Loussapatz 880 2011 'The Dawn'

ÂÆô 880 - Þ2 ́2Â, 9 2äðÆÈ 2011

3⁄4ç Pages

1 – 10

11 -18

Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü ø2ðî¿êÀ

1oðoÎàÚ ØÀ ÖoØ2È ö2Þ2ÚÆ Âàè2Üa Âàôðø Èð2¶ðàÔ Ð2ê2Ü ÖoØ2ÈÆ Ðoî

î3⁄4ð 1⁄4úð3⁄4Ü ØÆÜâoô ÌÆÌoèÜ2Î2 ́oð ̧

ê2Ð2Î ÂàôÂÖo2Ü

Èáë 2Ý×»ÉÁëÇ ¶3ÉÇýáñÝÇáÛ Ð3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÇ (UCLA) Ù¿ç 31 Ø3ñï 2011Ç »ñ»ÏáÛ»3Ý Å3ÙÁ 8¿Ý ëÏë»3É ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ Ñ»ï3ùñù3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ ÙÁa Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ùμ Ð ́ÀØÇ 2ëå»ï- Ý»ñáõÝ: ́áÉáñ »ÉáÛÃÝ»ñÁ 3Ý·É»ñ¿Ý É»1⁄2áõáí ¿ÇÝ:

oñ»ÏáÝ í3ñ»ó Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý 3ï»Ý3å»ï ¶áõñ·¿Ý ä¿ñùë3ÝÉ3ñ:

2Ý ç3ï3·áí»ó μ3ó ÙÇïùáí ÇÙ3ëï3ÉÇ »ñÏËûëáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí Ñ3Ûáó ó»Õ3ë- å3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ áõñ3óáÕÝ»ñáõÝ« 3Ý ÝáÛÝ 3ï»Ý Ñ3ñó ïáõ3õ ÿ ÇÝã忱ë ÏÁ Ùûï»Ý3Ýù Ù»ñûñ»3Û 3ÛÝ Ãáõñù»ñáõÝ áñáÝù Ï’ÁÝ1áõÝÇÝ »Õ3ÍÝ»ñáõÝ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý ÇñáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ: Ú3ñ3μ»ñ3μ3ñ ùÇã »Ý 3Ûë í»ñçÇÝÝ»ñÁ« μ3Ûó 3ÝáÝó ÃÇõÁ 3×»Éáõ íñ3Û ¿: 2ÝáÝù å3ïñ3ëï »Ý 1915Ç ÇñáÕáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÁ μ3ó¿ Ç μ3ó ùÝÝ3ñÏ»Éáõ« »õ 3ñÅ3ÝÇ »Ý Ù»ñ ·Ý3Ñ3ï3ÝùÇÝ: Ð3Ý1Çë3í3ñÁ 3å3 Ý»ñÏ3- Û3óáõó ûñáõ3Û μ31⁄2Ù3Ó3ÛÝ 1⁄2ñáÛóÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ¬

äñÝ Ð3ë3Ý Ö»Ù3É - ÐÇõñ3μ3ñ êï3ÙåáõÉ¿Ý »Ï3Í« Ý3Ë3å¿ëa ÖÇõÙÑÇõñÇ¿Ã (1973-1992)« 3å3a ê3å3Ñ (1992-1998)« »õ 1998¿Ý ÙÇÝã»õ 3Ûëûña ØÇÉÉÇ¿Ã ûñ3ûñûñáõ ÷áËÝÇ÷áË ÃÕÃ3- ÏÇó »õ ·ÉË3õáñ ËÙμ3·Çñ: Ü3»õa Ñ»ÕÇÝ3Ï áõÃÁ ·Çñù»ñáõ:

öñáý èÇãÁñï ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý - Èáë 2Ý×»ÉÁëÇ ¶3ÉÇýáñÝÇáÛ Ð3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÇ Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý áõ Ø»ñÓ3ñ»õ»É»3Ý ä3ïÙáõû3Ý ÷ñáý»ëáñ« Ð3Û ÎñÃ3Ï3Ý Ð3ëï3ïáõû3Ý 2ÙåÇáÝÇ ì3ñÇãa 2ñ- 1Ç Ð3Ûáó ä3ïÙáõû3Ý Ù¿ç« ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÁ 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý ùë3Ý Ñ3ïáñÝ»ñáõ« 3é3Ýó

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Ñ3ßáõ»Éáõ Çñ ËÙμ3·ñ3Í Ï3Ù Ù3ëÝ3Ïó3Í ï3ëÇ ßáõñç Ñ3ïáñÝ»ñÁ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý ù3Õ3ùÝ»ñáõ »õ ßñç3ÝÝ»ñáõ Ù3ëÇÝ:

̧áÏï ö3Ù»É3 êÃ3ÛÝÁñ ¬ Ð3ñíÁñï Ð3Ù3Éë3ñ3Ý¿Ý« ÍáéÁa 1915ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ù¿ç 2ØÜÇ 1»ëå3Ý Ð»ÝñÇ ØáñÏÁÝÃ3áõÇ:

¶ÉË3õáñ μ3Ý3Ëûë Ð3ë3Ý Ö»Ù3É Çñ ËûëùÝ ëÏë3õ Ñ3Û»ñ¿Ýáía ¦ ́3ñ»õ« Û3ñ·»ÉÇ μ3ñ»- Ï3ÙÝ»ñ§: oÉáÛÃÇ ·3Õ3÷3ñÝ»ñáõ ·¿Ã Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇ Ñ»ï»õ»3É áõñáõ3·ÇÍ»ñÁ Ïáõ ï3Ýù Çña 3é3- çÇÝ 1¿Ùùáí© ̈

Ú3ñ·»ÉÇ μ3ñ»Ï3ÙÝ»ñ« ÇÝÓ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ñ»ßï åÇïÇ ãÁÉÉ3Û 3Ûëûñ ËûëÇÉ Ó»1⁄2 Ñ»ï: Üáñ É»1⁄2áõÇ ÙÁ å¿ïù áõÝÇÝùa Ñ3Õáñ13Ïó»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ Çñ3ñ Ñ»ï: 2Ûë ËÝ1ñÇÝ Ù¿ç ûñ»õë 1áõù Ï3ñ»Ý3ù û·Ý»É ÇÝÍÇ: Ø»Ýù Çñ3ñáõ ß3ïáÝó Í3Ýûà »Ýù 3ñ1¿Ý« ù3ÝÇ ÝáÛÝ ÑáÕ»ñáõ ÍÝáõÝ1Ý »Ýù: oë Ó»- 1⁄2Ç áÕçáÛÝÝ»ñ ÏÁ μ»ñ»Ù Ó»ñ Ý3Ë3Ñ3Ûñ»ñáõ »ñÏñ¿Ý: oÏ3Í »Ù Ëûë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ μ3Ý3Éáõ Ó»1⁄2 Ñ»ï« Û3ïÏ3å¿ë Ñ3Û »ñÇï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï: oë ã»Ù »Ï3Í Ï»ÕÍ»Éáõ« Ó»õ3óÝ»Éáõ Ï3Ù 1»ñ3- ë3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ÁÝ»Éáõ« 3ÛÉ ÇÙ ëÇñï¿ë Ùï»ñÙûñ¿Ý Ëûë»Éáõ Ó»1⁄2 Ñ»ï ¬ 3ÛÝå¿ëa ÇÝãå¿ë 1»é ù3ÝÇ ÙÁ ï3ñÇ 3é3ç Ëûë3Í »Ù ÇÙ áÕμ3ó»3É μ3ñ»Ï3Ù Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÇÝ« áñáõÝ Ñ»ï å3Ûù3ñÇ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñ »Õ3Í »Ýù:

oë ÏÁ ×3ÝãÝ3Ù Ó»ñ ó3õÁ« Ø»Í oÕ»éÝÇ 3Ý3Ùáù»ÉÇ íÇßïÁ: 2Ù»Ý¿Ý 3ÙûÃ3ÉÇ å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñáõ ï3Ï« Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á« 13ñ»ñáí 3åñ3Í Çñ ÑáÕ»ñ¿Ý 3ñÙ3ï3ËÇÉ »Õ3õ« μéÝÇ ï»Õ3Ñ3Ýáõ»ó3õ »õ 3Ý3å3ïÝ»ñÁ ùßáõ»ó3õa 3ÛÝï»Õ Ñ3ñÇõñ Ñ31⁄23ñÝ»ñáí 3Ý·Ãûñ¿Ý μÝ3çÝçáõ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

ÆÝãå¿ë 3ÙμáÕç ÂáõñùÇáÛ ï3ñ3ÍùÇÝ« Ù»ñ ï3Ý Ù¿ç »õë 3Ý·Çñ ûñ¿Ýù ¿ñ 3ÙμáÕç3Ï3Ý ÉéáõÃÇõÝÁ 1915Ç áÕμ»ñ·áõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ù3ëÇÝ: oñμ áñ»õ¿ Ù¿ÏÁ Ñ3ñó ï3ñ ÿ ÇÝãá±õ ã»Ý ËûëÇñ Ñ3Û»ñáõ 1¿Ù Ï3ï3ñáõ3Í 3Û1 á×ÇñÝ»ñáõ Ù3ëÇÝ« Ù»1⁄2Ç Ï’Áëáõ¿ñ ÿ 3õ»ÉÇ É3õ ¿ Éé»É« ù3Ý Ã¿ ÃßÝ3Ù3ÝùÇ 3éÇà ï3É: 2Ûëå¿ë« 1915¿Ý »ïù« Ø»Í oÕ»éÝÇ ßáõñç å3ñï31Çñ ÉéáõÃÇõÝÁ 3ÙμáÕç ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ù¿ç Ó»éù-Ó»éùÇ Ï’ÁÝÃ3Ý3ñ á×ÇñÇ áõñ3óÙ3Ý Ñ»ï: àõñ3óáõÙÁ ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÇ å3ß- ïûÝ3å¿ë ÙÇÝã»õ 3Ûëûñ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ 20ñ1 13ñáõ í»ñçÇÝ ù3éáñ1ÇÝ 3ñ1¿Ý ëÏë3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõ- û3Ý Ñ3ñó31ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇáÛ å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý3ó3Í ëáõï»ñáõÝ 1¿Ù: ̧»é 19703Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ ëÏë3Ý ÉáÛë ï»ëÝ»É ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý Ï»ÕÍ Ù»ÏÝ3μ3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ë3ñ3ÝáÕ ËÇ- 1⁄23Ë ·Çñù»ñÁ è¿×Çμ 1⁄43ñ3ùáÉáõÇ Ññ3ï3ñ3Ïã3ïáõÝ¿Ý: 2ÝÓÝ31⁄2áÑ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó åïáõÕÁ ïáõÇÝ« »õ 13ñÓ3Ï¿ïÁ ëÏë3õ 19803Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ: ÎñÝ3Ýù 19903Ï3ÝÝ»ñÁ ÝÏ3ï»É ëáõ- ï»ñáõ í»ñçÁ »õ ×ßÙ3ñÇï ËûëùÇ ëÏÇ1⁄2μÁ: Âáõñù 1»ÙáÏñ3ï3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅÙ3Ý 3éÁÝûñ« Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÇ 2Ïûë ûñ3ûñÃÁ 1996ÇÝ 13ñÓ3õ ç3Ñ3ÏÇñÁ ×ßÙ3ñïáõû3Ý 3Ûë 1⁄23ñÃûÝùÇÝ: ì»ñ»ÉùÇ μ3ñÓñ3Ï¿ïÇÝ ¿ñ áñ« 2007ÇÝ« ·áñÍáõ»ó3õ Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÇ ëå3Ýáõû3Ý á×ÇñÁ: Æñ ÛáõÕ3ñÏ3õá- ñáõû3Ý« 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý Ñ3ñÇõñ Ñ31⁄23ñ Ãáõñù»ñ ÙÇ3ó3Ý Ñ3Û»ñáõÝa ¦Ø»Ýù μáÉáñë Ñ3Û»ñ »Ýù« 3Ù¿Ýùë Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝù »Ýù§ Ï3ñ·3ËûëÇÝ ï3Ï: Ð3Ï3é3Ï ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý ·áñÍ31ñ3Í μáÉáñ ×ÝßáõÙÝ»ñáõÝ« 2000ÇÝ ëÏëáõ3Í oõñ3ÙÇáõÃÇõÝ 3Ý13Ù3Ïó»Éáõ Ãñù3Ï3Ý 1ÇÙáõÙÁ 3éÇà ïáõ3õ áñ Ýáñ Ã3÷ ëï3Ý3Ý Ø»Í oÕ»éÝÇ Ù3ëÇÝ ×ÍÙ3ñïáõÃÇõÝÁ μ3ó3Û3Ûï»Éáõ å3Ñ3ÝçÝ»ñÁ: oë Ûáõ- ë3Ë3μ »Ù oõñ3ÙÇáõûݿݫ Ù3Ý3õ3Ý1 3ÝáÝó ÏáÛñ Ñ3Ï3Ù3ÑÙ»ï3Ï3Ý Ï»óáõ3Íù¿Ý: ́3Ûó ÝáÛÝ 3ï»Ý ÏáÕÙÝ3ÏÇó »Ù ÂáõñùÇáÛ oõñ3ÙÇáõÃÇõÝ 3Ý13Ù3Ïó»ÉáõÝ« ù3ÝÇ 3ÛÝï»Õ ÙÃÝáÉáñïÁ 3õ»- ÉÇ 1»ÙáÏñ3ï3Ï3Ý ¿ »õ û·ï3Ï3ña ÂáõñùÇáÛ 3éáÕç 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ:

