛáõÝáõû3Ý Ë3ËïÙ3ÝÁ§, - Û3õ»É»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ:
È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ ËÝ1ñÇÝ 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ3õ Ý3»õ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ‘ Ýß»Éáí, áñ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÁ 1¿Ù ¿ 3ñï3Û3ÛïõáõÙ ÆëÉ3Ù3Ï3Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝáõÙ ÁÝ1áõÝáõáÕ áñ»õ¿ áñáßÙ3Ý, áñÁ ùÝÝ313ïáõû3Ý ¿ »ÝÃ3ñÏáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇÝ Ï3Ù È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇÝ:
¦Ø»ñ 1ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ 3Û1 Ñ3ñóÁ å¿ïù ¿ Ï3ñ·3õáñáõÇ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ûñ¿ÝùÝ»ñÇ »õ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ý»ñÇ ÇÝùÝáñáßÙ3Ý Çñ3õáõÝùÇ ÑÇÙ3Ý íñ3Û§, - 3ë3ó ØÇß¿É êáõÉ¿ÛÙ3ÝÁ:
2Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ Ý3»õ Ýß»ó, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ùßï3å¿ë ë»ñï áõß31ñáõÃÇõÝ ¿ñ Û3ïÏ3óñ»É 3ñ3μ3Ï3Ý 3ß- Ë3ñÑÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïóáõû3Ý ÁÝ1É3ÛÝÙ3ÝÁ, ÇëÏ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÁ 3Û1 »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ù¿ç 3é3ÝÓÝ3- Û3ïáõÏ ï»Õ ¿ ·ñ3õáõÙ:
¦Ð3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á ßÝáñÑ3Ï3É ¿ μ3ñ»Ï3Ù ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇÝ‘ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý Ù3Ï3ñ13Ïáí Ð3Ûáó ó»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ×3Ý3ã»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ: Üß»óÇ, áñ μ3ñÓñ »Ýù ·Ý3Ñ3ïáõÙ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝáõÙ 3éÏ3Û »Õμ3Ûñ3Ï3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝùÁ ÉÇμ3Ý3Ý3Ñ3Ûáõû3Ý Ñ3Ý1¿å, ÇÝãÇ 3ñ1ÇõÝùáõÙ Ñ3Û Ñ3- Ù3ÛÝùÁ ÿ° ÉÇ3ñÅ¿ù Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ ¿ μ»ñáõÙ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý, ëáóÇ3É-ïÝï»ë3Ï3Ý
5
»õ Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ Ï»3ÝùÇÝ, ÿ° ¿É 3õ»ÉÇ ¿ 3Ùñ3åÝ1áõÙ Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇùÇ Ñ»ï áõÝ»ó3Í Çñ Ï3å»ñÁ§, - ß»ßï»ó ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ:
ØÇß¿É êáõÉ¿ÛÙ3ÝÁ, Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ, ßÝáñÑ3Ï3ÉáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇÝ óáõó3μ»ñ3Í Ùßï3Ï3Ý 3ç3Ïóáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ, ¦Û3ïÏ3å¿ë ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ 3ÛÝ ç3Ýù»ñÇÝ, áñáÝù Ï3åáõ3Í »Ý Ø2Î-Ç 2Ýíï3Ý·áõû3Ý ËáñÑñ1Ç 1107 μ3Ý3Ó»õÇ μáÉáñ 1ñáÛÃÝ»ñÇ Ï3ï3ñÙ3Ý Ñ»ï, Ù3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë 1ÇÙ3·ñ3õ»Éáõ Çëñ3Û¿É3Ï3Ý áïÝÓ·áõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ Ë3ËïáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ ÇÝùÝÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý »õ ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñÇ 3ÙμáÕç3Ï3Ý ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ§:
êoðÄ ê2ð¶êo2ÜÀ Ð2Ü ̧ÆäàôØ 3⁄4 àôÜoòoÈ ÐèàØÆ ä2äÆÜ Ðoî
Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÝ ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ 12-ÇÝ ì3ïÇÏ3ÝáõÙ Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ ¿ áõÝ»ó»É ÜáñÇÝ êñμáõÃÇõÝ ÐéáÙÇ ä3å ́»Ý»1ÇÏïáë XVI-Ç Ñ»ï: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ 3ëáõ3Í ¿ Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ Ù3ÙÉáÛ ·ñ3ë»Ý»3ÏÇ ï3ñ3Í3Í Ñ3Õáñ13·ñáõÃÇõÝáõÙ:
Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ »õ ÜáñÇÝ êñμáõÃÇõÝÁ ·áÑáõÝ3Ïáõû3Ùμ »Ý Ëûë»É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ ì3ïÇÏ3ÝÇ ÙÇç»õ μ3ñÓñ Ù3Ï3ñ13ÏÇ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ: ÎáÕÙ»ñÁ Ùïù»ñ »Ý ÷á- Ë3Ý3Ï»É Ø3Ûñ 2Ãáé êáõñμ 3⁄4çÙÇ3ÍÝÇ »õ Î3ÃáÉÇÏ »Ï»Õ»óáõ ÙÇç»õ Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïóáõû3Ý, Û3- ÝáõÝ Ñ3ÙÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ μ3ñûñáõû3Ýa Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3Ý Ù¿ç »ñÏáõ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñÇ áõÝ»ó3Í Ù»Í 1»- ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ: ÀÝ1·Íáõ»É ¿ ë»ñáõÝ1Ý»ñÇÝ ùñÇëïáÝ¿3Ï3Ý 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÇ á·áí 13ëïÇ3ñ3ÏÙ3Ý Ï3- ñ»õáñáõÃÇõÝÁ: ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ »õ ́»Ý»1ÇÏïáë XVI-Ç ÙÇç»õ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í 3é3ÝÓÝ31⁄2ñáÛ- óÇó Û»ïáÛ ï»ÕÇ ¿ áõÝ»ó»É ÐéáÙÇ å3åÇ Ñ»ï Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ·ÉË3õáñ3Í å3ïáõÇñ3Ïáõû3Ý ÁÝ1É3ÛÝáõ3Í Ï31⁄2Ùáí Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÁ:
Ü3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÝ ÝáÛÝ ûñÁ Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ ¿ áõÝ»ó»É Ý3»õ ì3ïÇÏ3ÝÇ å»ïù3ñ- ïáõÕ3ñ Î3ñ1ÇÝ3É î3ñãÇóÇû ́»ñïáÝ¿Ç Ñ»ï:
ÎáÕÙ»ñÁ Ï3ñ»õáñ»É »Ý »ñÏÏáÕÙ μ3ñÓñ Ù3Ï3ñ13ÏÇ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ëáñ3óÝ»Éáõ 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßïáõÃÇõÝÁ: Ü3Ë3·3Ñ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ »õ Î3ñ1ÇÝ3É î3ñãÇóÇû ́»ñïáÝ¿Ý Ëûë»É »Ý Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ Ï3å»ñÇ 3Ùñ3åÝ1Ù3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ »õë: ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ ßÝáñÑ3Ï3ÉáõÃÇõÝ ¿ Û3Ûï- Ý»É ì3ïÇÏ3ÝÇÝa 3ñï»ñÏñáõÙ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ Å3é3Ý·áõû3Ý å3Ñå3ÝÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ: oñÏáõëï»ù Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ3ÍáõÃÇõÝ ¿ Û3ÛïÝáõ»É, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ »õ ì3ïÇÏ3ÝáõÙ 1»ëå3ÝÝ»ñÇ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙÁ Ýáñ ËÃ3Ý ÏÁ Ñ3Ý1Çë3Ý3Û »ñÏÏáÕÙ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ëáñ3óÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ:
ä»ïù3ñïáõÕ3ñ Î3ñ1ÇÝ3ÉÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ ì3ïÇ- Ï3ÝáõÙ 3Ûó»É»É ¿ êáõñμ ä»ïñáë Ø3Ûñ ï3×3ñ »õ ï3×3ñÇ 3ñï3ùÇÝ áñÙÝ3ËáñßáõÙ ï»Õ31ñ- áõ3Í êáõñμ ¶ñÇ·áñ Èáõë3õáñãÇ 3ñÓ3ÝÇÝ:
2ÛóÇ 3é3çÇÝ ûñÁ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñÝ 3Ûó»É»É ¿ Ý3»õ ÐéáÙÇ êáõñμ ÜÇÏáÕ3Ûáë Ð3Û Î3ÃáÉÇÏ »Ï»Õ»óÇ:
2ØÐ-Ü oôê 56.1 ØÆÈÆàÜ ̧àÈ2ðÆ ì2ðÎ îð2Ø2 ̧ðoò
Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆÜ
2ñÅáÛÃÇ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÁ (2ØÐ) 56.1 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1áÉ3ñÇ í3ñÏ ¿ ïñ3Ù31ñ»É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇÝ‘ áÕçáõÝ»Éáí »ñÏñÇ ¦ßñç3Ñ3Û»3ó§ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ μÇõç¿Ç å3Ï3ëáõñ1Á Ïñ×3ï»Éáõ »õ 3ñÅ»1⁄2ñÏáõÙÁ 1⁄2ëå»Éáõ áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ:
¦üñ3Ýëåñ»ë§ Éñ3ïáõ3Ï3Ý ·áñÍ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý ÷áË3ÝóÙ3Ùμ, Ï3ï3ñ»Éáí Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý Û3ïÏ3óáõÙÁ 413.4 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1áÉ3ñÇ »é3Ù»3Û í3ñÏ3ÛÇÝ Íñ3·ñÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñáõÙ‘ 2ØÐ-Ý, ÙÇ3Å3Ù3Ý3Ï, Ýᯐ ¿, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ3Ï3Ý μ3ÝÏÁ ãÇ Ñ3ë»É é»1⁄2»ñíÝ»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ Çñ ÃÇñ3ËÝ»ñÇÝ:
¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ å¿ïù ¿ áÕçáõÝ»É ÐÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ ûÅ3Ý13Ï3Í Íñ3·ñáí Ï3ÛáõÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý ß3ñáõÝ3Ï3Ï3Ý Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ, ÇÝãÁ Ýå3ëï»É ¿ 3Ûë ï3ñÇ 3ñÅ»1⁄2ñÏÙ3Ý Ù»ÕÙ3óÙ3ÝÁ »õ Û»ï×·Ý3Å3Ù3ÛÇÝ í»ñ3Ï3Ý·ÝÙ3Ý ß3ñáõÝ3ÏÙ3ÝÁ§, - Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ 2ØÐ-Ý:
2Û1áõÑ3Ý1»ñÓ, ÐÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÁ Ûáñ1áñ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3ÝÁ 3õ»ÉÇ ß3ï Ï3éáõóáõ3Íù3ÛÇÝ μ3ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óݻɑ Ýå3ëï»Éáõ Ù3ëÝ3õáñ ë»ÏïáñÇ 3×ÇÝ »õ Ùñó3Ïóáõû3ÝÁ, »õ 1⁄2·áõß3óÝáõÙ ¿ ¦·Éáμ3É ÙÇç3í3ÛñÇó μËáÕ 3ÝÏÙ3Ý Ù»Í3óáÕ éÇëÏ»ñÇó, áñáÝù Ï3ñáÕ »Ý áõÅ»Õ3óÝ»É Ýñ3 3éÏ3Û Ëáó»ÉÇáõÃÇõÝÁ§:
2ØÐ-Ý ÁÝ1·ÍáõÙ ¿, Ù3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë, ï3ñ31ñ3ÙÇ ÷áË3ñÅ¿ùÇ 3õ»ÉÇ Ù»Í ×ÏáõÝáõû3Ý, ·áñÍ3ñ3ñ ÙÇç3í3ÛñÇ 3Ùñ3åÝ1Ù3Ý »õ Ùñó3Ïóáõû3Ý ËÃ3ÝÙ3Ý 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßïáõÃÇõÝÁ:
6
§Ä2è2ܶàôÂÆôܦ-À Ð2Îàô2Ì 3⁄4 ̧2ÞÆÜø2ÚÆÜ ÈàôÌàôØÜoðÆ
¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý Ù3ÙÉáÛ 3ëáõÉÇëÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÁ oñÏáõ- ß3μÃÇ, ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ Ï3Û3ó3Í 3ëáõÉÇëáõÙ 3ë3ó, ÿ ÏÿáÕçáõÝÇ Ð3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ¿ëÇ »õ ¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ, μ3Ûó Ï3ñÍáõÙ ¿,
áñ 13 Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÙë ¦ý3Ýï3ëïÇÏ3ÛÇ áÉáñïÇó ¿§: ¦oë Ý»ñÏ3Û 1ñáõû3Ùμ áñ»õ¿ ÑÇÙù ã»Ù ï»ëÝáõÙ åÝ1»Éáõ, áñ ¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ-Ç
Ù»ñ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ 1áõñë ÏÁ ·3Ý Ïá3ÉÇóÇ3ÛÇó, »Ã¿ 1áõñë ã·3Ý, ã·Çï»Ù‘ 3Û1 »ñÏËûëáõÃÇõÝÁ ï»ÕÇ ÏÿáõÝ»Ý3Û, ÿ‘ áã§, - 3ë3ó ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÁ:
ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÝ Ýß»ó, áñ 3õ»ÉÇ Ñ3õ3Ý3Ï3Ý ¿ Ñ3Ù3ñáõÙ, áñ ́ÐÎ-Ý Ð3Ýñ3å»- ï3Ï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï ÙÇ3ëÝ3Ï3Ý óáõó3Ïáí Ù3ëÝ3ÏóÇ 3é3çÇÏ3Û ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÇÝ, ù3Ý Ã¿ Ð2Î-Ç Ñ»ï »ñÏËûëáõû3Ý ·Ý3:
ä3ï3ëË3Ý»Éáí ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ3ñóÇÝ, ÿ ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ-Á 3é3çÇÏ3Û ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÁÝ11ÇÙ31Çñ á±ñ áõÅÇ Ñ»ï 13ßÇÝù ÏÁ Ï31⁄2ÙÇ, ÚáíÑ3Ý- ÝÇë»3ÝÝ 3ë3ó, ÿ ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ-Á áã Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ý»ñëáõÙ, »õ áã ¿É áñ»õ¿ 3ÛÉ ù3Õ3- ù3Ï3Ý áõÅÇ Ñ»ï 3é3ÛÅÙ ãÇ ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»Éáõ Ó»õ3ã3÷Á »õ óáõ- ó3ÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ3ñóÁ: 2Û1 Ñ3ñóÇ å3ï3ëË3ÝÁ, ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ ÷áË3ÝóÙ3Ùμ, å3ñ1⁄2 ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ 3é3çÇÏ3Û 1-2 3ÙÇëÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ: 2Ù¿Ý 1¿åùáõÙ, Ýñ3 Ëûëùáí, ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ-Á Ñ3Ïáõ3Í ¿ ¦13ßÇÝù3ÛÇÝ, 3õ»ÉÇ É3ÛÝ ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñÇ ·Ý3ɧ, ù3ÝÇ áñ 3Ýó»3ÉÇ å3ñïáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñÁ Ï3åáõ3Í »Ý »Õ»É Ñ»Ýó 3Û1 Ñ3Ý·3Ù3ÝùÇ Ñ»ï, áñ ¦Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñÁ ÷áñÓ»É ¿ Çñ ë»÷3Ï3Ý ÷áùñ 1ñûßÇ ï3Ï 3é3ç ·Ý3ɧ: ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÝ 3ë3ó, áñ »Ã¿ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ ÇëÏ3å¿ë áõ1⁄2áõÙ »Ý ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ÅáÕáíñ1ÇÝ í»ñ313ñÓÝ»É »õ áã ÿ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝáõÙ 7 Ï3Ù 17 ï»Õ áõÝ»Ý3É, 3å3 å¿ïù ¿ ÙÇ3õáñáõ»É:
¦Ø»Ýù Ñ3Ïáõ3Í »Ýù Ù»Í ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñÇ, μ3Ûó Ç ï3ñμ»ñáõÃÇõÝ Ù»ñ 3Ý1ñ3ÝÇÏ ÷áñÓÇ, áñÁ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ 2007 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ, Ù»Ýù Ñ3õ3Ý3μ3ñ å3ïñ3ëï ãÉÇÝ»Ýù ëå3ë»É ÙÇÝã»õ í»ñ- çÇÝ ûñÁ, »Ã¿ 3Û1 ëå3ë»ÉÁ ÙÇ3ÛÝ 3ÝÑÇÙÝ, ëÇÝ ÙÇ3ëÝáõû3Ý ëå3ë3ñÏÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ å¿ïù ¿ ÉÇ- ÝÇ: oÿ Çñ3å¿ë Ï3Û ·3Õ3÷3ñ3ÛÇÝ, Íñ3·ñ3ÛÇÝ ÙÇ3ëÝáõû3Ý ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝ, Ù»Ýù å3ï- ñ3ëï »Ýù 13 ßûß3÷»É, ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É »õ Ç í»ñçáÛ ÉáõÍ»É μáÉáñ ÝÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3ÏóáÕ áõÅ»ñÇ Ñ»ï§, - ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõû3ݧ 3é3çÝáñ1Á:
2Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí Ð2Î-Ç Ñ»ï 13ßÇÝù Ï31⁄2Ù»Éáõ Ñ3ñóÇÝ‘ Ý3 3ë3ó. - ¦ ̧Çï3ñÏ»Éáí 3Ýó3Í ï3ñÇÝ‘ 2011 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÁ, Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ 3ë»É, áñ ËÝ1ÇñÁ Ù»ñ ÏáÕÙÇó ã¿, 3ÛÉ Ï3Û í»ñ3å3ÑáõÙ Ð3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ¿ëÇ áñáß Õ»Ï3í3ñÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: 2ÝÙÇ3μ3Ý íÇ×3ÏÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ ·ïÝõáõÙ ¿ ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ-Çó 1áõñë§:
7
êÆôÜÆøÆ Ø2ð1⁄4äoîÆ ̧3⁄4Ø ÎÆÜ ¶àðÌ2ð2ðÆ ́àÔàøàì Ú2ðàôòàô2Ì ¶àðÌÀ Î2ðÖàôoÈ 3⁄4
¶áñÍ3ñ3ñ êÇÉí3 Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3Ý êÇõÝÇùÇ Ù3ñ1⁄2å»ï êáõñÇÏ Ê3ã3ïñ»3Ý
êÇõÝÇùÇ Ù3ñ1⁄2å»ï êáõñÇÏ Ê3ã3ïñ»3ÝÇ 1¿Ù ·áñÍ3ñ3ñ êÇÉí3 Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÇ μá- ÕáùÇ ÑÇÙ3Ý íñ3Û Û3ñáõóáõ3Í ùñ¿3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÁ Ï3ñ×áõ»É ¿:
êÇÉí3 Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÁ ÜáÛ»Ùμ»ñÇ 15-Ç Çñ ·ñ3õáñ Ñ3Õáñ1Ù3Ý Ù¿ç Ýᯐ ¿ñ, áñ Ý3Ëûñ¿- ÇÝ êÇõÝÇùÇ Ù3ñ1⁄2å»ïÁ ¦2ñÙ»ÝÇ3 -Ø3ñÇáç ÑÇõñ3ÝáóáõÙ Ñ3ñáõ3ÍÝ»ñ ¿ Ñ3ëóñ»É Çñ»Ý:
¿»õ, Áëï Ú3ïáõÏ ùÝÝã3Ï3Ý Í3é3Ûáõû3Ý, Ý3Ë3ùÝÝáõû3Ùμ Ó»éù μ»ñáõ3Í 3å3óáÛó- Ý»ñáí, 3Û1 ÃõáõÙ‘ 3Ï3Ý3ï»ë íÏ3Ý»ñÇ óáõóÙáõÝùÝ»ñáí, ÙÇç31¿åÇ ï»ë3·ñáõû3Ùμ, ÑÇÙÝ3- õáñáõ»É ¿, áñ ¦2ñÙ»ÝÇ3-Ø3ñÇáç ëñ×3ñ3ÝáõÙ Ýßáõ3Í 3ÝÓ3Ýó ÙÇç»õ ÜáÛ»Ùμ»ñÇ 14-ÇÝ Í3- ·3Í í¿×Ç ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ Ù3ñ1⁄2å»ïÁ Ù¿Ï 3Ý·3Ù Ó»éùáí Ñ3ñáõ3Í»É ¿‘ 3åï3Ï»É ¿ êÇÉí3 Ð3Ùμ3ñ- ÓáõÙ»3ÝÇÝ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ùñ¿3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÇ í3ñáÛÃÁ Ï3ñ×áõ»É ¿ 3ñ3ñùáõÙ ¦Í»Íǧ Û3ïÏ3ÝÇßÝ»ñ ãÉÇÝ»Éáõ ÑÇÙÝ3õáñÙ3Ùμ:
êÇõÝÇùÇ Ù3ñ1⁄2å»ïÁ Çñ óáõóÙáõÝùáõÙ Û3ÛïÝ»É ¿, áñ 1⁄2ÕçáõÙ ¿ Ï3ï3ñ3ÍÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ:
êÇÉí3 Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÁ ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Ýß»ó, áñ »Ã¿ Ù3ñ1⁄2- å»ïÁ ûñ¿ÝùÇ 3éç»õ Ëáëïáí3Ý»É ¿ »õ 1⁄2Õç3ó»É Çñ 3ñ3ñùÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ, 3å3 ¦13 Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ 1Ç- ï3ñÏ»É áñå¿ë Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3ÛÇÝ Ý»ñáÕáõÃÇõݧ. ¦ÆÝãÁ »ë Ç ëÏ1⁄2μ3Ý¿ å3Ñ3Ýç»É »Ù§,- ÁÝ1·Í»ó ÏÇÝ ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÁ:
¦ÆÝùÁ 3ñ1¿Ý 3å3óáõóáõÙ ¿, áñ Ï3ï3ñ»É ¿ »õ 1ñ3 Ñ3Ù3ñ 1⁄2ÕçáõÙ ¿, 3ÛëÇÝùÝ ÝáÛÝ Ý»ñá- ÕáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿§, - 3ë3ó Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÁ:
êÇÉí3 Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÁ Ý3»õ Ùßï3å¿ë Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ êáõñÇÏ Ê3ã3ïñ»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï ÏÁ Ñ3ßïáõÇ, »Ã¿ í»ñçÇÝë í×3ñÇ Çñ»Ý å3ïÏ3ÝáÕ ÈÇ×í31⁄2ù-¿ÛÇ áëÏáõ Ñ3ÝùÇó ¦Çõñ3óñ3ͧ 100 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1ñ3ÙÇó (ßáõñç 260 Ñ31⁄23ñ 1áÉ3ñ) 3õ»ÉÇ 3ñÅáÕáõû3Ùμ ë3ñù3õáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ·áõ- Ù3ñÁ: 2Ûëûñ ï»Õ»Ï3ó3Ýù, áñ ·áõÙ3ñÁ 1»é ãÇ ÷áË3Ýóáõ»É, ë3Ï3ÛÝ, ÏÇÝ ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÇ íÏ3- Ûáõû3Ùμ, ¦Ù3ñ1⁄2å»ïÁ ÙÇÝã»õ 3Ûë ß3μ3Ãáõ3Û í»ñçÁ ·áõÙ3ñÁ í»ñ313ñÓÝ»Éáõ ¿§:
¦ ́31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ 3éÇÃÝ»ñ »Ý »Õ»É, áñ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ»Ýù, áñ êáõñÇÏ Ê3ã3ïñ»3ÝÁ 1áõñë ¿ ûñ¿ÝùÇó »õ Çñ»Ý 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿: Ú3ïÏ3å¿ë ÑÇÙ3 å¿ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ Ý3ËÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý ßñç3Ý ¿, ÇÝã- å¿ë Ï3ñ»ÉDZ ¿ êáõñÇÏ Ê3ã3ïñ»3ÝÇÝ Ý»Õ3óÝ»É, »ñμ Ý3 3å3ÑáíáõÙ ¿ 3ÙμáÕç êÇõÝÇùÇ Ù3ñ- 1⁄2Ç ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï»ÕÍÇùÝ»ñÁ§, - 3ë3ó ¦Èñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñ Û3ÝáõÝ Ù3ñ1áõ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñǧ Ï31⁄2- Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñ Ä3ÝÝ3 2É»ùë3Ý»3ÝÁ:
8
§àðø2Ü øÆâ ÈÆÜoÜ Ð2Ú Î2Ü2Úø ø2Ô2ø2Î2ÜàôÂo2Ü Ø3⁄4æ, 2ÚÜø2Ü È2ô ø2Ô2ø2Î2ÜàôÂo2Ü Ð2Ø2ð¦