̧3Ý13Õ μ3Ûó Ñ3ëï3ï ×3Ùμ3Û ÙÁ Ïïñ3Í »Ýù 24 2åñÇÉ 1915¿Ý 3ë1ÇÝ: ØÇÉÉÇ¿Ã ûñ3ûñ- ÃÇ 5 ÐáÏï»Ùμ»ñ 2008Ç Ñ3Ù3ñáí Ññ3ï3ñ3Ïáõ3Í ÇÙ ·ñáõû3Ùμ »ë ·Çï3Ïó3Í áõ Û3Ûï3ñ3- ñ3Í »Ù ÿ ÇÙ 1⁄2·3óáõÙÝ»ñë ÏÁ ï3ñμ»ñÇÝ Ù»Í Ñûñëa Ö»Ù3É ö3ß3ÛÇ Ñ3Û»3óùÝ»ñ¿Ý« »õ »ë 1⁄2ÇÝù ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýûñ¿Ý å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõ ÏÁ ·ïݻ٠Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ 1¿Ù 1915ÇÝ ·áñÍáõ3Í Ø»Í oÕ»éÝÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ: 2Ûë 1⁄2·3óáõÙÝ»ñáõë åáéÃÏáõÙáíÝ ¿ñ áñ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 2008ÇÝ oñ»õ3ÝÇ Ù¿ç 3Ûó»É»óÇ ÌÇÍ»éÝ3Ï3μ»ñ1Ç Úáõß3ÏáÃáÕÁ »õ »ñ»ù Ù»Ë3ÏÝ»ñ 1⁄2»ï»Õ»óÇ 3ÛÝï»Õ:

ÂáõñùÇ3Ýa Çñ å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ ã¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ: Ü»ñÏ3ÛÇë 3ñÙ3ï3Ï3Ý ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ÁÝÃ3ó- ùÇ ÙÁ Ù¿ç ¿ Ãáõñù ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á« ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ: Øûï »ñ»ëáõÝ Ñ31⁄23ñ Ãáõñ- ù»ñ í»ñç»ñë ëïáñ3·ñ»óÇÝ 3ÛÝ ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕÃÇÝ ï3Ï áñáí Ý»ñáÕáõÃÇõÝ ÏÁ ËÝ1ñ»Ý Ñ3Û»ñ¿Ýa 3ÝáÝó 1¿Ù ·áñÍáõ3Í á×ÇñÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ: 2ÝÏ3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ÙáéÝ3É Ï3Ù áõñ3Ý3É å3ïÙáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2ñÙ3ï- Ý»ñÁ ã»Ý ÏáñëáõÇñ: 1⁄43ÝáÝù å3Ñ3Í ÑáÕÁ ãÇ ÙáéóáõÇñ:

àñå¿ë 1⁄2ñáõó3ÏÇó« ̧áÏï ö3Ù»É3 êÃ3ÛÝÁñ áÕçáõÝ»ó ·ÉË3õáñ μ3Ý3ËûëÁ Çμñ Ù3ñ1 áõ Ùï3õáñ3Ï3Ý: 2Ý Ñ3ñó ïáõ3õ ÿ 3ñ1»û±ù Çñ»ñÑ3ëÏ3óáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ3Ûáó »õ Ãáõñù»- ñáõ ÙÇç»õa 1915¿Ý »ïù: ̧Åáõ3ñ ¿ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÁ« Áë3õ 3Ý« μ3Ûó 3Ûë Ñ3Ï31ñáõû3Ý (conflict) ÉáõÍáõÙÁ ÏÁ ëÏëÇa Ùûï¿Ý ÇÙ3Ý3Éáí ÿ DZÝã å3ï3Ñ»ó3õ: ä3ï3ëË3Ý»Éáí áõÝÏÝ1ñÇ ÙÁ Ñ3ñó- Ù3Ý Ã¿ ÇÝãá±õ Ëáõë3÷»ó3õ ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝ μ3éÇ ·áñÍ3Íáõûݿݫ 3Ý Áë3õ ÿ Çñ 1»ñÝ ¿a ÏáÕÙ»ñÁ Çñ3ñáõ ùáí μ»ñ»É »õ áã ÿ ÏáÕÙ μéÝ»É:

̧3ñÓ»3É áñå¿ë 1⁄2ñáõó3ÏÇó« öñáý èÇãÁñï ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý« ·Ý3Ñ3ï»Éáí Ñ3Ý1»ñÓ Ï3- ñ»Ïó3ÝùÇ 3ñï3Û3ÛïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ »Õ3ÍÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ý»ñáÕáõû3Ý ËÝ1ñ3ÝùÝ»ñÁ« ß»ßï»ó ÿ ·áñÍÝ3Ï3Ý ·»ïÝÇ íñ3Û ·ñ»Ã¿ áãÇÝã ÷áËáõ3Í ¿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ áõñ3óáõÙÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç: 2Ý Áë3õ ÿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ÏáÕÙ¿ 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï ¿ áã ÙÇ3ÛÝ ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý ×3Ý3ãáõÙÁ« 3ÛÉ Ý3»õ ¬ Ù3Ý3õ3Ý1 ¬ 3ñ13ñ Ñ3ïáõóÙ3Ý å3ïñ3ëï3Ï3ÙáõÃÇõÝÁ: Ú3ñ·»ÉÇ ÷ñáý»ëáñÇÝ Ó3ÛÝÁ

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Ûá·ÝáõÃÇõÝ »õ ïËñáõÃÇõÝ Ï’3ñï3Û3Ûï¿ñ: Úáõë3Ë3μ »õ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ù»ù»Ý3ÛáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñ¿Ý áõÕÕ3ÏÇ 1⁄21⁄2áõ3Í Ï’»ñ»õ3ñ »ñμ« Ñ3ñóÙ3Ý ÙÁ å3ï3ëË3Ý»Éáí« 13éÝûñ¿Ý Ñ3ëï3ï»ó ÿ 3Ûëûñ ÂáõñùÇ3Û¿Ý Ù»ñ ëå3ë3ÍÁ å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë Ù»ñ å3Ñ3ÝçÝ»ñáõ Ýáõ31⁄23·áÛÝ μ3õ3ñ3ñáõÙ (conciliation) ÙÁÝ ¿« ù3ÝÇ Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë 3ÙμáÕç3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝáõû3Ý Ï3Ù 1ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ»ñáõ Ñ3ßï»óÙ3Ý (reconciliation) Ë3μÏ3ÝùÝ»ñ ãáõÝÇÝù 3ÛÉ»õë:

2Ýï3ñ3ÏáÛë ßÇÝÇã »õ û·ï3Ï3ñ Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁÝ ¿ñ 3Ûë μ31⁄2Ù3Ó3ÛÝ 1⁄2ñáÛóÁ« áñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ ëñï3Ýó ÏÁ ßÝáñÑ3õáñ»Ýù Ð ́ÀØÁ »õ Çñ 2ëå»ïÝ»ñÁ: ÜáÛÝ 3ï»Ý« Ñáë Ï’áõ1⁄2»Ýù 3ñÓ3- Ý3·ñ»É Ï3ñ· ÙÁ μ3ñ»Ï3Ù3Ï3Ý ÝÏ3ïáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ áõ ûÉ31ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ña 3ÛÝ Ý3Ë3ÝÓ3ËÝ1- ñáõû3Ùμ áñ ÝÙ3Ý Ó»éÝ3ñÏÝ»ñ 3õ»ÉÇ É3õ Í3é3Û»Ý Çñ»Ýó Ýå3ï3ÏÇÝ:

1© Ð3ë3Ý Ö»Ù3É 3ÝÏ3ßÏ3Ý1 »õ 3ÝÏ»ÕÍûñ¿Ý 3ñï3Û3Ûï»ó Çñ Ï»óáõ3ÍùÁ ûñáõ3Û Ã»Ù3ÛÇÝ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É: ØÇõë ÏáÕÙ¿« öñáý èÇãÁñï ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý« 3Û1 »ñ»ÏáÛ Çñ»Ý ïñáõ3Í Å3ÙÏ¿ïáí áõ Ñ3Ý·3Ù3Ýùáí (áñå¿ë discussant« 3ÛëÇÝùÝ 1⁄2ñáõó3ÏÇó« »õ áã áñå¿ë 1⁄2ñáõó3í3ña ÇÝãå¿ë ûñ- áõ3Û åñáßÇõñÇÝ Ù¿ç Ã3ñ·Ù3Ýáõ3Í ¿ ëË3ÉÙ3Ùμ)« áõñáõ3·Í»ó ïÇñáÕ Ñ3Û Ùï3ÍáÕáõû3Ý ÁÝ1- Ñ3Ýáõñ áõÕÕáõÃÇõÝÁ: ÎÁ ËáñÑÇÝù ÿ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÏáÕÙÇÝ μ3õ3ñ3ñ 3éÇà ãïñáõ»ó3õ 3ñï3- Û3Ûïáõ»Éáõ: 2ëÇÏ3 áñ»õ¿ Ï»ñåáí ùÝÝ313ïáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ ã¿ í3ëï3Ï3ß3ï Û3ñ·»ÉÇ ÷ñáý»ëáñÇ Ñ3ëó¿ÇÝ« 3ÛÉ 3ÙμáÕçáõû3Ùμ Ï’3éÝãáõÇ »ñ»ÏáÛÇ Û3Ûï3·ñÇ Ó»õ3ã3÷ÇÝ (format) Ñ»ï: 2ÛëåÇ- ëÇ 3éÇÃáí« áõñ Ãñù3Ï3Ý ÏáÕÙÇ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÁ ëå3éÇã μáí3Ý13Ïáõû3Ùμ Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý ÏÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝ¿ Çñ ¬ ÿÏáõ1⁄2 31⁄23ï3ÙÇï »õ Û3é3ç31¿Ù ¬ ï»ë3Ï¿ïÁ« 3ñ13ñ áõ Ëáѻ٠åÇïÇ ÁÉÉ3ñ áñ ÝáÛÝ3ï»ë3Ï 3ÙμáÕç3Ï3Ýáõû3Ùμ »õ Ñ3Ý1Çë3õáñáõû3Ùμ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ¿ñ Ý3»õ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÏáÕÙÁ: Æ í»ñçáÛ« ãÙáéÝ3Ýù ÿ äñÝ Ö»Ù3ÉÇ ÇÝùÝÇÝ 3ÝÏ»ÕÍ »ÉáÛÃÁ« 3é3ñÏ3Û3Ï3Ý ·»ïÝÇ íñ3Û« Ý»ñáÕáõû3Ý ËÝ1ñ3ÝùÇ (apologies) ë3ÑÙ3Ý¿Ý 1áõñë ã»É3õ ¬ »õ Ù»Ýù 13ñÓ»3É ëå3ëáÕÇ Ïñ3õáñ3Ï3Ý-å3ßå3ÝáÕ3Ï3Ý 1ÇñùÇÝ Ù¿ç ÙÝ3óÇÝù:

2© ÀÝûñóáÕÝ»ñáõÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ μ3Ý3ËûëÝ»ñáõÝ áõÕÕáõ3Í ·ñ3õáñ ß3ñù ÙÁ Ï3ñ»õáñ Ñ3ñóáõÙ- Ý»ñ 3ÝÝÏ3ï ÙÝ3óÇÝ ¬ Ý»ñ3é»3É Ø3ëÇë Þ3μ3Ã3ûñÃÇ ËÙμ3·ñ3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2ÙÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ »ñÏáõ Ëáñù3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ñóáõÙÝ»ñ: ØÇõë ÏáÕÙ¿« μ31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ Ñ3å×»å áõ ÝáÛÝ3ïÇå Ñ3ñóáõÙÝ»ñ Û3çáñ13- μ3ñ ÁÝûñóáõ»ó3Ý« áñáÝó ÏñÏÝáõáÕ å3ï3ëË3ÝÝ ¿ñ ÿ 3ñ1¿Ý Ñ3ñóáõ3Í áõ å3ï3ëË3Ýáõ3Í ¿ÇÝ: Ð3ñóáõÙÝ»ñáõ 3õ»ÉÇ 3ã3Éáõñç ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ åÇïÇ 3ßËáõÅ3óÝ¿ñ »õ 3ñÅ»õáñ¿ñ »ñ»ÏáÝ: 3© Ø»Ýù ó3õ3ÉÇ »õ Ñ3Ï313ëïÇ3ñ3Ïã3Ï3Ý ·ï3Ýù Ù»Í3ÃÇõ Ñ3Û 3ß3Ï»ñïÝ»ñáõ ëñ3Ñ¿Ý Ñ3ÝáõÇÉÁ »õ 1⁄2ñÏáõÇÉÁ ûñáõ3Û μ3Ý3Ëûëáõûݿݫ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñ¿Ý »õ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ññ3ï3å Ñ3ñ- ó»ñáõ ßáõñç Ï3ñÍÇùÝ»ñáõ ÷áË3Ý3ÏáõÙ¿Ý: 2Ûë Ó»éÝ3ñÏÁ 3é3õ»É3μ3ñ Ù»ñ å3ï3ÝÇÝ»ñáõÝ« 3ß3Ï»ñïáõû3Ý »õ áõë3ÝáÕáõû3Ý Ñ3ëó¿3·ñáõ3Í ¿ñ ¬ ÝáÛÝÇÝùÝ ·ÉË3õáñ μ3Ý3ËûëÇÝ ÇëÏ 3ñï3Û3Ûïáõû3Ùμ: êñ3ÑÇÝ Û3é3ç3Ù3ëÇ 3ÃáéÝ»ñÁ å¿ïù ¿ñ ·ñ3õ¿ÇÝ 3ÝáÝù: Ø» ̄Õù áñ ï3ñ- μ»ñ Ý3Ë3å3ïõáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ¿ÇÝ »ñ»ÏáÛÇ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåÇãÝ»ñÁ:

2ðÄ2ÜÂÆÜo2Ü ̧2î2ð2ÜÀ Î2Ú2òàôò 2ÜÜ2ÊÀÜÂ2ò àðàÞàôØa Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü Ð2ðòàì

2ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝ»3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ Û3ÛïÝÇ 13ï3õáñ Üáñå»ñïû úÇ3ñåÇÿ 2åñÇÉ 1-ÇÝ í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý áñáßáõÙ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3Í ¿, Áëï áñáõ, ¦Ãñù3Ï3Ý å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ ó»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõó3Í ¿ Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç 1¿Ù‘ 1915-23 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ ëå3ÝÝ»Éáí Ù¿ÏáõÏ¿ë ÙÇÉÇ- áÝ Ñ3Û»ñ§:

2ÛëåÇëáí 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ μ3õ3ñ3ñ3Í ¿ 3ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝ3Ñ3Û ¶ñ¿·áñÇû Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ μ3ó3Í 13ïÁa ÁÝ11¿Ù Ãñù3Ï3Ý å»ïáõû3Ý:

¶ñ¿·áñÇû Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3Ý 11 ï3ñÇ 3é3ç 1ÇÙ3Í ¿ñ 3ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝ»3Ý 3ñ13ñ313ïáõû3Ý‘ Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý 13ßïÇ Ù¿ç 3å3óáõó»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ, áñ 2é3çÇÝ 2ßË3ñÑ3Ù3ñïÇ ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõÝ, êáõ3- 1⁄2Ç »õ Ê3ñμ»ñ1Ç Ù¿ç μÝ3ÏáÕ Çñ 31⁄2·3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ ëå3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÁ Ïñ¿ Ãñù3Ï3Ý å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ:

2ÛëåÇëáí, 3ßË3ñÑÇ Ù¿ç 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù ÁÉÉ3Éáí 13ï3Ï3Ý áñá- ßáõÙ ÏÁ Ï3Û3óáõÇ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É, áõñ Ïÿû·ï3- ·áñÍáõÇ Ñ3Ù3ßË3ñÑ3ÛÇÝ Çñ3õ3ëáõÃÇõÝÁ:

ÂáõñùÇ3Ý 13ï3å3ñïáÕ 3Ûë áñáßáõÙÁ å3ïÅÇã μÝáÛà ãáõÝÇ, 3ÛÉ ÙÇ3ÛÝ Í3ÝáõóáÕ3Ï3Ý ¿, ë3Ï3ÛÝ áñáßáõÙÁ Ï3ñ»õáñ Ý3Ë31¿å ¿ ÙÇç31⁄2- ·3ÛÇÝ 3ï»3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ 1ÇÙ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

¦Ð3Ï3é3Ï áñ 3ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝ»3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ Ï3Û3óáõó3Í áñáßáõÙÁ áñ»õ¿ å3ïÇÅ ãÇ Ý3Ë3ï»ë»ñ ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ñ3Ù3ñ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 3Ý Ï3ñ»ÉÇáõ- ÃÇõÝ ÏÿÁÝÓ»é¿ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝa ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ñÃ3ÏÝ»ñáõ íñ3Û »õ 13ï3ñ3ÝÝ»ñáõ Ù¿ç 3Û1 áñáßáõÙÁ û·ï3·áñÍ»É Çμñ»õ ÑÇÙù§,- 3Ûë 3éÃÇõ ÏÁ ·ñ¿ Ãñù3Ï3Ý ¦ÐÇõññÇۿç ûñÃÁ:

̧3ï3õáñ úÇ3ñåÇÿ 2002-ÇÝ å3ßïûÝ3å¿ë 1ÇÙ3Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ, Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÇ Ñ»ï Ï3åáõ3Í 3ñËÇõ3ÛÇÝ ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕûñÁ

4

13ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ ÷áË3Ýó»Éáõ å3Ñ3Ýçáí: 2ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝóÇ ̧3ï3õáñÁ, 1915-1923-ÇÝ Ãñù3Ï3Ý å»- ïáõû3Ý Ù¿ç Ñ3Û»ñáõ 1¿Ù Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõ3Í ó»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý 3éÝãáõû3Ùμ 3ñËÇõ3ÛÇÝ ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕûñ å3Ñ3Ýç3Í ¿ñ Ý3»õ 2Ý·ÉÇ3Û¿Ý, ¶»ñÙ3ÝÇ3Û¿Ý, ØÇ3ó»3É Ü3Ñ3Ý·Ý»ñ¿Ý »õ ì3- ïÇÏ3Ý¿Ý:

2ÙμáÕç 3Û1 ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕûñÁ 11 ï3ñÇ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñ»É¿ »ïù, 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ Ï3- Û3óáõó3Í ¿ Çñ í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý áñáßáõÙÁ:

2ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝÇ Ùûï Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1»ëå3Ý ìÉ3ïÇÙÇñ Î3ñÙÇñß3É»3Ý, ·áÑáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»Éáí 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ áñáßÙ3Ý 3éÝãáõû3Ùμ, Áë3Í ¿, áñ 2ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝÇ 3ñ13ñ313ïáõÃÇõÝÁ, 13ï3å3ñï»Éáí å»ï3Ï3Ý 3Ñ3μ»ÏãáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, å3ßïå3Ý3Í ¿ ×ßÙ3ñïáõû3Ý Çñ3õáõÝùÁ, ÇÝã áñ ÃáÛÉ Ïáõ ï3Û ù3Ý1»Éa ×ßÙ3ñïáõû3Ý áõ 3ñ13ñáõû3Ý Ñ3Ï3ëáÕ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ß3Ñ»- ñáí Ï3éáõóáõ3Í Ééáõû3Ý å3ïÁ:

ä3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý 2Ý·3ñ3Ý ËÇëï ùÝÝ313ïáõû3Ý »ÝÃ3ñÏ»ó 3ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝ»3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ áñáßáõÙÁ: ÂáõñùÇáÛ 2ñï3ùÇÝ ¶áñÍáó Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ù3ÙáõÉÇ ËûëÝ3Ï ê»Éãáõù àõÝ3É Áë3õ ÿ, 3Û1 áñáßáõÙÁ ÏÁ Ñ3Ï3ë¿ Ø2Î-Ç ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý Ï3ÝË3ñ·ÇÉÙ3Ý »õ 13ï3å3ñï- Ù3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñÇÝ:

¦Ø»Ýù ÏÁ ùÝÝ313ï»Ýù »õ ÏÁ Ù»ñÅ»Ýù 3ñÅ3ÝÃÇÝ»3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿ 1915-Ç Çñ3- 13ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ 3éÝãáõû3Ùμ ÁÝ1áõÝáõ3Í áñáßáõÙÁ, áõñ Ïÿ3Ýï»ëáõÇÝ Çñ3õáõÝùÇ ÁÝ1Ñ3- Ýáõñ ëÏ1⁄2μáõÝùÝ»ñÝ áõ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ å3ÛÙ3Ý3·ñ»ñÁ§,- Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ 2¶Ü Ù3ÙáõÉÇ ËûëÝ3ÏÁ‘ 3õ»ÉóÝ»Éáí. ¦2Ûë, Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Ç ß3Ñ3ñÏÙ3Ý í3é ûñÇÝ3Ï ¿ 3ÛÝ »ñÏÇñ- Ý»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç, áõñ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ê÷ÇõéùÇ 31⁄2·3ÛÝ3Ï3Ý ï3ññ»ñÁ μ3õ3Ï3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2ûñ3õáñ »Ý§:

Àëï àõÝ3ÉÇ, 3Û1 áñáßáõÙÁ ãÇ Ýå3ëï»ñ Ý3»õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ÙÇç»õ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý:

¦oÿ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ 3Û1 áñáßáõÙÁ ÏÁ ·áÑ3óÝ¿ áñáß ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ, ÝÙ3Ý 1⁄23ñ·3óáõÙÝ»ñÁ ã»Ý Ýå3ëï»ñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ÙÇç»õ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3Ý, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ñ3Û »õ Ãáõñù ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ý»ñáõ ÙÇç»õ 3Ýó»3ÉÇ áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñÙ3Ý áõ μ3ñ»Ï3Ùáõû3Ý í»ñ3- Ï3Ý·ÝÙ3Ý áõÕÕáõ3Í ç3Ýù»ñáõݧ,- Áë3Í ¿ Ãáõñù 1Çõ3Ý3·¿ï ê»Éãáõù àõÝ3É:

2îðä3⁄4ÚÖ2Ü oî Î2ܶÜ2Ì 3⁄4 êîoö2Ü2ÎoðîÆ ú ̧2Î2Ú2ÜÆÜ ̧3⁄4Ø Æð êä2èÜ2ÈÆøÜoð3⁄4Ü

2åñÇÉ 4-ÇÝ, 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ Ùûï ØÇ3ó»3É Ü3Ñ3Ý·Ý»ñáõ 1»ëå3Ý Ø¿ÃÇõ äñ3Û1⁄23, ·áÑáõ- Ý3ÏáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ ï3ñ3ÍùÇ íñ3Ûáí û13ÛÇÝ ÃéÇãùÝ»ñ Çñ3Ï3Ý3ó- Ý»Éáõ Ñ3ñóáí 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ 1ÇñùáñáßÙ3Ý ÷á÷áËáõû3Ý Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ:

¦Ð3Ï3é3Ï áñ ÏáÕÙ»ñ¿Ý Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñÁ ÇÝù1⁄2ÇÝù ×Çß1 ÏÁ ÝÏ3ï¿, 3Ù¿Ý å3ñ3·3ÛÇ û13- Ý3õ»ñáõÝ Ñ3ñáõ3Í»ÉÁ 3ÝÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉÇ ¿§,- ̧Çõ3Ý3·¿ïÁ Çñ ·áÑáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ 2ïñ- å¿Û×3ÝÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ 3ÛÉ í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝù ëÏë3Í ¿ óáÛó ï3É »õ ÷áñÓ¿ Çñ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»- ñÁ å3ßïå3Ý»É ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ùûï: ¦Ø»Ýù ÏáÕÙÝ3ÏÇó »Ýù, áñ μáÉáñ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ ÉáõÍáõÇÝ μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ÙÇçáóáí§,- Áë3Í ¿ äñ3Û1⁄23:

¦2Ûë å3ÑÇ 1ñáõû3Ùμ ä3ùáõ-Ü3ËÇç»õ3Ý ÃéÇãùÁ ÏÿÇñ3Ï3Ý3óáõÇ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ û13- ÛÇÝ ï3ñ3Íùáí »õ 3Û1 ÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉÇ ÏÁ ÝÏ3ïáõǧ,- 3õ»Éóáõó3Í ¿ Ø»ÃÇõ äñ3Û1⁄23:

Ø3ñï 3Ùëáõ3Û ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ, 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝóÇ å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿ÇÝ Ã¿, Çñ»Ýó Ñ3Ù3ñ ÃÇñ3Ë ÏñÝ3Ý 13éÝ3É êï»÷3Ý3Ï»ñïÇ û13Ï3Û3Ý Å3Ù3ÝáÕ »õ Ù»ÏÝáÕ û13Ý3õ»ñÁ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ 3õ»ÉÇ áõß, 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ 2ñï3ùÇÝ ¶áñÍáó Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý ËûëÝ3Ï 3⁄4ÉÑ3Ý öáÉáõ- Ëáí Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó. ¦2ïñå¿Û×3Ý, Ç ï3ñμ»ñáõÃÇõÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ, »ñμ»ù ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý 1Çñ- ù»ñáõ Ý3ïÙ3Ùμ áõÅ ã¿ ÏÇñ3é3ͧ:

ÎÁ Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõÇ áñ, êï»÷3Ý3Ï»ñïÇ û13Ý3õ3Ï3Û3ÝÁ ëÏëÇ ·áñÍ»É Ø3ÛÇë 9-ÇÝ‘ ÞáõßÇÇ 31⁄23ï3·ñÙ3Ý »õ Ú3ÕÃ3Ý3ÏÇ ûñáõ3Ý 3éÃÇõ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»Ý3ÉÇù ïûÝ3Ï3ï3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ 3é- ÃÇõ:

Ø3ñï 31-ÇÝ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í Ù3ÙÉáÛ 3ëáõÉÇëÇ ÙÁ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ·áñÍáÕ Ý3Ë3- ·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3Ý Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿ñ, áñ ÇÝù Ùï31Çñ ¿ 13éÝ3É êï»÷3Ý3Ï»ñï ÃéãáÕ 3é3- çÇÝ ãáõ»ñÃÇ 3é3çÇÝ áõÕ»õáñÁ: 2Ý Áë3Í ¿, áñ È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ μÝ3ÏãáõÃÇõÝÁ Çñ3õáõÝù áõÝÇ û·ïáõ»Éáõ û13ÛÇÝ ×3Ùμáñ1áõû3Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ¿Ý: ¦Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ »õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÙÇçáó3éáõÙÝ»ñ Ó»éÝ3ñÏ»Ý, Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ»óÝ»Éáõ 3Ûë Ñ3ñóÁ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ï3- éáÛóÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï§, Áë3Í ¿ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3Ý:

5

êoðÄ ê2ð¶êo2Ü. §2ÜÐÜ2ð 3⁄4 êîÆäoÈ Ô2ð2 ́2ÔÆÜ Ðð2Ä2ðàôoÈ 2ÜÎ2ÊàôÂÆôÜÆò¦

Ð3Û »õ ë»ñå Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÝ»ñ ÏÁ ëïáñ3·ñ»Ý ÙÇçå»ï3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñ»ñ