ø3Ñ3Ý3Û ï¿ñ ÞÙ3õáÝ Ô»õáÝ1»3Ý
àñù3Ý ùÇã ÉÇÝ»Ý Ï3Ý3Ûù ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç, 3ÛÝù3Ý É3õ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ3- Ù3ñ: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñÇ 12-ÇÝ,Ù3ÙáõÉÇ 3ëáõÉÇëáõÙ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ ëáõñμ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝ¿ë ØÏñïÇ㠻ϻջóáõ ù3Ñ3Ý3Û ï¿ñ ÞÙ3õáÝ Ô»õáÝ1»3ÝÁ, Ù»ÏÝ3μ3Ý»Éáí ¦îÕÙ3ñ1Ï3Ýó »õ Ï3- Ý3Ýó Ñ3õ3ë3ñ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñÇ »õ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ å»ï3Ï3Ý »ñ3ßËÇùÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇݧ ûñÇ- Ý3·ÇÍÁ:
Üñ3 Ëûëùáí, ÏÝáçÁ Û3ñÇñ ã¿ 1⁄2μ3Õáõ»É ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ùμ, »Ã¿ Ýñ3Ý ïñáõ3Í ¿ ûç3ËÇ å3Ñ3å3ÝÇ 1»ñÁ:
¦øñÇëïáÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÝáçÝ áõ ïÕ3Ù3ñ1áõÝ Ñ3õ3ë3ñ ¿ Ñ3Ù3ñáõÙ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 2ëïáõ3Í μ3- Å3Ý»É ¿ Ýñ3Ýó 1»ñ»ñÁ: ¦î¿ñ§ »õ ¦ÑÝ31⁄23Ý1§ Ó»õ3Ï»ñåáõÙÝ»ñÁ μ3ó3ñÓ3Ï3å¿ë ÏÝáçÝ ëïá- ñ3óÝ»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ï ã»Ý Ñ»ï3åÝ1áõÙ: ¦î¿ñ§ Ó»õ3Ï»ñåáõÙÝ û·ï3·áñÍõáõÙ ¿ Ñá·3Íáõû3Ý »õ ëÇñáÛ 1ñë»õáñÙ3Ý, ÇëÏ ¦ÑÝ31⁄23Ý1§-Á‘ ëÇñáÛ ï»ë3ÝÏÇõÝÇó: ¦î¿ñ§ »õ ¦ÑÝ31⁄23Ý1§ Ó»õ3Ï»ñ- åáõÙÝ»ñÁ ·»Ý1»ñ3ÛÇÝ 3ÝÑ3õ3ë3ñáõû3Ý 3ñï3Û3ÛïáõÃÇõÝ ã»Ý, 3ÛÉ ÏñáõÙ »Ý ÙÇÙ»3Ýó ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ ëÇñáÛ »õ Ñá·3Íáõû3Ý ·3Õ3÷3ñÁ§,- íëï3Ñ»óñ»É ¿ Ô»õáÝ1»3ÝÁ:
úoÎ ËÙμ3Ïóáõû3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñ, ûñÇÝ3·ÍÇ Ñ3Ù3Ñ»ÕÇÝ3Ï ÚáíÑ3ÝÝ¿ë Ø3ñ·3ñ»3ÝÇ Ëûëùáí, ÷3ëï3ÃÕÃÇ Ýå3ï3ÏÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ·áñÍ31Çñ »õ ûñ¿Ýë1Çñ Ù3ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ 3õ»É3óáõÇ Ï3Ý3Ýó ÃÇõÁ: Üñ3 Ëûëùáí, ·áñÍáÕ ûñ¿Ýë1ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ãÇ 3å3ÑáíáõÙ Ñ3õ3ë3ñ å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý »õ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï»3ÝùáõÙ Ï3Ý3Ýó Ù3ë- Ý3Ïóáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ: ¦2Ûë ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÝ áõÕÕáõ3Í ¿ Ñ3õ3ë3ñ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ëï»ÕÍÙ3- ÝÁ »õ áã ÙÇ Ï»ñå ãÇ Ï3ñ·3õáñáõÙ ÏÝáç áõ ïÕ3Ù3ñ1áõ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ ÁÝï3ÝÇùáõÙ: 2Û- ëÇÝùÝ ÁÝï3ÝÇùáõÙ å¿ïù ¿ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÇ 3õ3Ý13Ï3Ý ¦ï¿ñ§ »õ ¦ÑÝ31⁄23Ý1§ ë3ÑÙ3ÝáõÙÁ: ö3ëï3ÃáõÕÃÁ ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ¿ Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ ï3ëÝ»3Ï 3ÛÉ ûñ¿ÝùÝ»ñáõÙ§,-3ë»É ¿ Ø3ñ·3ñ»3ÝÁ:
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US House Unanimously Adopts Resolution Urging Turkey to Safeguard its Christian Heritage Calls for Return of Confiscated Church Properties
WASHINGTON, DC - The US House of Representatives unanimously adopted via a voice vote, H. Res. 306 on Tuesday, urging the Republic of Turkey to safeguard its Christian heritage and to return confiscated church properties to their rightful owners.
As considered on the House floor, H. Res. 306 mirrors a bipartisan amendment (Berman- Cicilline) that overwhelmingly passed in the House Foreign Affairs Committee by a vote of 43-1 earlier this year.
The resolution was drafted by two California lawmakers, Republican Ed Royce and Democrat Howard Berman. “Despite Prime Minister [Recep Tayyip] Erdogan’s recent claims of progress on religious freedom, Turkey’s Christian communities continue to face severe discrimination,” Royce said after the House vote.
Berman spoke of “Turkey’s disturbing, persistent failure to respect the ancient Christian heritage of Anatolia.” “Turkey should take immediate steps to restore all confiscated church property and allow full freedom of worship and religious education for all Christian communities,” he said.
The legislation urges Turkey to safeguard its Christian heritage and to return confiscated church properties by doing the following:
1) end all forms of religious discrimination;
2) allow the rightful church and lay owners of Christian church properties, without hindrance or restriction, to organize and administer prayer services, religious education, clerical training, ap- pointments, and succession, religious community gatherings, social services, including ministry to the needs of the poor and infirm, and other religious activities;
3) return to their rightful owners all Christian churches and other places of worship, monaster- ies, schools, hospitals, monuments, relics, holy sites, and other religious properties, including mov- able properties, such as artwork, manuscripts, vestments, vessels, and other artifacts; and
4) allow the rightful Christian church and lay owners of Christian church properties, without hindrance or restriction, to preserve, reconstruct, and repair, as they see fit, all Christian churches and other places of worship, monasteries, schools, hospitals, monuments, relics, holy sites, and oth- er religious properties within Turkey. Ankara was quick to denounce the resolution. The official Anatolia news agency quoted the Turkish ambassador in Washington, Namik Tan, as calling it “unfair and unjustified.”