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ ê»ñμÇ3ÛÇ ÙÇç»õ ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý »ñÏËûëáõÃÇõÝÁ, Ñ3Ù3- ·áñÍ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ 3é»õïñ3ïÝï»ë3Ï3Ý, Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ 1⁄23ñ·3Ý3Éáõ Éáõñç Ý»ñáõÅ áõÝ»Ý: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ 2åñÇÉÇ 4-ÇÝ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ »éûñ»3Û å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý 3Ûóáí ê»ñμÇ3ÛáõÙ ·ïÝáõáÕ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ‘ Éñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Ï:

¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ ê»ñÇμÇ3ÛÇ 2¶ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÝ»ñÁ å3ñμ»ñ3μ3ñ Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ »Ý ÿ° »ñÏÏáÕÙ, ÿ’ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ï3ñμ»ñ ýáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñáõÙ: 2ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñ »Ý ï3ñáõ»É Çñ3õ3å3Û- Ù3Ý3·ñ3ÛÇÝ 13ßïÁ Ñ3ñëï3óÝ»Éáõ áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ: 2Ûë Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3Ñ3ïáõ3ÍáõÙ 3ÏïÇõ 1⁄23ñ- ·3ó»É ¿ Ñ3Û-ë»ñμ3Ï3Ý Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ Ï»3ÝùÁ, ÇÝãÝ 3Ùáõñ ÑÇÙù ¿ ëï»ÕÍáõÙ Ù»ñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ý»- ñÇ ÷áË×3Ý3ãáÕáõû3Ý, ÷áËíëï3Ñáõû3Ý μ3ñÓñ3óÙ3Ý, áõëïÇ »õa 3ÛÉ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ3Ù3- ·áñÍ3Ïóáõû3Ý 3Ùñ3åÝ1Ù3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ:

Ø»Ýù Ý3Ë3Ýß»óÇÝù 3ÛÝ Ñ3Ù3ï»Õ ù3ÛÉ»ñÁ, áñ å¿ïù ¿ Ó»éÝ3ñÏáõ»Ý Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïóáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ ÁÝ1É3ÛÝ»Éáõ »õ Ëáñ3óÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ: 2é3çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ áõß31ñáõÃÇõÝ 13ñÓñ»óÇÝù 3é»õï- ñ3ïÝï»ë3Ï3Ý μ3Õ31ñÇãÇ 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3ÝÁ »õ ÁÝ1·Í»óÇÝù, áñ Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïóáõû3Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ Ï3Ý ·ÇõÕ3ïÝï»ëáõû3Ý, ïáõñÇ1⁄2ÙÇ »õ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ3ÛÇ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ:

ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ Ëûë»É ¿ Ý3»õ È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ ÑÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ñÇ Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û ÷áõÉÇ Ù3ëÇÝ: ¦Ø»Ýù Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ»óÇÝù, áñ ËÝ1ñÇ Ë3Õ3Õ Ï3ñ·3õáñáõÙÁ ãáõÝÇ 3ÛÉÁÝïñ3Ýù, »õ áñ áõÅÇ ÏÇñ3éáõÙÝ áõ 1ñ3 ëå3éÝ3ÉÇùÝ 3ÝÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉÇ »Ý ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Çñ3õáõÝùÇ ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó: ä3ñáÝ Ü3Ë3·3ÑÁ ÝáÛÝ Ùûï»óáõÙÁ óáõó3μ»ñ»ó ÎáëáíáÛÇ ËÝ1ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï3åáõ3Í‘ 3ë»Éáí, áñ »ñμ»ù ê»ñμÇ3Ý ãÇ ×3Ý3ãÇ ÎáëáíáÛÇ 3ÝÏ3ËáõÃÇõÝÁ, μ3Ûó ÙÇ»õÝáÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 1⁄2»ñÍ ÏÁ ÙÝ3Û áñ»õ¿ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ í3ñ»Éáõó: È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á, áñÁ ÊáñÑñ- 13ÛÇÝ ØÇáõû3Ý ÷Éáõ1⁄2áõÙÇó Ç í»ñ û·ïáõ»É ¿ ÇÝùÝáñáßÙ3Ý Çñ Çñ3õáõÝùÇó ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ áõÝ»Ý3É 3å3·3Û 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ: Æñ»Ý å3ñï31ñáõ3Í 13Å3Ý å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙáõÙ Ý3 å3ßïå3Ý»É ¿ Çñ Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇùÁ, »õ 3ÝÑÝ3ñ ¿ ëïÇå»É Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇÝ Ññ3Å3ñáõ»É Çñ 3ÝÏ3ËáõÃÇõÝÇó§,- 3ë»É ¿ Ý3:

WIKILEAKS. §Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆ ÐÜ2ð2ôàð 2æ2ÎòàôÂÆôÜÀ øàôð ̧ 2Üæ2îàÔ2Î2ÜÜoðÆÜ Øî2Ðà¶àôØ 3⁄4ð ì2ÞÆܶîàÜÆܦ

Âáõñù3Ï3Ý ¦Â3ñ3ý§ å3ñμ»ñ3Ï3ÝÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ ¿ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»É WikiLeaks Ï3ÛùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ·3ÕïÝ31⁄2»ñÍáõ3Í‘ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇÝ í»ñ3μ»ñáÕ 3Ù»ñÇÏ»3Ý 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý Ñ3Õáñ- 13·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ:

6

̧ñ3Ýó Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý ã3÷3μ3ÅÇÝÁ ÝáõÇñáõ3Í ¿ øñ13Ï3Ý ́3Ýáõáñ3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3ÝÝ áõ 3ÛÝ ûÅ3Ý13Ïáõû3ÝÁ, áñ 3Û1 Ï3éáÛóÇÝ óáõó3μ»ñ»É »Ý ûï3ñ»ñÏñ»3Û å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ:

¶3ÕïÝ31⁄2»ñÍáõ3Í ÷3ëï3ÃÕûñÇ ÃõáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ Ý3ËÏÇÝ å»ïù3ñïáõÕ3ñ àõáñ¿Ý øñÇëÃá- ý»ñÇ‘ 1993 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ ÚáõÉÇëÇ 20-áí Ãáõ3·ñáõ3Í ·3ÕïÝÇ Ý3Ù3ÏÁ‘ áõÕ3ñÏáõ3Í oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ »õ 2ÝÏ3ñ3ÛáõÙ 2ØÜ-Ç 1»ëå3ÝÝ»ñÇÝ:

¦2ÛÝ Ù»Õ31ñ3ÝùÝ»ñÁ, áñ áõÕÕõáõÙ »Ý å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý oñ»õ3ÝÇÝ, ÿ 3ÛÝ 3ç3ÏóáõÙ ¿ øñ13Ï3Ý ́3Ýáõáñ3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3ÝÁ, Éñçûñ¿Ý Ùï3Ñá·áõÙ »Ý ØÇ3ó»3É Ü3Ñ3Ý·Ý»ñÇݧ, - ·ñ»É ¿ Ý3ËÏÇÝ å»ïù3ñïáõÕ3ñÁ‘ Ýß»Éáí. - ¦oÿ 3Ûë Ù»Õ31ñ3Ýù»ñÁ Ñ3ëï3ïáõ»Ý »õ 3å3- óáÛóÝ»ñ Ç Û3Ûï ·3Ý, 3å3 oñ»õ3ÝÁ ß3ï áõÅ»Õ ×ÝßÙ3Ý ï3Ï ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝáõǧ:

àõáñ¿Ý øñÇëÃáý»ñÁ 3Ù»ñÇÏ3óÇ 1Çõ3Ý3·¿ïÝ»ñÇÝ ËáñÑáõñ1 ¿ ïáõ»É 3éÅ3Ù3Ý3Ï 1⁄2»ñÍ ÙÝ3É 3Ûë Ñ3ñóÁ Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ùÝÝ3ñÏ»Éáõó‘ Ýß»Éáí. - ¦2Ûë ËÝ1ÇñÁ Ãáõñù»ñÇ Ñ»ï μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ù»Ýù ãå¿ïù ¿ 3Ý·3Ù ÛÇß3ï3Ï»Ýù, ù3ÝÇ 1»é ã»Ýù ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É 3ÛÝ Ñ3Û»ñÇ Ñ»ï§:

ÀÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ 3éÙ3Ùμ, 13ï»Éáí WikiLeaks-Ç ÏáÕÙÇó ·3ÕïÝ31⁄2»ñÍáõ3Í ÷3ëï3ÃÕûñÇó, 3Ù»ñÇÏ»3Ý 1Çõ3Ý3·ÇïáõÃÇõÝÁ μ3õ3Ï3Ý Ù»Í áõß31ñáõû3Ùμ ¿ Ñ»ï»õ»É øñ13Ï3Ý ́3Ýáõá- ñ3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõû3ÝÁ, Û3ïÏ3å¿ë‘ 3Û1 Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý 3ñï3ùÇÝ Ï3å»ñÇÝ:

Ø¿Ï 3ÛÉ 3Ù»ñÇÏ»3Ý Ñ3Õáñ13·ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç, ûñÇÝ3Ï, 3ëáõ3Í ¿. - ¦øñ13μÝ3Ï ßñç3ÝÝ»- ñÇó 1áõñë øñ13Ï3Ý ́3Ýáõáñ3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ 3ÏïÇõûñ¿Ý ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ ØáëÏáõ3ÛáõÙ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ ÎÇåñáëÇ Ñ3ñ3õ3ñ»õÙï»3Ý ßñç3ÝÝ»ñáõÙ§:

Ð2Úàò òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü 1⁄4àÐoðÆ ÚÆÞ2î2ÎÀ ÎÀ Ú2ð¶oÜ

Âàôðø2Î2Ü ØÆ Þ2ðø ø2Ô2øÜoðàôØ

2Ýó»3É ï3ñáõ3Û 2åñÇÉÇ 24-ÇÝ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3ÛÝûñ¿Ý Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý 1⁄2áÑ»ñÇ ÛÇ- ß3ï3ÏÁ Û3ñ·»Éáõ 3ñ3ñáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñÁ ÝÙ3Ý3ïÇå 3é3çÇÝ 1¿åùÝ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛáõÙ, ÏÁ ÏñÏÝáõÇ Ý3»õ 3Ûë ï3ñÇ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 3ñ1¿Ý 3õ»ÉÇ Ù»Í ÃÇõáí Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñáí »õ 3ßË3ñÑ3·ñ3- Ï3Ý 3õ»ÉÇ É3ÛÝ ï3ñ3Íùáí:

2010 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ 2åñÇÉÇ 24-ÇÝ êï3ÙμáõÉÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ3Ï3Ý Â3ùëÇÙ Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ Ñ3õ3ù- áõ3Í ÙÇ ËáõÙμ Ãáõñù Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñ, ÷3ëï3μ3ÝÝ»ñ »õ Çñ3õ3å3ßïå3ÝÝ»ñ 3Ûë ï3ñÇ ÝáÛÝå¿ë Ïñ Ñ3õ3ùáõ»Ý ÝáÛÝ í3ÛñáõÙ: êå3ëõáõÙ ¿, áñ 3Ûë ï3ñÇ 1⁄2áÑ»ñÇ ÛÇß3ï3ÏÇ ÙÇçáó3é- Ù3Ý Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ ÃÇõÁ Ïÿ3õ»É3Ý3Û:

ØÇçáó3éÙ3ÝÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»Éáõ å3ïñ3ëï3Ï3Ùáõû3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ Û3ÛïÝ»É »Ý 3ñ1¿Ý ÙÇ ß3ñù Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ:

Ø3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë, ¦è3ëÇ1⁄2ÙÇÝ »õ Ëïñ3Ï3Ýáõû3ÝÁ áã 3ë3§ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3- ·3Ñ æ»Ý·Ç1⁄2 2É·3ÝÁ Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý ¦Â3ñ3ý§ å3ñμ»ñ3Ï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Ýᯐ ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýù åÉ3Ý3õáñáõÙ »Ý ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý 1⁄2áÑ»ñÇ ÛÇß3ï3ÏÇ ÙÇçáó3éáõÙ 3ÝóÏ3óÝ»É ̧Ç3ñμ»ùÇñáõÙ »õ ́á1ñáõÙáõÙ: êå3ëáõÙ ¿, áñ 3åñÇÉÇ 24-ÇÝ Ð3Ûáó ó»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý 1⁄2áÑ»ñÇ ÛÇß3ï3ÏÁ ÏÁ Û3ñ·áõÇ Ý3»õ 2ÝÏ3ñ3ÛáõÙ »õ Æ1⁄2ÙÇñáõÙ (1⁄4ÙÇõéÝÇ3ÛáõÙ):

ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ 1915-23 ÃÃ-ÇÝ úëÙ3Ý»3Ý Ï3ÛëñáõÃÇõÝáõÙ »õ ù»Ù3É3Ï3Ý ÂáõñùÇ3ÛáõÙ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõ3Í ó»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3ÝÁ 1⁄2áÑ ·Ý3ó 1,5 ÙÉÝ Ñ3Û: Ð3ñÇõñ Ñ31⁄23ñ3õáñ Ñ3Û»ñ 13ñ- Ó3Ý ·3ÕÃ3Ï3Ý Ï3Ù μéÝÇ ÇëÉ3Ù3óáõ»óÇÝ: ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñÁ Ùßï3å¿ë ÅËï»É »õ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ »Ý ÅËï»É Ù3ñ1Ïáõû3Ý 1¿Ù Çñ3Ï3Ý3óñ3Í Ù»Í3·áÛÝ Û3Ýó3·áñÍáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ:

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oð¶âàôÐÆ ÜàôÜ3⁄4 oê2o2Ü. §ÄàÔàìàôð ̧À Ð2ð2Ø 3⁄4 2ÜàôØ Øoð êî2ò2Ì Üàô3⁄4ðÀ¦

¦Þ3ï í3ï ¿, áñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á ãÇ ·Ý3Ñ3ïáõÙ Ù»ñ 3ñ3ÍÁ »õ Ù»ñ Ýáõ¿ñÝ»ñÁ Ñ3ñ3Ù ¿ 3ÝáõÙ§,- NEWS.am-Ç ÃÕÃ3ÏóÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó »ñ·ãáõÑÇ, ¦Ð3Û »ñ·Ç 1»ëå3ݧ ïÇïÕáë3ÏÇñ ÜáõÝ¿ oë3»3ÝÁ‘ 3ñÓ3·3Ýù»Éáí Facebook ëáóÇ3É3Ï3Ý ó3ÝóáõÙ ëï»ÕÍáõ3Í Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõû3Ý Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñÇ ÏáãÇÝ: 2Û1 Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõû3Ý Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ÙÇ ß3ñù Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ïáã »Ý 3ñ»É Ñ3Û ¿ëïñ313ÛÇ 3ÛÝ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ- óÇãÝ»ñÇÝ, áíù»ñ ¦î3ßÇñ–2011§ Ùñó3Ý3Ï3μ3ßËáõû3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Ï μÝ3Ï3ñ3Ý »Ý Ýáõ¿ñ ëï3- ó»É, 1ñ3Ýù ÝáõÇñ»Ý 3Ýûûõ3Ý Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó:

¦2Û1 »ñ»õáÛÃÁ ß3ï ïÑ3× ¿: Þ3ï í3ï ¿, áñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á ãÇ ·Ý3Ñ3ïáõÙ Ù»1⁄2, áñ áõñÇß- Ý»ñÝ »Ý ·Ý3Ñ3ïáõÙ Ù»ñ 3ñ3Í ·áñÍÁ, ÇëÏ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á áõñ3Ë3Ý3Éáõ ÷áË3ñ¿Ý ïËñáõÙ ¿: ̧3 ß3ï ï·»Õ ¿: oõ ß3ï ï·»Õ ¿, »ñμ Ïáã »Ý 3ÝáõÙ, áñ 3Û1 μÝ3Ï3ñ3ÝÝ»ñÁ Ù»Ýù ï3Ýù áõñÇßÝ»- ñÇÝ: ̧3 Ù»1⁄2 ¿ ïñáõ3Í »õ Ù»1⁄2 ¿É ÏÁ ÙÝ3Û: ÆëÏ Ù»Ýù, »ñμ ï3ñÇÝ»ñ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï μ3ñ»·áñÍáõÃÇõÝ »Ýù 3ÝáõÙ, 1ñ3 Ù3ëÇÝ áã Ù¿ÏÁ ãÇ áõ1⁄2áõÙ μ3ñÓñ3Ó3ÛÝ»É: Ø»Ýù, μÝ3Ï3Ý3μ3ñ ã»Ýù μ3ñÓñ3- Ó3ÛÝáõÙ, áñáíÑ»ï»õ 1ñ3 Ù3ëÇÝ 3Ùûà ¿ Ëûë»ÉÁ: àõñ»ÙÝ‘ ÃáÕ ÛÇß»Ý Ý3»õ Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÇ ÁÝÃ3ó- ùáõÙ Ù»ñ 3ñ3Í μáÉáñ μ3ñ»·áñÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ§,-3ë3ó »ñ·ãáõÑÇÝ:

́áÉáñ 1¿åù»ñáõÙ, ã¿ù Ï3ñÍá±õÙ, áñ Ò»ñ 3Û1 3ñÓ3·3ÝùÇó Û»ïáÛ Ò»ñ »ñÏñå3·áõÝ»ñÁ ÑÇ- 3ëÃ3÷áõ»Ý Ó»1⁄23ÝÇó, ù3ÝÇ áñ ̧áõù Ýñ3Ýó 3ÝßÝáñÑ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ¿ù Ù»Õ31ñáõÙ »õ ß»ß- ïáõÙ, áñ ã¿ù å3ïñ3ëïõáõÙ á»õ¿ Ù¿ÏÇÝ 1⁄2Çç»É Ýáõ¿ñ ëï3ó3Í μÝ3Ï3ñ3ÝÁ:

-oñμ áñ ÇÝÓ Ýáõ»ñ »Ý ï3ÉÇë, »ë ÇÝãá±õ å¿ïù ¿ 3Û1 Ýáõ»ñÁ ï3Ù áõñÇßÇÝ, Ï3ñá±Õ ¿ù ÇÝÓ μ3ó3ïñ»É:

Øî2ôàð2Î2ÜÜoðàô Èàôè Üêî2òàÚò 21⁄42îàôÂo2Ü

Ðð2ä2ð2ÎàôØ

2åñÇÉÇ 2-Çó Ù»ÏÝ3ñÏ»É ¿ Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ 3ÏóÇ3Ý 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ, áñÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏáõÙ Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñ ûñ 3 Ùï3õáñ3Ï3Ý Ýëï3óáÛó ¿ 3Ý»Éáõ:

¦ê3 ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÇ 3ÝÏÙ3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É Ùï3Ñá·áõû3Ý ËÝ1Çñ ¿§, - ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Ýß»ó 31⁄2·3·ñ3·¿ï Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ê3- é3ï»3ÝÁ:

21⁄2·3·ñ3·¿ïÁ, áí 3ñ1¿Ý ÇëÏ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»É ¿ μáÕáùÇ 3ÏóÇ3ÛÇÝ, 3ë3ó, ÿ Ýëï3óáÛóÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáÕÝ»ñÇÝ ÇÝùÁ Ï3ï3Ïáí 3Ýáõ3ÝáõÙ ¿ ¦Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý μ3ñáÛ3Ï3Ý 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÇ å3- Ñ3ϧ:

Üñ3 Ëûëùáí, 3ÏóÇ3ÛÇ ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ Ýå3ï3ÏÝ ¿ áõß31ñáõÃÇõÝ Ññ3õÇñ»É 3ÛÝ ÷3ëïÇÝ, áñ Ñ3Û3ëï3Ý»3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3Ý Ù¿ç Ï3ñ»õáñ3·áÛÝ 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÁ ëÏë»É »Ý ãÏ3ñ»õáñáõ»É, ÙÇÝã- 1»é ¦Ñ3Ï33ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÁ§ Ï3ñ»õáñõáõÙ »Ý »õ 13éÝáõÙ 3é3çÝ3ÛÇÝ:

¦2Ûë 3ÏóÇ3Ý ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ ËÝ1Çñ ã¿: Øï3ÍáõÙ »Ýù, áñ ó3ÝÏ3ó3Í Ù¿ÏÁ, »Ã¿ 3Ûë Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ ¿, Ù»1⁄2 Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÙÇ3Ý3É: Î3ñáÕ ¿ »ñÏñÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇó ÉÇÝ»É, »Ã¿ ÇÝùÁ ÏÇëáõÙ ¿ 3Û1 ï3·Ý3åÝ»ñÁ, í3ñã3å»ïÁ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇó ÉÇÝ»É: ̧3ï3- õáñÝ»ñÁ, áëïÇÏ3ÝÝ»ñÁ, ù3Õ3ù3óÇÝ»ñÁ§, - Ýß»ó 31⁄2·3·ñ3·¿ïÁ‘ ÁÝ1·Í»Éáí. - ¦¶ÉË3õáñ 3ë»ÉÇùÁ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ, ÅáÕáíáõñ1, Ù»Ýù ÏáñóÝáõÙ »Ýù É3õÇ áõ í3ïÇ 1⁄2·3óáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ, μ3ñáÛ3Ï3- ÝÇ áõ 3Ýμ3ñáÛ3Ï3ÝÇ 1⁄2·3óáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ, ×ßïÇ »õ ëË3ÉÇ 1⁄2·3óáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ§:

8

Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ê3é3ï»3ÝÁ Ý3»õ å3ñ1⁄23μ3Ý»ó, áñ 3ÏóÇ3Ý 13ë3Ï3Ý ÇÙ3ëïáí Ñ3ó31áõÉ ã¿, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 3ÛÝ Å3Ù»ñÇÝ, »ñμ Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÁ Ýëï3Í ÏÁ ÉÇÝ»Ý 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ, Ýñ3Ýù áãÇÝã ã»Ý áõïáõÙ, áãÇÝã ã»Ý ËûëáõÙ:

¦Ü3»õ Ééáõû3Ý áõËï ¿ 3Û1 Å3Ù»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ: ÈéáõÃÇõÝÁ ïáõ»3É 1¿åùáõÙ μáÕáùÇ Ó»õ ¿§, - Ýß»ó 31⁄2·3·ñ3·¿ïÁ:

Øï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ 3ÏóÇ3Ý Û3çáñ1áõÙ ¿ 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý 3é3çÝáñ1 ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ‘ 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý »ñÏáõ ß3μ3à ï»õ3Í μáÕáùÇ 3ÏóÇ3ÛÇÝ, áñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõû3ݧ Õ»Ï3í3ñÁ Ñ3ó31áõÉ ¿ñ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É:

§Ð2Ú2êî2ÜàôØ ́2ðoöàÊàôØÜoðàì Ð2ðò âÆ ÈàôÌôàôØ ¦

ÚáíÑ3ÝÝ¿ë ê3Ñ3Ï»3Ý(Ó3ËÇÝ) »õ 2ñ3Ù Î3ñ3å»ï»3Ý μ3Ý3í¿×Ç Å3Ù3Ý3Ï

2Ä ¦ÐÐΧ ËÙμ3Ïóáõû3Ý 3Ý13Ù ÚáíÑ3ÝÝ¿ë ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÝ áõ ¦Üáñ Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ§ Ïáõ- ë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3·3Ñ 2ñ3Ù Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÝ 2åñÇÉ 4-ÇÝ Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ μ3Ý3í¿×Ç Å3Ù3Ý3Ï Ëû- ë»óÇÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ μ3ñáÛ3Ñá·»μ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÙÃÝáÉáñïÇ ËÝ1ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ, áñ, Áëï Ýñ3Ýó, í»ñ- ç»ñë 3é3õ»É í3ï3ó»É ¿:

¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ μ3ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñáí Ñ3ñó ãÇ ÉáõÍõáõÙ. μ3ñáÛ3Ñá·»μ3Ý3Ï3ÝÇó ÙÇÝã»õ ëáóÇ3É3Ï3ÝÁ 3ÛÝåÇëÇ íÇ×3ÏáõÙ ¿, áñ ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí μ3Ý ãÇ ÷áËáõ»Éáõ§,- 3ë3ó Î3- ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ: Àëï ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÇ‘ ·ÇõÕ3óáõ Ñá·»μ3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ ¿ áõÝ»ó»É ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝ. ¦î»ëÝ»Éáí, áñ Ïáí ãáõÝ»óáÕÁ Ýå3ëï ¿ ëï3ÝáõÙ, ÙáñÃáõÙ ¿ Çñ ÏáíÁ, áñ Ýå3ëï ëï3Ý3Û§,- 3ë3ó Ý3a Ýß»Éáí, áñ Ñ3ñóÁ ·áõó¿ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ÉáõÍ»É ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ Ïáí áõÝ»óáÕÇÝ Ýå3ëï ï3Éáõ Ù3- ëÇÝ ûñ¿Ýù ÁÝ1áõÝ»Éáí:

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý»ñù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ, Áëï Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ, áã ÙÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝ ãÇ Ïñ»É, μ3óÇ 3ÛÝ, áñ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ 3ëáõÙ ¿, ÿ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝãÇó ï»Õ»3Ï ¿, 3Ù¿Ý μ3Ý ·Çï¿ »õ å3ï- ñ3ëïõáõÙ ¿ μ3ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÇ: ¦Ø»ñ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ÁÝïñ»É »Ý Ý3ñá1ÝÇÏáõÃÇõÝÁ§,- Ýß»ó Ý3‘ Ï3ëÏ3Í Û3ÛïÝ»Éáí ¦3Û1 ·ÇõÕ3Ï3Ý ßñç3·3ÛáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ å3ï×3éÝ»ñǧ 3éÝãáõ- û3Ùμ:

2Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí ÀÝïñ3Ï3Ý ûñ¿Ýë·ñùÇÝ‘ Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ åÝ1»ó, áñ ÁÝïñ3ï»Õ3Ù3ë»- ñÇ ï»ë3ÝÏ3ñ3Ñ3ÝáõÙÁ áã ÙÇ Çñ3õáõÝù ãÇ Ë3ËïáõÙ: ¦2Ù»Ý31⁄23ñ·3ó3Í »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ãÁÝï- ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ »Ý óáõó3Ï »õ å3ñë3õáõÙ »Ý Ýñ3Ýó‘ ïáõ·3Ý»Éáí »õ 1⁄2ñÏ»Éáí Û3- çáñ1 ÁÝïñáõû3ÝÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»Éáõ Çñ3õáõÝùÇó§,- 3ë3ó Ý3‘ 3é3ç3ñÏ»Éáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ »õë Ùß3Ï»É 3Û1ûñÇÝ3Ï 1ñáÛà »õ áã ÿ ÷áñÓ»É ùáÕ3ñÏ»É, ÿ áí ¿ ·3ÉÇë ÁÝïñáõû3Ý, áí‘ áã:

¦oÿ Ññ3å3ñ3Ïáõ»Ý óáõó3ÏÝ»ñÁ, óáõó3ÏáõÙ Ýßáõ3Í Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó Ñ3Ý1¿å Ï3ñáÕ »Ý ÉÇÝ»É Ñ»ï3åÝ1áõÙÝ»ñ§,- Ýß»ó ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÁ‘ Ç å3ï3ëË3Ý Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Û3Ù3é Ñ3ñó»ñÇ, ÿ 3Ù¿Ý 1¿åùáõÙ ÇÝã ËÝ1Çñ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý óáõó3ÏÝ»ñÁ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»Éáõ 1¿åùáõÙ:

úñ¿ÝùÝ»ñÇ áïÝ3Ñ3ñáõ»Éáõ 1¿åù»ñÇÝ 3Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí‘ Ñ3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õá- ñÁ Ýß»ó, áñ å¿ïù ¿ áã ÿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ ÇßË3Ýáõû3ÝÁ Ù»Õ31ñ»É, 3ÛÉ ÷áË»É ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõ- û3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝùÁ ÿ Çñ»Ýó ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý å3ñïùÇ »õ ÿ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É:

¦1⁄4áÑáõ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ï3ëÁ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ. ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃDZõÝÁ åÇïÇ Ñ»ï3ùÝÝáõÃÇõÝ 3Ýó- Ï3óÝǧ,- Ñ3ñóñ»ó Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ: ¦oÏ¿ù ÷áñÓ»Ýù í»ñ3óÝ»É ÑÇÙù»ñÁ, ëáóÇ3É3Ï3Ý ËÝ1Çñ- Ý»ñÁ »õ 3ÛÉݧ,- 3é3ç3ñÏ»ó ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÁ: Àëï Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ‘ »Ã¿ »ñ»ù ï3ñÇ ¿a ã»Ý μ3ó3- Û3ÛïõáõÙ, áõñ»ÙÝ »ñμ»ù ã»Ý μ3ó3Û3ÛïáõÇ. ¦öáË¿ù 3Û1 μ3ó3Û3ÛïáÕÝ»ñÇÝ, Ù»1⁄2 åñáý»ëÇá- Ý3ÉÝ»ñ »Ý å¿ïù§,- 3ë3ó Ý3: ¦Ø»Ýù ã»Ýù Ï3ñáÕ μáÉáñ åñáμÉ»ÙÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ3Ý·3ÙÇó Éáõͻɧ,- å3ï3ëË3Ý»ó Ñ3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñÁ:

9

§Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü Ä2Ø2Ü2Φ úð2ÂoðÂÆ ¶ÈÊ2ôàð ÊØ ́2¶ÆðÀ Ð2ô2Ü2 ́2ð 21⁄42î 2ðÒ2ÎàôÆ ÚàôÜÆêÆÜ

Ü3Ëáñ1 ß3μ3à ¦Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ä3Ù3Ý3ϧ ûñ3ûñÃÇ ËÙμ3·ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ça ß3ñù ÙÁ Éñ3ï- áõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõ Õ»Ï3í3ñÝ»ñáõ Ù3ëÝ3Ïóáõû3Ùμ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í ¿ Ñ3õ3ù, áõñ áñáßáõ3Í ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»É ß3ñù ÙÁ óáÛó»ña å3Ñ3Ýç»Éáí ÜÇÏáÉ ö3ßÇÝ»3ÝÇ 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3ÏáõÙÁ:

Tert.am-Ç Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóÇ ÙÁ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝa ÜÇÏáÉ ö3ßÇÝ»3ÝÇ ÏÇÝÁa 2ÝÝ3 Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý, áñ ¦Ð3Û- Ï3Ï3Ý Ä3Ù3Ý3ϧ ûñ3ûñÃÁ Ññ3ï3ñ3ÏáÕ ¦ ̧3ñ»ëÏÇ1⁄2μ§ ë3ÑÙ3Ý3÷3Ï å3ï3ëË3Ý3- ïáõáõû3Ùμ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý (êäÀ) ïÝûñ¿ÝÝ ¿, Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ ÏÁ Ý3Ë3ï»ë¿ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»É, ÇÝãå¿ë‘ »ñûñ, Ïñ3õáñ3Ï3Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ, ûñÇÝ3Ï‘ Ý3Ù3ÏÝ»ñáõ Û3ÝÓ- ÝáõÙ ï3ñμ»ñ å»ï3Ï3Ý Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñáõ: Àëï 3Ýáñ‘ óáÛó»ñÁ åÇïÇ Ïñ»Ý ß3ñáõÝ3Ï3Ï3Ý μÝáÛà »õ åÇïÇ ï»õ»Ý Ù¿Ï-»ñÏáõ 3ÙÇë: ¦Ü3Ë3ï»ëõáõÙ ¿ »ñà Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñå»É Ø3ÛÇëÇ 3-ÇÝ‘ Ù3ÙáõÉÇ 31⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ßË3ñÑ3ÛÇÝ ûñÁ§,- Áë3õ Ú3Ïáμ»3ÝÁ:

ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ 2008Ç Ù3ñïÙ¿Ï»3Ý Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ 3éÝãáõû3Ùμa ÜÇÏáÉ ö3ßÇÝ- »3ÝÁ μ3Ýï3ñÏáõ3Í ¿ 2009-Ç ÚáõÝÇëÇÝ: 2010 ÚáõÝáõ3ñÇÝ 3Ý 13ï3å3ñïáõ3Í ¿ »ûÃÁ ï3ñ- áõ3 31⁄23ï31⁄2ñÏÙ3Ý, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ì»ñ3ùÝÝÇã 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ áñáßÙ3Ùμ Ñ3Ù3Ý»ñáõÙ ÏÇñ3éáõ3Í ¿ »õ å3ïÅ3ã3÷Ç ãÏñ3Í Ù3ëÁ Ï¿ë ã3÷áí Ïñ×3ïáõ3Í ¿: Àëï 3Û1Ù‘ ö3ßÇÝ»3ÝÁ å¿ïù ¿ 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3ÏáõÇ 2013-Ç ·3ñÝ3Ý í»ñçÁ: ÚáõÝÇëÇÝ ÏÁ Éñ3Ý3Û ÜÇÏáÉ ö3ßÇÝ»3ÝÇ 31⁄23ï31⁄2ñÏÙ3Ý Å3ÙÏ¿ïÇÝ Ï¿ëÁ:

Ð3ñóÇÝ, ÿ áñù3±Ý ¿ Ñ3õ3Ý3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñ ö3ßÇÝ»3ÝÇÝ å3ÛÙ3Ý3Ï3Ý í3Õ3Å3ÙÏ¿ï 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3Ï»Ý ÚáõÝÇëÇÝ, 2ÝÝ3 Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý å3ï3ëË3Ý»ó. ¦Àëï áñáß ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ »õ oÊÊì å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñÇ‘ 3ëõáõÙ ¿, áñ μáÉáñ ù3Õμ3Ýï3ñÏ»3ÉÝ»ñÇÝ 31⁄23ï »Ý 3ñÓ3ÏáõÙ å3ï- Å3ã3÷Ç Ï¿ëÁ Ïñ»Éáõó Û»ïáÛ: 2Ûë ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ å3ïÅÇ Ï¿ëÁ Ïñ»Éáõó Û»ïáÛ 31⁄23ï »Ý 3ñÓ3Ï- áõ»É ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ù3Õμ3Ýï3ñÏ»3ÉÝ»ñ, »õ 3Û1 ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÁ 1»é ÁÝÃ3óùÇ Ù¿ç ¿: 2Ûë ïñ3Ù3μ3Ýáõ- û3Ý ßñç3Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿, áñ μ3ñÓñ3ÝáõÙ ¿ ö3ßÇÝ»3ÝÇÝ 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3Ï»Éáõ Ñ3ñóÁ§:

èà ́oð ̧ øàâ2ðo2ÜÀ ̧2îÆ 3⁄4 îàôoÈ §Ðð2ä2ð2Φ-ÆÜ àô

ÂoðÂÆ Ð2ÞÆôÜoðÆ ìð2Ú 2ð¶oÈ2Üø 3⁄4 ̧ðàôoÈ

èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ 13ïÇ ¿ ïáõ»É ¦Ðñ3å3ñ3ϧ ûñÃÇÝ: ÆÝãå¿ë Tert.am-ÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï3ó- ñ»ó ûñÃÇ ·ÉË3õáñ ËÙμ3·Çñ 2ñÙÇÝ¿ úÑ3Ý»3ÝÁ, ËÙμ3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ 2åñÇÉ 4-ÇÝ ëï3ó»É ¿ 13- ï3Ï3Ý Í3Ýáõó3·Çñ: λÝïñáÝ »õ Üáñù Ø3ñ3ß Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÝ»ñÇ ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ Çñ3õ3ëáõû3Ý 13- ï3ñ3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óñ3Í Ñ3ÛóÁ μ3ÕÏ3ó3Í ¿ »ñ»ù Ï¿ïÇó:

Ð3Ûóáí øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ å3Ñ3ÝçáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ñù»É ûñÃÇa 3Ûë ï3ñáõ3Û ö»ïñáõ3ñÇ 12-Ç Ñ3Ù3- ñáõÙ Ññ3å3ñ3Ïáõ3Í ¦øáã3ñ»3ÝÇÝ áãÝã3óÝáõÙ »Ý, Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÇÝa μ3ó3ïñá±õÙ§ Ëáñ3·ñáí Ûû1áõ3ÍÁ, áñå¿ë ÷áËÑ3ïáõóáõÙa Çñ»Ý í×3ñ»É 6 ÙÉÝ 1ñ3Ù »õ 3ñ·»É3Ýù 1Ý»É Ã»ñÃÇ Ñ3ßÇõÝ»- ñÇ íñ3Û: Ð3ÛóÁ 13ï3ñ3Ý ¿ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ»É Ø3ñïÇ 28-ÇÝ, »õ Ñ»Ýó ÝáÛÝ ûñÝ ¿É 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ μ3- õ3ñ3ñ»É ¿ 3ñ·»É3ÝùÇ Ù3ëÇÝ å3Ñ3ÝçÁ: ¦Ðñ3å3ñ3ϧ ûñ3ûñÃÁ Ø3ñïÇ 28-Çó ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ3- ÝáõÙ ïÝûñÇÝ»É μ3ÝÏáõÙ ·ïÝáõáÕ ë»÷3Ï3Ý Ñ3ßÇõÝ»ñÁ:

2ñÙÇÝ¿ úÑ3Ý»3ÝÁ Ýß»ó, áñ èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ áã ÿ ûñ¿Ýùáí Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõ3Í Ù¿Ï3Ùë»3Û Å3ÙÏ¿ïáõÙ ¿ Ñ3ÛóÁ 13ï3ñ3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óñ»É, 3ÛÉ áõß3óñ»É ¿: ê3Ï3ÛÝ 13 ËáãÁÝ1áï ãÇ Ñ3Ý1Ç- ë3ó»É, »õ 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ áñáᯐ ¿ ûñÃÇ Ñ3ßÇõÝ»ñÇ íñ3Û 3ñ·»É3Ýù 1Ý»É:

2ñÙÇÝ¿ úÑ3Ý»3ÝÁ Ýß»ó, áñ 3é3çÇÏ3Ûáõ٠ûñÃÁ ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏÇ ÉáÛë ï»ëÝ»É: ê3Ï3ÛÝ, Áëï Ýñ3, ÙÇÝã»õ 3Ûë ·áñÍáí Ý3ËÝ3Ï3Ý 13ï3Ï3Ý ÝÇëïÁ, áñÁ Ýß3Ý3Ïáõ3Í ¿ Ø3ÛÇëÇ 10-ÇÝ, å¿ïù ¿ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñ ï3ñáõ»Ý ûñÃÇ Ñ3ßÇõÝ»ñÇ íñ3ÛÇó 3ñ·»É3ÝùÁ Ñ3Ý»Éáõ áõÕÕáõ- û3Ùμ: Ð3Ï3é3Ï 1¿åùáõÙ, áñáß Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 3Ýó ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ãÇ ÉÇÝÇ Ã»ñÃÁ ÉáÛë ÁÝÍ3Û»É:

¦Ðñ3å3ñ3Ïǧ ËÙμ3·ñÇ Ëûëùáía 3Ûë áñáßÙ3Ùμ 3ñ1¿Ý å3ñ1⁄2 ¿, áñ øáã3ñ»3ÝÇ Ýå3ï3- ÏÁ ûñÃÁ ÷3Ï»ÉÝ ¿: ¦èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ áñáᯐ ¿ ïå3·Çñ Ù3ÙáõÉÇ 1¿Ù å3ï»ñ31⁄2Ù Û3Ûï3- ñ3ñ»É, μáÉáñÇ μ»ñ3ÝÁ ÷3Ï»É: 2Û1 Ûû1áõ3ÍáõÙ ãÏ3Û ÙÇ ï»Õ»Ï3ïáõáõÃÇõÝ, áñÁ ãÇ Ñ3Ù3å3- ï3ëË3ÝáõÙ Çñ3Ï3Ýáõû3ÝÁ§,- Ýß»ó 2ñÙÇÝ¿ úÑ3Ý»3ÝÁ:

10

Argentine Court Adopts Unprecedented Ruling On

Armenian Genocide

BUENOS AIRES -- An Argentine federal judge declared “the Turkish state committed the crime of genocide against the Armenian people between 1915 and 1923”.

Judge Norberto Oyarbide sustained a claim by Argentine-Armenian, Gregorio Hairabedian, who had filed a lawsuit against Turkey demanding to learn fate of his 50 relatives who disappeared during the Armenian Genocide.