ARTEM ALIKHANIAN 1908 - 1978
Artem Alikhanian, one of the founders and first director of the Yerevan Physics Institute, was born on June 24, 1908. In 1931 he has graduated from Leningrad State University (Physics). In 1930 he became a staff-member at Leningrad Physical and Technical Institute working on radioactivity and nu- clei research together with his brother A. Alikhanov. For these investigations both brothers were awarded the USSR State Prize. In 1942 two brothers ini- tiated a scientific mission on Mt.Aragats in order to search for the third (pro-
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ton) component of cosmic rays. Together with T. Asatiani A. Alikhanian found so called nar- row showers in cosmic rays, established the first evidence of the existence in cosmic rays of the particles with masses between that of muon and proton. In 1948 A. Alikhanov and A. Alik- hanian were awarded the USSR State Prize for the investigation of cosmic rays. The founda- tion of cosmic ray station on Mt.Aragats at 3250 m above sea level was one of the steps aimed on the development of nuclear and particle physics in Armenia. This station remains the main national cosmic ray centre until now. In 1943 two brothers participated in the foundation of the Armenian Academy of Sciences, established in the frames of the Academy the Yerevan Phys- ics Institute. A. Alikhanian became its Director for the next 30 years. In 1956 A. Alikhanian (together with A. Alikhanov and V. Hambartsumian) initiated the creation of the Yerevan Syn- chrotron with 6 GeV energy of electrons and headed the design and construction of this ma- chine, that was accomplished in 1967. The results obtained later on at Yerevan synchrotron on meson photoproduction by unique beam of polarized gamma-quanta, investigations on transi- tion and channeling radiations are well-known among the scientific community. A.Alikhanian paid much attention to the development of the new experimental methods. For the works on wide-gap track spark chambers in 1970 A.Alikhanian (together with the colleagues from Yere- van, Moscow and Tbilisi) was awarded the Lenin Prize. Later he initiated the works on x-ray transition radiation detectors, based on the theoretical predictions made at YerPhI and experi- ments carried out at Yerevan synchrotron. The detectors of such type were widely used in ac- celerator and cosmic ray experiments at many centres worldwide. A.Alikhanian supported also applied research using the beams from Yerevan synchrotron, mainly on solid state physics and biophysics. After all he was an outstanding personality with very many friends in the artistic world.
In a memorable ceremony the new monument to Arem Alikha- nian was unveiled at the main square of the Yerevan Physics In- stitute (YerPhI), on February 12, 2009. Artem Alikhanian is the founder and first director of Yerevan Physics institute, currently bearing his name.
The 100 year anniversary of the renowned scientist was celebrated last year in a number of events organized by YerPhi. A portion of the sum provided by the Armenian government for the remembrance of this world renowned Armenian scientist was dedicated to the commissioning and erection of this new monu- ment. Alikhanian’s new monument by sculptor Gevorg Gevor- gyan, depicts the character and magnitude of this giant of interna- tional science.
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French Parliament Commission Adopts Law on Punishing Armenian Genocide Denial Turkey Warns France of “Irreparable Damage”
PARIS, ANKARA -- French parliament’s commission on constitutional laws adopted bill intro- duced by Valerie Boyer (UMP) and her colleagues on transposition of the right on struggle against racism and punishment of Armenian Genocide denial.
The document envisages punishment for denying the fact of genocides adopted by law, the statement on parliament’s website says.
A similar socialist bill was passed October 12, 2006 by the National Assembly but was rejected by the Senate on May 4, 2011.
This new text, co-signed by more than forty UMP and New Center, punishes Armenian geno- cide denial to one year of prison and 45.000 euros fine.
“I hope that we will go to the end and that France will always be a country of human rights,” said Valerie Boyer.
The bill amends the law on freedom of press, so that racially motivated crimes are now a common crime en- shrined in the law on the freedom of press.
The proposal must be approved by vote of Parliament in the coming weeks.
Turkey’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement warning of “irreparable damage” that could ensue should France’s latest move to criminalize denying the Armenian Genocide passes in the French parliament.
“The French authorities are well aware of the sensitivity of this issue [the Armenian genocide] for our country.. At a time when the Turkey-France cooperation opportunities could enter a devel- opment phase, such initiatives would reflect negatively on the course. And the initiating side of all this would bear the responsibility for the consequences. We expect from France to assist so that the disagreement between Turkey and Armenia, in connection with history, be settled through dia- logue,” Turkish MFA’s statement reads. The statement notes that the bill, concerning the events in 1915, is included in France’s agenda dur- ing the pre-election season.”
Armenian-American Businessman Nareg Hartounian Target of Government Harassment
YEREVAN -- Armenian-American businessman Nareg Hartounian has accused authorities in Armenia of harassing him and his family after being unexpectedly set free pending investigation in- to alleged tax evasion by one of his Yerevan-based firms.
Hartounian and two employees of the food-importing company GH Storage Enterprise were greeted by dozens of friends and sympathizers at his Naregatsi Art Institute shortly after their re- lease late on Tuesday.
The three were arrested on Saturday on charges of “malevolently” evading 111 million drams in taxes ($290,000) since 2009.
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Hartounian flatly denied the accusations, saying that the tax evasion case is the latest in a se- ries of punitive actions taken against him and his family by Armenian law-enforcement bodies.
“The purpose of that is to exert pressure on and steal real estate from our family, which has made investments,” he told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am). “In the past year we have endured a lot of harassment and threats.”
“This [arrest] was the continuation of that,” he claimed.
Hartounian refused to name “concrete individuals” who he said have set sights on the family assets. “I think it makes no sense to name them,” he said.
Asked where he is too scared to identify them, he said, “I’ve just come out of jail. Let me get some rest.”
One of his lawyers alleged earlier this week that the businessman was arrested because his family refused to sell a 34 percent share in a Yerevan-based manufacturing plant to a group of gov- ernment-linked individuals.
Meanwhile, the State Revenue Committee (SRC), whose investigating division carried out the arrests, said on Wednesday that the three suspects were released from pre-trial detention at their own request. In a written statement, the SRC said the release is meant to help them “fulfill tax li- abilities more effectively.”
One of the defense lawyers, Lernik Hovannisian, denied that, saying that none of his clients asked to be freed. He also said that while GH Storage Enterprise may have committed some tax “vi- olations” the figure cited by the SRC is grossly inflated. Hartunian, who has carried out a number of charitable programs, in 2002, founded Narekatsi Art Union in the United States, which has branches in Yerevan and Shushi, which have become popular and active cultural centers. Exhibitions, musical events, theatrical performances, film shows, book presentations, and vocational trainings for artists are held free of charge at the union.
Aznavour:Armenia Experiences Internal Genocide
MOSCOW. – Armenia currently experiences internal genocide, which is not acceptable politi- cally, French-Armenian singer Charles Aznavour said in the interview with Life Showbiz.
“My state currently experiences internal genocide. I believe it is politically not acceptable. Not letting Armenia breathe, the government is depriving its own country of the young, making them leave. And in that respect, the issue has stopped being only political, it has become universal. It has to be solved,” the singer stated.
Aznavour was in Moscow as part of his “Aznavour Toujours” world tour. He gave a concert in the Kremlin on Monday. After the concert he left for Switzerland immediately where he had moved several years ago from France.