In the claim submitted 11 years ago, Hairabedian had asked the country’s justice system to prove that the Turk- ish state was responsible for annihilating and torturing numerous Armenians in Svaz and Kharberd around the time of World War 1.

The ruling by Judge Norberto Oyarbide holds Turkey responsible for perpetrating and committing the Armenian Genocide. The judge also stated Turkey should help Hairabedian get information about his relatives.

Though the court’s decision does not set accountability criteria for Turkey, it serves as grounds for Armenian organizations to raise the issue in international tribunals and courts.

In 2002, Justice Oyarbide officially requested the Turkish authorities to transfer archive documents on Hayra- petyan family to the Argentine court. He also requested the English, German, US and Vatican authorities to provide documents on the 1915-1923 Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire. After studies that lasted 11 years the Ar- gentine court passed the ruling.

Secret cables by consuls and ambassadors who served in Germany at the time greatly contributed to Oyarbide’s decision.

”Al this were not just crimes against Armenians. The Turkish state was implementing a systematic program aimed at the extermination of the Armenian nation,” one of the cables read.

Bryza Reminds Baku That Aircrafts From Azerbaijan to Nakhijevan Fly Over Armenia

BAKU -- U.S. ambassador to Azerbaijan Matthew Bryza told journalists he is happy that Azer- baijan has changed its stance and tries to protect its rights in ICAO.

Asked about the opening of an airport in Stepanakert, Bryza said he does not want to give cer- tain comments: “Let the [OSCE Minsk Group] Co-Chairmen arrive in the region and express their attitude. It would be more correct. I can also say that aircrafts from Azerbaijan to Nakhijevan fly over Armenia’s airspace, and it is considered to be acceptable,” APA quoted Bryza as saying.

Earlier, Armenian Minister of Defense Seyran Ohanyan commented on the statement of Azeri side threatening to shoot down planes bound for Karabakh.

As the Minister stressed, Armenia will spare no efforts for a “clear sky over Artsakh.” 11

When asked by journalists, whether he’s ready to fly in the same plane bound for Stepanakert with the Armenian President onboard, Mr. Ohanyan expressed his readiness to take the same plane as the President will, however, the protocol does not allow it.

Earlier, Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan promised to be the first passenger of the plane bound for the newly built Stepanakert airport.

The director of the State Civil Aviation Administration of Azerbaijan Arif Mammadov an- nounced Azerbaijan would shoot down the aircraft that would be landing at the Stepanakert airport. The Azeri side has already managed to complain to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). “We notified that the airspace over Karabakh is closed. The Law on Aviation envisages physical destruction of airplanes landing on this territory,” Mammadov said. Moreover, official Ba- ku considers itself entitled “to destroy any planes that will come to land at the airport of Stepanak- ert”. According to Mammadov, the ICAO management recommended making every effort to avoid possible negative effects in the region.

Hrant Dink Murderer Blames Turkish Media for his Actions

ISTANBUL -- Ogün Samast, the confessed hitman in the assassination of Armenian-Turkish journalist Hrant Dink, who was fatally shot outside the Agos weekly office in 2007, has claimed he committed the act under the influence of media labeling of Dink as a “traitor.”

Samast’s remarks came in a letter he submitted on Monday to an Istanbul juvenile court where he is standing trial. “I am not guilty. The ones who are guilty are the newspaper headlines that por- trayed Hrant Dink as a traitor. I got rid of the trash in my eye. Now let the ones who prepared those headlines think. Where are the ones who brought me to this point? I did not know about Agos. My veins were filled with ignorance then. I learned about Dink from newspaper headlines. And I sacri- ficed myself. ... I am afraid of Yasin Hayal,” the letter read.

Samast’s case was separated from the main trial because he was under 18 years of age on Jan. 19, 2007, the day of the murder. Samast attended the second hearing of his trial in juvenile court in Istanbul on Monday. He blamed the media for the assassination. Samast shot Dink in the back out- side the Istanbul offices of the Turkish-Armenian weekly Agos, of which Dink was the chief editor.

Dink was the target of a media lynching campaign regarding a story he published in Agos. The story claimed Sabiha Gökçen, the first Turkish woman pilot and the foster daughter of Turkey’s founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was actually of Armenian origin. Dink was a Turkish citizen of Armenian origin who had been working to reestablish ties between Turks and Armenians, which have been troubled since the alleged killing or deporting of hundreds of thousands of Armenians during the last years of the Ottoman Empire.

12

Turkish Cypriot Politician Visits Karabakh

STEPANAKERT -- A prominent Turkish Cypriot politician paid a landmark visit to Nagorno- Karabakh over the weekend to take part in roundtable discussions organized there by a British peacebuilding charity.

Kutlay Erk, secretary general of the Republican Turkish Party (CTP), reportedly shared with local officials and civil society members his long experience of face-to-face contacts with Greek Cypriots. He said such contacts are important for resolving the decades-long conflict in Cyprus.

“Before that we were enemies, but thanks to our communication we became friends. Mutual trust developed into friendship,” the Regnum news agency quoted Erk as saying at a seminar in Ste- panakert sponsored by the London-based group International Alert.

“Our existing status quo is unacceptable, unstable,” he said. “We need to look for other solu- tions. The status quo in the Karabakh conflict zone is not the best one either.”

Erk served as the mayor of the Turkish-controlled part of the Cypriot capital Nicosia until 2006 and was later a special negotiator of Mehmet Ali Talat, the former CTP leader and president of the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Talat championed reunification of the divided island and closer ties with the European Union during his 2005-2010 presidency.

According to Regnum, Erk, who is apparently the first Turkish Cypriot to set foot in Karabakh, was asked by a seminar participant about Azerbaijan’s threats to shoot down civilian aircraft that will use the Armenian populated territory’s sole airport currently undergoing reconstruction.

Erk appeared to disapprove of those threats, saying that Northern Cyprus has for decades had flight services with Turkey despite being recognized only by Ankara. “Despite political protests from the Greek side, there have never been any harmful actions, any threats to shoot down civilian planes,” he was quoted as saying.

In an angry reaction the Azerbaijani government said on Wednesday that it will likely blacklist Kutlay Erk for visiting Karabakh.

Strong Criticism, Harsh Responses: Armenian “Tashir” Singers Accuse Society of Being “Envious”

By Gayane Abrahamyan ArmeniaNow.com

Passions are still flying high over last weekend’s Tashir 2011 Pan-Armenian Music Awards, and this time Armenian singers have told of their annoyance at suggestions and appeals by a group of activists to forward the generous gifts given to them during the awards (apartments in Yerevan and Moscow) to homeless families.

The Armenian stars consider such appeals to be a show of “disrespect” towards their art.

The sixth Pan-Armenian Music Awards organized by Tashir Group, headed by Moscow-based Armenian tycoon Samvel Karapetyan, was distinguished by its luxury, which unlike the previous years, when the top present was a car, this year seven pop artists got apartments in the center of Ye- revan, and two got homes in Moscow, while three singers received posh cars as presents.

Such extravagance described by many as “a feast during a plague” led civic activists to vent their anger on Facebook, appealing to all artists to donate their presents to homeless families.

(Incidentally, some of the newly constructed apartments given away at the Tashir show were built as part of a huge city redevelopment project leaving hundreds of city center residents evicted from their homes with small compensations).

The response of many artists was quite harsh. Singer Nune Yesayan, who owns two apartments in newly erected buildings, which were repeatedly shown during different TV shows, said that “they [those activists] totally spoil the rare present.”

“It’s a pity that people do not appreciate our work and instead of being happy for us, they make demands. This is impolite. They spoil everything, they do not want us to enjoy [our pre- sents],” Yesayan told ArmeniaNow.

Another popular Armenian singer Shushan Petrosyan is also angry. She says that she “does not feel unsettled about homeless people in the disaster zone,” because she “sang for them many times in order to keep them close to our culture.”

“Who has the right to tell me what to do with my present? They only talk big. What have they done for this country? This is simply a malice, which already kills our society,” Petrosyan told Ar- meniaNow.

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Armenian Military Steps Up Reserve Drills

YEREVAN -- The Armenian military has begun a nationwide call-up of reservists for training and exercises which military officials in Yerevan say will be more regular and intensive from now on.

Thousands of reserve troops are due to spend roughly one week in military camps this year to refresh and improve their combat skills.

The first group of reservists, all of them sappers and army engineers, began on Saturday week- long exercises involving heavy demining equipment at a military training center about 40 southwest of Yerevan. Military officials say other reserve forces will be called up in the following weeks and months.

In a weekend statement, the Armenian Defense Ministry described the drills as a “planned event” stemming from Armenia’s law on military service. It said they are meant to “upgrade the combat skills of reserve personnel” and raise “the level of mobilization readiness in the Republic of Armenia.”

The ministry spokesman, Davit Karapetian, told RFE/RL’s Armenian service that the Armenian army command has decided to hold reserve drills on a more “regular” basis. He said they will also be more intensive than in the past. Karapetian denied any “direct connection” between the exercises and what some Western offi-

cials and regional analysts see as an increased risk of another Armenian-Azerbaijani war for Na- gorno-Karabakh. But he said Armenia’s Armed Forces must be prepared to give an “adequate re- sponse” to possible “changes in the security environment.”

Talk of renewed fighting in the conflict zone has intensified over the past year amid more fre- quent deadly skirmishes reported from the main Armenian-Azerbaijani “line of contact” around Karabakh. Azerbaijan’s leaders have also continued to threaten to win back the disputed territory and surrounding areas by force.

An Azerbaijani state-controlled organization highlighted those threats on Tuesday when it launched sniper courses for young people, including girls. The AFP news agency reported that civil- ian participants will also learn about fighting techniques, weaponry, map-reading skills and legal is- sues. The previous Armenian reserve mobilization was announced in March last year. The Defense Ministry said at the time that it wants to make sure that “every duty-bound Armenian man knows his place and function in the military” in case of a large-scale armed conflict.

WikiLeaks: US Issued Warning to Turkey Before Dink’s

Assassination

ISTANBUL -- Recently leaked WikiLeaks cables reveal that the United States warned Turkey of escalating anti-Christian hostilities inside the country back in 2005, the Turkish Hurriyet re- ported.

Citing a cable published in Taraf newspaper, the Turkish publication says that US diplomats had issued such warnings to Ankara ahead of the assassination of Hrant Dink, the editor-in-chief of the Armenian-Turkish newspaper Agos, and catholic priest Santoro.

”On March 11, 2005, the Turkish Department on Religious Affairs issued a statement which contained the following phrase – ‘Our children are robbed of their belief’. As the lines targeted Christian missionaries, the US diplomat called on the Turkish authorities and the Religious Affairs Department to modify the statement,” the paper says adding that the United States kept spotlight of the Christian community in the town of Malatya.

“In a letter sent to Washington on March 16, 2005 American diplomat John Kunstadter noted that Turkish imams spread information against Christian missionaries,” Taraf writes.

In 2006, catholic priest Andrea Santoro was murdered in the Santa Maria Church in the city of Trabzon. Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink was assassinated near the editorial office of the Agos newspaper, January 19, 2007 by Turkish ultranationalist Ogun Samast.

Eighteen months before the murders in Zirve publishing house, the diplomats had met with the alleged organizer of the plot, Houssein Yekli, who was a representative of an investigative depart- ment. On April 5, 2007, a group of Turkish young people broke into Zirve publishing house which prints Christian literature, and brutally killed several employees, one of whom was a German national.

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Archbishop Unrepentant About Gun, Luxury Car Possession

YEREVAN -- Archbishop Navasard Kchoyan, head of the church’s largest diocese encompassing Yerevan and the southern Ararat province, defended his ownership of a handgun and luxury car which was revealed by the Arme- nian press recently, shrugging off the resulting outcry in some media and online social networks. “I don’t take that se- riously,” he told RFE/RL’s Armenian service.

The Yerevan newspaper “168 Zham” reported last month that Kchoyan has been seen riding in a Bentley car. It quoted him as saying that he received it recently as a gift from one of his godsons.

The celibate priest refused to go into details, reportedly telling the paper not to meddle in his “private life.” It is still not clear how old his luxury car is. Brand new Bentleys currently cost between $180,000 and $280,000. Later in March, another newspaper, “Hetq,” revealed that Kchoyan received in 2007 a pistol from then Prime

Minister Serzh Sarkisian. The paper said his spokeswoman initially denied the information but then confirmed it after being shown documentary evidence of the gift. She was quoted as saying that Kchoyan does not carry the weapon and keeps it in his office safe.

“In all countries, weapons are presented to all those who are appreciated,” Kchoyan told RFE/RL. “A weapon is [given as] an appreciation, not for some other purpose.”

The archbishop also had no qualms about using a very expensive car in a country where the official poverty rate exceeds 34 percent. “Should I have renounced the gift?” he said.

Kchoyan has for years faced criticism from local media for his behavior and lifestyle which they consider too earthly.

He has also sparked controversy by participating and even speaking at political gatherings organized by Sark- isian and his Republican Party of Armenia. Kchoyan personally blessed the current Armenian president at a February 2008 campaign rally held in Yerevan in the run-up to a dispute presidential election.

The office of Catholicos Karekin II, the supreme head of the Armenian Church, has not commented on the latest controversy surrounding the archbishop.

Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Presents a Lecture by Haigazian University President Dr Paul Haidostian

WORCESTER, MA -- The Clark University Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies will host a lecture by Rev. Dr Paul Haidostian entitled “The American Missionaries and the Armenian Genocide: How to Assess their Ministry?” at 7:30 p.m. Thursday, April 14, in Tilton Hall, Higgins University Center, 950 Main St.