Aznavour’s statement stirred some heated debate on social networking websites, with Arme- nian online community members mostly praising Aznavour’s frankness.
According to state-run Armenpress news agency Aznavour has reportedly denied making such a statement saying “I have never said such a thing. I believe this was the result of wrong translation.”
But political commentator of the Shant TV channel Artyom Yerkanian stated that he had per- sonally heard Aznavour’s controversial statement. “I was at the press conference and heard his answer. Aznavour had verbatim said what was later published, word by word, and we can only guess why he renounced it later,” Yerkanyan said.
Three People Burned Alive in Major Car Accident in Yerevan
YEREVAN -- Three people reportedly burned alive in a major car crash in capital Yerevan at midnight on December 7.
Two passenger cars – a VAZ 2102 Zhiguli and a BMW – crashed into each other on a bridge in Rubinyants street. Subsequent fire which broke out in the former vehicle left all three passengers dead. The driver of the other car escaped with a knee injury.
The driver of Zhiguli had evidently lost control, colliding with the left front corner of the BMW car. Official data will be available after expert examinations.
The BMW driver did not reportedly suffer serious injuries and complained only of knee pains.
This is the second time this year that accident victims have burned inside their vehicles. In May, four people were burned alive and another nine were injured in a single major car collision in Yerevan involving a GAZelle minibus and a Mercedes-Benz car whose driver was drunk.
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According to data reported by the Armenian road police, a total of 1,866 road accidents were regis- tered in the republic in January-October 2011, in which 249 people were killed and 2,734 injured.
Serzh Sarkisian Calls on Turkey to Repent and Face its History
MARSEILLE -- President Serzh Sarkisian said Turkey must face its history urging it to “re- pent” for the World War One-era massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and expressed confidence that Ankara will eventually recognize them as genocide.
“We believe that Turkey must repent,” he said during a visit to France’s second largest city of Marseille late on Wednesday. “That is neither a precondition nor a desire to exact revenge. Turkey must come face to face with its history.”
“One day Turkey’s leadership will find the strength to reassess its approaches to the Armenian Genocide,” Sarkisian said, speaking at an official reception organized in his honor by Marseille’s Mayor Jean-Claude Gaudin and attended by prominent members of the local Armenian community.
“Sooner or later Turkey, which considers itself a European country, will have a truly European leadership that will bow its head at the Tsitsernakabert [genocide memorial in Yerevan,]” claimed the Armenian leader. “The sooner the better, but that is up to the Turkish people.”
“Our position has not changed. We are ready to have relations with Turkey as a neighboring state,” he said brining an example of Germany and Poland. “Chancellor Willy Brandt bent his knee in the Warsaw Ghetto admitting his country’s guilt,” Sarkisian said.
Sarkisian had words of praise to French president Sarkozy, "the recent visit of President Nico- las Sarkozy to Yerevan was a historic visit indeed, and no other state leader have spoken the words about our nation’s pains, related to the Armenian-Turkish relations and the Genocide, and we should be grateful to the wise President of this glorious country.” he said In his speech, Sarkisian did not mention the future of the Turkish-Armenian normalization agree- ments signed two years ago. Earlier this year, he threatened to withdraw Yerevan’s signature from the agreements if Ankara continues to make their parliamentary ratification contingent on the reso- lution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
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The President of Lebanon Michel Suleiman Visits Armenia
YEREVAN -- The President of Lebanon Michel Suleiman arrived in Yerevan on Wednesday for an official 3- day accompanied by his Wafaa Suleiman and government officials.
On Friday morning, President Suleiman visited the Tsitsernakaber Memorial and paid tribute to the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide, laid a wreath at the monument and planted a tree at the Alley of Memory.
Earlier, Suleiman was received by an official welcoming ceremony at the Presidential Palace, where the two leaders of Lebanon and Armenia held a tête-à-tête meeting, which was followed by the negotiations of the delegations in the extended format.
Welcoming the President of Lebanon, Serzh Sarkisian noted that traditional friendly ties of the two peoples re- quire further deepening of bilateral relations.
“I held a lengthy discussion with President Serzh Sarkisian and we discussed the means to strengthen the relations between our countries and our people in different areas,” said Suleiman during a joint news conference with Sarkisian, who presented Suleiman with the country’s Medal of Honor.
“We also discussed the current regional and international developments,” Suleiman added.
Speaking at the conference, Suleiman reiterated Lebanon’s full support for stability in Armenia and the South Caucus region,.
“I also reiterated to President Sarkisian that on the 20th anniversary of Armenia’s independ- ence, Lebanon would continue to stand by Armenia and would support finding diplomatic solutions to conflicts that persist with some of its neighbors ... especially the ongoing conflict over Nagorno- Karabakh,” said Suleiman.
In his remarks during the joint press conference, Sarkisian strongly criticized Azerbaijan on Friday for mobilizing Muslim countries to support its position on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
“I pointed out that Azerbaijan is stubbornly trying to present the conflict in the light of reli- gious disagreements within the framework of Islamic countries,” he said . “I think that in case of more or less knowing the history of the Armenian people and the cause of the [Karabakh] conflict it’s impossible to trust in such an approach.”
“Nevertheless, we find that approach extremely dangerous because there are also circles unfa- miliar with those details and such anti-Armenian propaganda may not end up without conse- quences,” Sarkisian told the joint news conference. Sarkisian appeared to refer to pro-Azerbaijani statements repeatedly issued by Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) that unites 57 countries with predominantly Muslim populations, including Lebanon. Many of them also voted in 2008 for a UN General Assembly resolution that demanded the “immediate, complete and unconditional with- drawal of Armenian forces” from occupied Azerbaijani lands.
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Armenian Governor Avoids Prosecution Despite Assault
YEREVAN -- Surik Khachatrian, an Armenian regional governor no- torious for reportedly violent conduct, will not be prosecuted despite being found guilty of assaulting a businesswoman who accused him of fraud, law- enforcement authorities said on Tuesday.
The announcement all but ended speculation that Khachatrian, who runs Armenia’s southeastern Syunik province, may be sacked after yet an- other scandal.
Silva Hambardzumian, who has business interests in Syunik, claimed on November 14 to have been attacked and hit by Khachatrian in the lobby of a Yerevan hotel.
The incident took place just days after Hambardzumian alleged at a news conference that a mining company owned by him misappropriated mining equipment worth more than 100 million drams ($263,000) from an- other firm belonging to her. She also accused Khachatrian of forcing an Australian firm to sell a gold mine located in the mountainous region bordering Iran.
Citing eyewitness accounts and footage from hotel security cameras, the SIS said on Tuesday that Khachatrian did slap Hambardzumian in the face at the Armenia Marriott Hotel and now “regrets” his actions. But it said the vio- lence does not count as a “beating” because it did not involve multiple blows or cause the victim any physical inju- ries.
Khachatrian, who is better known in Armenia with his “Liska” nickname, has held sway in the Syunik town of Goris and nearby villages ever since the early 1990s. Independent media outlets in Yerevan have long implicated him and his relatives in violent attacks on local business rivals as well as government critics, including a Syunik newspaper editor whose car was set on fire in 2005.
The controversial governor has always denied involvement in such incidents and denounced opposition politi- cians and pro-opposition media for branding him a crime figure.
Khachatrian risked dismissal in 2008 as he faced an embarrassing government inquiry into a newspaper report that accused him of beating up a teenage boy. He was eventually cleared of any wrongdoing. The SIS’s decision not to press charges against him was denounced on Tuesday by human rights activists as further proof of impunity enjoyed by influential individuals close to Armenia’s political leadership.
Ambassador Edward Djerejian’s Remarks on Armenia, the Region and the Church
On the weekend of December 3-4 special celebrations were held at St. Kevork Armenian Church of Houston, Texas, to observe the 30th anniversary of the church, the 20th anniver- sary of the independence of the Republic of Armenia, and the 40th anniversary of Archbishop Barsamian's ordination into the holy priesthood.