Reverend Paul Haidostian is the President of Haigazian University, which was established in 1955 in Beirut, Lebanon by the joint endeavors of the Armenian Missionary Association of America (AMAA) and the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East (UAECNE). Haigazian University is an Armenian liberal arts Uni- versity using English as the language of instruction. Haigazian is home campus to students from 20 countries throughout the world.

Rev. Haidostian is currently the Chair of the Central Committee of the Union of Armenian Evangelical Church- es in the Near East.

Rev. Haidostian holds a BA in Psychology from Haigazian College, a Master of Divinity (M.Div.) degree from the Near East School of Theology, a Master of Theology (Th.M.) and Ph.D. in Pastoral Theology from Princeton Theological Seminary.

This event is presented by the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. It is hosted by the Kaloos- dian Mugar Chair and supported by the Asher Fund. For more information, call 508-793-8897.

The Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies is privileged to stand at the forefront in establishing the Armenian Genocide as a distinct focus of doctoral study.

In 2002, Carolyn Mugar and her late husband John O’Connor ’78, a Clark University trustee, donated the first- ever endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History and Armenian Genocide Studies. They challenged others to join them in supporting this innovative professorship named in honor of Carolyn’s parents Stephen and Marian Mugar, as well as Robert Aram ’52 and Marianne Kaloosdian. Robert Kaloosdian, a lawyer in Watertown, MA and former pres- ident of the Washington, DC- based Armenian National Institute, is a leader in Armenian affairs. The mission of the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies is to educate undergraduate and graduate stu- dents about genocide and the Holocaust; to host a lecture series, free of charge and open to the public, to use scholar- ship to address current problems stemming from the murderous past; and to participate in public discussion about a host of issues ranging from the significance of state-sponsored denial of the Armenian genocide and well-funded de- nial of the Holocaust to intervention in and prevention of genocidal situations today.

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Armenian Genocide Resolution Clears Key Committee and

Moves to the Floor

SACRAMENTO -- AJR 2 designating April 24, 2011 as California Day of Remembrance for the Armenian Genocide and authored by Assemblymembers Anthony Portantino (D-La Cañada Flint- ridge) and Katcho Achadjian (R-San Luis Obispo) has been approved by the Assembly Rules Com- mittee and now moves to the full Assembly for a vote on April 14.

The resolution sends a message to President Obama and Congress to formally recognize the atrocities committed during the genocide and calls on Turkey to acknowledge its role in the Arme- nian Genocide and the deaths of more than 1.5 million people.

For each of the past 14 years, the state Legislature has memorialized the horrific events of the early 20th century with a resolution marking April 24th as the symbolic beginning of the Armenian Genocide (1915 – 1923).

“The Armenian genocide was one of the greatest tragedies in modern history and to ignore it is to condone it,” said Assemblymember Portantino. “I am honored to join my colleague, Assembly- member Katcho Achadjian, in the introduction of this Resolution remembering the 1.5 million Ar- menians who were tragically killed in the first genocide of the 20th Century. We hope to properly commemorate this horrendous act and offer some peace and respect for the survivors and their fam- ily members who live in California.”

California is home to the largest population of Armenians outside of Armenia with nearly one million Americans of Armenian ancestry.

AJR 2 is a bi-partisan and bi-cameral effort, jointly authored by Portantino and Achadjian with Principal co-authors - Assembly Members Connie Conway, Mike Gatto, Linda Halderman and Speaker John Peréz. State Senators Tom Berryhill, Kevin De León, Carol Liu, Joe Simitian, Mark Wyland, and Leland Yee. Co-authors: Assembly Members Tom Ammiano, Bill Berryhill, Marty Block, Paul Cook, Martin Garrick, Richard Gordon, Curt Hagman, Diane Harkey, Jared Huffman, Bonnie Lowenthal, Fiona Ma, William Monning, Jim Nielsen, Kristin Olsen, Sandré Swanson, Das Williams. Senators An- thony Cannella, Robert Dutton, Michael Rubio.

FAU Libraries Host “The Greatest Crime of the War:

The Armenian Genocide During World War I” Exhibition

Film and Panel Discussion by Descendents of Survivors

BOCA RATON, FL - As part of the ongoing Armenian Genocide exhibition at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) Wimberly Library in Boca Raton, FL, two high-profile South Florida community activists will lead a discus- sion following the screening of a 30-minute excerpt from the PBS documentary, “The Armenian Genocide.” The film and panel discussion will take place on Tuesday, April 12 from 7:00 - 9:00 pm on the 5th floor of the FAU Wimberly Library and is free and open to the public.

Marta Batmasian, a member of the Florida Department of Education Commissioner’s Task Force on Holocaust Education, will share her family’s experience in Turkey and the effects of the Armenian Genocide on her family. Ar- menian Assembly of America Grassroots Director Taniel Koushakjian, an FAU alumnus, will discuss the Armenian- American identity and the post-genocidal effects on the Armenian community in the United States.

”We live in a community in which there are thousands of survivors of modern genocides and their descendants. Our community has played an active role in attempts to intervene against genocide in Darfur. St. David’s Armenian Church, Congregation B’Nai Israel and the FAU Center for Holocaust and Human Rights Education have been at the forefront of the these community efforts. It is important for our community to learn about and memorialize the Arme- nian victims just as we memorialize and educate about the Shoah. Remembering both strengthens our commitment to prevent and intervene against genocide,” said Dr. Rose Gatens, Director of the FAU Center for Holocaust and Human Rights Education (CHHRE).

“The Armenian Genocide” film and panel discussion is being sponsored by the Center for Holocaust and Hu- man Rights Education at Florida Atlantic University in conjunction with “The Greatest Crime of the War: Armenian Genocide During World War I,” an exhibition on display through Wednesday, April 27, at the Wimberly Library. The exhibition displays the systematic murder of 1.5 million Armenians in Anatolia during the middle of World War I, between 1915 and 1916. The story is told through 21 free-standing panels that showcase photographs, quotes from witnesses, and the history and legacy of the genocide. The events and the exhibition, which is on loan from the Flor- ida Holocaust Museum in St. Petersburg, are being hosted by FAU Libraries as part of Genocide Awareness Month, an observance during April to increase awareness and prevention of genocides. The Armenian Genocide, the Holo-

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caust, the Bosnian, Rwandan and Darfur genocides occurred within the last 100 years and are all commemorated in the month of April.

Small groups of 10-15 wishing to receive a docent-led tour may book their tour by contacting the FAU Center for Holocaust and Human Rights Education at 561-297-2929. Dr. Rose Gatens will offer these group tours on Wednesdays, April 6, 13 and 20th between the hours of 9:00 am and 3:00 pm. The exhibit will close with a special guest lecture by Dr. Mary Johnson, Senior Historian with Facing History and Ourselves and curator of the Armenian Genocide exhibit, on Monday, April 25 from 7:00 - 8:00 pm. Following the lecture will be the Armenian Genocide Commemoration and Memorial service to the victims conducted by clergy from St. David’s Armenian Church of Boca Raton and St. Mary’s Armenian Church in Cooper City.

Cemal Pasha’s Grandson Says Genocide, Morgenthau’s Great Granddaughter doesn’t

By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier Hundreds of Armenians turned out at UCLA last Thursday night to hear with great apprehension Hasan Cemal, the grand- son of Cemal Pasha -- one of the top three Turkish butchers of the Armenian nation. This unique and controversial event, ti-

tled "From Der Zor to Dzidzernagapert: A Conversation with Hasan Cemal," was organized by AGBU Asbeds.

Understandably, there was great tension in the air. The large hall was filled to capacity and many were turned away due to lack of room. The presence of armed policemen and security guards inside the hall was both reassuring and disturbing. Ce- mal confirmed that he was cautioned against coming to Los Angeles, but fortunately everything proceeded calmly. The most shocking thing that evening was not what Cemal said, but what another speaker, Dr. Pamela Steiner, the great grand- daughter of Amb. Henry Morgenthau, did not say!

Kurken Berksanlar, Chairman of ABGU Asbeds, welcomed everyone to "an open-minded conversation." While admitting that some Armenians view with great suspicion Turks who acknowledge the Genocide, he believed that "progressive” Turks, who are speaking openly about the evens of 1915..., appear to be above and beyond the reach and control of today’s Turkish government." Berksanlar then introduced the keynote speaker Hasan Cemal and the two discussants, Dr. Pamela Steiner, and Prof. Richard Hovannisian.

A columnist at Milliyet newspaper, Cemal immediately won over his skeptical audience by greeting them in Armenian -- "parev harkeli paregamner" -- and telling them: "I came here to open my heart and open my mind to you.... I know your pain, your grief of Genocide, your grief of Meds Yeghern." Ignoring Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code which bans the use of the term Armenian Genocide, he courageously repeated those words several more times during his talk. He also con- demned the Turkish government’s denial of the Armenian Genocide, calling it "colluding in the crime!"

Cemal described his deeply moving 2008 visit to the Armenian Genocide Monument in Yerevan, where he laid three carna- tions in memory of his close friend, Hrant Dink, the Armenian journalist who was assassinated in Istanbul by Turkish ex- tremists. While visiting Yerevan, he had a startling encounter with Armen Gevorkyan, grandson of the man who in 1922 assassinated his grandfather, Cemal Pasha.

Cemal described the progress made in Turkey during the past three decades on the recognition of the Armenian Genocide, going from total denialism to an apology campaign, restoration of Armenian churches, and holding academic conferences on this topic. He asked Armenians to come to Turkey to participate in the "recovery of memory." He urged them never to forget the past, without becoming its captives.

While Cemal’s candid remarks left a good impression on the audience, Dr. Steiner turned off the attendees with her ada- mant and intentional refusal to use the word genocide. Instead, she used such typical Turkish denialist terminology as "trag- edy,” “suffering,” and “events of 1915." As director of the Inter-Communal Trust-Building Project, she spoke about "possi- ble steps towards building trust between Armenians and Turks." She stunned the audience by asking Armenians to ac- knowledge that "the Turkish people [who] suffered horrendously during World War I ... need and deserve acknowledgment for that!" As if that request was not outrageous enough, she went on to urge Armenians to "consider acknowledging Turk- ish suffering before they receive an acknowledgment for theirs!"

During the question and answer period, when I pointed out the irony of Cemal Pasha’s grandson freely using the term Ar- menian Genocide, while the great granddaughter of Amb. Morgenthau would not, Dr. Steiner’s response was inadequate. Her justification was that she was playing the role of a “facilitator,” seeking "conciliation" between Armenians and Turks.

The final discussant, Prof. Hovannisian, in a stern voice, gave a polite, yet powerful response to the previous speakers. He told Hasan Cemal that the large Armenian audience had come not to listen to him as a Turkish journalist, but as the grand- son of Cemal Pasha. He explained that understanding the Turkish perpetrators’ mindset cannot in any way justify their ac-

17

tions. He cautioned everyone not to equate Armenian suffering resulting from intentional destruction with the suffering of Turks as a result of war. He emphasized that Armenians were seeking not only recognition, but, more importantly, restitu- tion of their confiscated properties. He urged the Turkish government to return the hundreds of Armenian churches in Tur- key to the Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul. Finally, in a direct allusion to Dr. Steiner, Prof. Hovannisian emphasized that "conciliation" required "acts of contrition." His remarks were greeted with a standing ovation.

I found Cemal to be both candid and brave. He could have easily avoided the use of the term Armenian Genocide, main- taining that doing so could land him in jail. However, he made no excuses and used the genocide term several times. Con- sidering his grandfather responsible for "the Great Catastrophe," he described today’s Turkey as "a manic-depressive coun- try!"

Although it is not easy to forget that Hasan Cemal is the grandson of one of the three masterminds of the Armenian Geno- cide, it would be wrong to hold children responsible for the sins of their parents. His position has dramatically evolved since his Boston appearance two years ago, when he avoided the term Armenian Genocide. I asked him privately at the end of his UCLA talk if he was not concerned that he could be taken to court for using the word genocide. Even though he said he did not think so, he found it important enough to mention my concern in a column he wrote in Milliyet upon his return to Istanbul.

The only sour note in Cemal’s words that evening was his rejection of demands for the return of Armenian territories from Turkey. Nevertheless, it is not surprising to hear a Turk, no matter how tolerant, defend his country’s territorial integrity. He did state, however, that the Turkish government should apologize to Armenians and pay compensation to them.

On the other hand, Dr. Steiner, as a Jewish-American and direct descendant of Amb. Morgenthau, cannot be excused for her persistent refusal to use the term genocide, despite her self-avowed good intentions. Anyone who does not acknowledge the truth of the Armenian Genocide loses the moral authority to play a constructive role in Armenian-Turkish relations. One cannot remain neutral between a victim and victimizer. She should heed the wise words of Holocaust survivor and Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel who stated: "Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim!"

As facilitator between the two communities, Dr. Steiner probably believes that she should not take sides. But telling the truth is not taking sides between Armenians and Turks, anymore than acknowledging the Holocaust is siding with Jews. Furthermore, it is not clear what exactly her role is as facilitator. Genocide is not a dispute that requires the services of a mediator. How can she reconcile two nations without the victimizer first making amends for what her own great grandfa- ther called "The Murder of a Nation!"

Two days after her talk at UCLA, Dr. Steiner sent me a lengthy e-mail explaining further her role as facilitator and insisting that Amb. Morgenthau would have supported her work. I cannot pretend to know her great grandfather better than her, but being familiar with the Ambassador’s humanitarian efforts during and after the Genocide, I have no doubt that he would have done everything possible to bring justice to Armenians, rather than remaining neutral between the perpetrators and their victims.

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