The banquet Keynote speaker Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian, the founding director of the James Baker Institute for Public Policy at nearby Rice University and a former U.S. Am- bassador to Syria and Israel, spoke about Armenia's development and encouraged people in the diaspora to "be strong advocates of democracy in Armenia." Following is the full text of his remarks.
Your Eminencc Archbishop Barsamian, members of the clergy, distinguished guests and friends.
It is truly an honor for me to participate in today's commemorations with several signif1cant anniversaries to celebrate—the 30th anniversary of St. Kevork Church of Houston, the 20th anniver- sary of Armenia's independence after the fall of the Soviet Union, and the 40th anniversary of Archbishop Barsamian's ordination into the holy priesthood. By my count that adds up to 90 years of commemorations. That is quite an Armenian package deal!
I have been asked to make some remarks on the significance of the milestones we are com- memorating today. Concerning the 30th anniversary of our Armenian Church here in Houston and
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His Eminence Archbishop Barsamian’s distinguished and long service to the Armenian Church and people, I wish to first underscore the historic importance of the Armenian Church and its clergy as a central factor in the life of the Armenian people and nation.
When I was assigned to the United States Embassy in Moscow where I was the Political Counselor during President Jimmy Carter's Administration, it was a very diff1cult period following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Toward the end of our tour of duty, my wife and I and our young son visited Soviet Armenia. The Armenian Communist Party leadership was a bit nervous about my visit, given the adversarial state of US-Soviet relations at that time, and their suspicion that I might try to stir up Armenian nationalist sentiment.
In stark contrast, our visit was warmly welcomed by the Armenian Church and by Vehapar Vasken I, who received us in Etchmiadzin. We had a direct introduction to the central role of the Armenian Church as the symbol of Armenian nationalism. After my rather fruitless and protoco- laire meetings with government officials in Yerevan, I was met by a young, staunchly nationalist Armenian priest who escorted us on our first visit to Etchmiadzin. While the car was passing under the red Soviet propaganda banners displayed across the road, the young priestasked me if I could read Russian and I replied affirmatively. He then said, what does that banner say? I replied, "The unity of the people and the Communist Party." The priest then turned his head toward me and said, "You are not a good Armenian." Rather surprised, I asked why not. He replied that "a real Armenian would have read that banner to say "the unity of the people and the Church." I got the point, and we were, indeed, on our way to Etchmiadzin; this young Armenian priest's words would prove to be es- pecially prophetic a decade later.
The challenge for Armenians in Armenia and throughout the Diaspora today is to work together to ensure that Armenia realizes the true fruits of independence by evolving as a truly democratic state living under the rule of law, providing its people with economic prosperity and security, and pursuing an enlightened foreign policy that maximizes Armenia's great potential to be a cul- tural, economic, commercial, scientific and democratic center in the Caucasus and as a regional bridge between the North and South and the East and West.
The role of the Armenian Diaspora in supporting Armenia's evolution is critical. Armenians living in countries which enjoy the fruits of liberty, democracy and the benefits of private mar- ket economies want, 1am convinced, that Armenia will evolve as a strong and stable democracy en- dowed with freedom and the rule of law as the hallmarks of the Armenian political system. Arme- nia, since it became an independent republic in 1991, set out on this path. But this evolution must be consolidated. These democratic ideals are real values that Armenians both in Armenia and in the Diaspora hold to be dear. Especially, as Americans, we must be true to our values and must be strong advocates of democracy in Armenia.
Democracy and economic development and reforms go hand in hand. Armenia's business envi- ronment, economic development and foreign investment must be promoted in a more even and transparent manner. Over the past decade, Armenia has achieved economic growth in spite of being cut off from markets (13.3% GDP growth in 2006 and an estimated 13.8% GDP growth in 2007 but a real decline to an estimated 4.6% in 2011).
Unemployment in 2010 was 7%, which is lower than here in the United States. Furthermore, the World Bank recently reported that doing business in Armenia has become easier over the past year due to tax and regulatory reforms. Still, Armenia must do better and attract additional foreign investment.
Concerning the Diaspora's role in investment in Armenia and despite the structural problems, several Diaspora investors are active in Armenia. Much more needs to be done to encourage and fa- cilitate investment from other Armenians in the Diaspora who live in the countries of Europe, the United States, Latin America and the Middle East.
However, to accomplish this, the rule of law and anti-corruption policies need to be more vig- orously pursued.
Unfortunately, one of Armenia's most important exports has been its people. This is particu- larly troubling given the small size of Armenia. With a population of less than three million, Arme- nia can ill afford to lose its "best and brightest."
Further, Armenia must look at current trends in the region. The Russian-Georgia conflict de- stabilized the Caucasus region and beyond. Russia is asserting itself in the "near abroad." While Armenia's relations with Russia will remain very important, Armenia must avoid becoming over- dependent on Russia. Turkey is looking westward, seeking to be part of the European Community, while strengthening its ties in the Middle East and Central Asia and improving its relationship with the United States. Georgia and Azerbaijan are actively pursuing stronger relations with the West.
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Iran’s future direction remains problematic, but it is a major regional player. Increasingly, change in Iran is not a question of if, but of when. Iran’s policies will have important implications for Armenia, a neighboring border country.
Armenia’s relations with the United States are very important and involve interaction on issues such as non-proliferation and border security, international narcotics, money laundering and the trafficking in persons, and the development of democratic institutions and sustainable economic growth. Washington also appreciated Armenia’s support in Iraq.
Thus, the promise for Armenia’s security and prosperity rests with following the major trends toward regional and international integration. Armenia can no longer risk being “the odd man out.” Indeed, Armenia should rediscover and reaffirm its historic role as a bridge between the North and South, and the East and West.
Armenians recognize that open borders with its neighbors will bring peace and prosperity. The government of Armenia should continue efforts that will benefit the country in the long-term: Namely, serious efforts within the OSCE Minsk Group process on Nagorno-Karabakh and work to- ward establishment of full diplomatic relations with Turkey should remain top priorities. The Di- aspora should strongly discourage the false idea that time is on Armenia's side. Further, I believe the key issue of the Armenian Genocide can best be resolved within the context of improved state to state relations between Armenia and Turkey.
Every year without full relations with neighbors comes with huge opportunity costs for Arme- nia. For example, the Baku-Ceyhan pipeline's most economically commercial routing would have been through Armenia. Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey will benefit from this energy-related com- mercial linkage. Despite Azerbaijan's current internal political difficulties, its economic and mili- tary potential will only grow in the years ahead. Rhetorically, this was underscored by Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliev in 2005, who boasted of his country's military muscle at a rally of the ruling party in the capital of Baku: "Azerbaijan has recently got the upper hand in negotiations with Ar- menia over the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Military and economic potential are on our side. We will get our lands back," Aliev said. While this militant posturing docs little to help the situation, it docs reveal the fact that Armenia's current military advantage is only temporary, and should not be taken for granted.
Despite the rhetoric and looking ahead, Armenia and Azerbaijan, with the help of the interna- tional community, must make every effort to resolve the Nagorno-Karabagh issue in a timely and comprehensive manner. Let me make clear that the window of opportunity will not remain open for too long.
In 1999 and in my current capacity as the Director of the Baker Institute at Rice University we conducted a conflict resolution mission and flew to Baku and to Yerevan to help facilitate the nego- tiations between the parties on the issue of Nagorno-Karabagh. We were received at the highest levels in both countries and did what we could to move the process forward. I was heartened later in 2001 by the high level involvement of President George W. Bush, and then Secretary of State Colin Powell and the State Department team in urging the parties to move forward. A unique opportunity with the highest level of United States involvement to achieve a peaceful settlement was missed by the Azeri and Armenian leadership. I am convinced that a negotiated settlement is still possible. But it will take strong political will on the part of the leadership obtains the support of the people of both countries. Such an approach would be an important confidence building measure.
What concerns me the most now is that it has been well over a decade since the NagornoKara- bagh ceasefire; and failed efforts to find a negotiated settlement are resulting in the hardening of political attitudes amongst certain domestic constituencies in both Armenia and Azerbaijan. It would indeed be a tragedy if the willingness expressed by the leaders of both Armenia and Azerbai- jan to make a lasting peace coupled with the progress made in recent years during negotiations at different levels should all falter. Both sides must take steps now to confront those groups, both in Armenia and Azerbaijan that have vested interests in the status quo. Without a determined effort of public diplomacy, the entrenched hard-line posturing on all sides could become one of the most se- rious obstacles to peace.
Even if there is no outbreak of fighting in the near term, the absence of an agreement will have a major negative effect posing an obstacle to the political economic and social development and progress of both Armenia and Azerbaijan and can lead to regional instability in the South Caucasus. But again, it is not just the peace process itself that is the sole challenge. The need to "sell" and se- cure any peace deal is an equally difficult challenge for both sides. Here the Armenian Diaspora can playa more constructive role in encouraging the parties to negotiate. In conclusion, Armenia and Armenians in and outside of Armenia face formidable challenges. But much has been achieved. The Armenian Church is playing a dynamic and revitalized role in the life
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of the Armenian people. The Armenian nation has achieved its independence and has the capacity to prosper and become a true crossroads in Europe and the Middle East. I am optimistic as long as we all put our shoulders to the wheel and work for peace and prosperity for Armenia and its people. In this respect, I think you will all agree with mc that the role of all of us in the Diaspora is very im- portant. So as we celebrate the three anniversaries today, let us dedicate ourselves to the future of the Armenian Church and the people of Armenia in the homeland and in the Diaspora
Abris, Garin! Kudos to Our Youth!
By Silva Karayan, Ph.D.
Many of us havea dream....that one day, our youth will carry the torch of leadership to pre- serveand promote our rich cultural heritage and will take the Armenian nation to new heights in the arts, sciences, literature, as well as in diplomacy, civic responsibility and service to the community. We have a dream ....that our youth will have the courage and determination to excel in all of their undertakings and will lead by example through mentoring and empowering the younger genera- tions.
Well ... that dream was realized for many of us on Friday, December 2, 2011 at the Zorayan Museum of the Western Diocese of the Armenian Church in Burbank. It was a heart warming ex- perience to see so many young, energetic and enthusiastic youth greeting the guests and welcoming them warmly to a much anticipated event, that was organized, managed and presented entirely by a group of dedicated professionals, who are proud of their national identity and are ready and willing to help preserve and promote our culture.
GarinHovannisian, the son of RaffiHovannisian and grandson of Prof. Richard Hovannisian, was the central figure, the hero of the evening, who presented his much acclaimed book entitled “Family of Shadows”. The opening remarks of the master of ceremonies, Michael Sinanian, were impressive and paved the way for Garin’s captivating and genuine presentation of the story of his family. It was inspiring, moving, interesting, and captivating all at the same time. I was pleas- antly surprised to hear the good news that Garin’s book had already been translated into Armenian and is available to our Armenian reading audience.
My first“ introduction” to Garin was through my niece, Talin N. Babayan, who was one of his classmates at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism in New York City. That eve- ning it was a great pleasure to meet Garin in person and congratulate him. Abris, Garin!
Kudos should also go to this group of exemplary young Armenian professionals and university students, who enjoy the support and endorsement of the Primate of the Western Diocese, Archbish- op HovnanDerderian. Congratulations and thanks also to Mrs. Alice Chakerian, a dedicated leader and role model, who is the driving force behind many innovative projects supporting the Armenian Church, Armenian education and the community at large.
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Pres. Sargsyan Makes Major Strategic Shift in Armenia's Demands from Turkey By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier
Pres. Serzh Sargsyan delivered a major speech in Marseille, France, last week, during which he introduced a new strategy for the resolution of Armenia's demands from Turkey. Until now, the Arme- nian government had merely pursued the recognition of the Armenian Genocide.
For the first time, the President spoke about Armenia's demand for “justice.” To ensure that his message was received loud and clear, he repeated the word "justice" three times in three separate sentences: -- “Every Armenian demands justice, whether he or she lives in Armenia, Artsakh or the Diaspora.” -- “We were strong enough to survive the Meds Yeghern [Great Calamity], and we are just as strong now to demand justice.” The President used the term “Armenian Genocide” six times in other parts of his speech. -- “That was the joyful news for justice, not revenge,” Pres. Sargsyan stated, describing the joy of Marseille Armenians in 1921, when they heard the acquittal of Soghomon Tehlirian, Talat's assassin, by a German court.
Surprisingly, not a single political commentator in Armenia, Turkey or elsewhere took note of the signifi- cant shift in the approach articulated by Pres. Sargsyan. Seeking “justice” for the victims of genocide is a completely different objective than simply attaining recognition. In this context, the word “justice” en- compasses the undoing of as much of the damage as possible, by demanding the restitution and return of all looted assets, confiscated properties, and occupied territories.
While advancing a more comprehensive set of demands from Turkey, Pres. Sargsyan expressed hisconviction that the day would come when Turkey's leaders would acknowledge themass crimes committed by their predecessors: “We are confident that Turkey will repent. That is neither a pre- condition nor a desire to exact revenge. Turkey must face its own history. Someday, Turkey's leadership would find the strength to reassess its approach to the Armenian Genocide. Our position has not changed -- it is clear cut. We are prepared to establish normal relations with Turkey, befitting neighboring countries. For example, neighboring countries Poland and Germany led by Chancellor Willy Brandt, acknowledging his country's terrible crimes, dropped to his knees at the Warsaw Ghetto. Sooner or later, Turkey, a self- described European country, will have a leadership worthy of being called European, which will bow its head at the Tsitsernagapert [Genocide] Memorial. The sooner the better, but, that's the prerogative of the Turkish people. We cannot impose anything on them. They should do that for the sake of the Turkish peo- ple, just as Willy Brandt did for the sake of the German people.”
Egemen Bagis, Turkey's Minister for European Union Affairs, perhaps not comprehending the far reach- ing consequences of Pres. Sargsyan's demand for “justice,” reacted angrily to other parts of the Armenian President’s remarks. Bagis arrogantly stated: “There is no power in the world that could bring the Turkish people to its knees. On the contrary, the Turkish people know full well how to bring to their knees those who make such ill-informed statements.”
I fully endorse Pres. Sargsyan's new approach to the pursuit of Armenian demands from Turkey. Through my columns, speeches, interviews, and private meetings, I have repeatedly urged Armenia’s leaders to de- mand “justice” from Turkey, rather than simply seeking genocide recognition. One of my articles on this topic, “Genocide Recognition and Quest for Justice,” was published last year in The International & Com- parative Law Review of the Loyola Law School of Los Angeles.
Armenia is better off presenting its claims from Turkey in terms of seeking “justice,” to avoid the danger of making official territorial demands from a powerful and menacing neighbor. Nevertheless, the demand for “justice” is a code word or shorthand for a comprehensive set of claims from Turkey. Not even Turkey's denialist leaders would dare challenge the universally-accepted notion of “justice” based on the rule of law, specifically, international law.
While Pres. Sargsyan's remarks in Marseille are highly commendable, it remains to be seen how this newly articulated concept of seeking justice for the Armenian Genocide will be translated into action. What practical steps will the Armenian government, particularly the Foreign Ministry, take to demand justice from Turkey? Will Armenia back the lawsuits filed by Diaspora Armenian communities in American and European courts against Turkey, demanding restitution for Armenian losses during the Genocide or will Armenia bring its own lawsuit against the Republic of Turkey in the World Court?
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