Seta's Armenian Blog: Loussapatz - The Dawn

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Þ2 ́2Â, 21 êoäîoØ ́oð 2013 ̈ 32-ð ̧ î2ðÆ, ÂÆô

§Èàôê2 ́2ò¦Æ 1000-ð ̧ ÂÆôÆ Ðàì2Ü2ôàðÜoð

î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ ê3ñ·Çë ä3É»3Ý î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ Ð3ÛÏ ØÇë3ù»3Ý î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ äûÕáë ØáõÃ3ý»3Ý (ä3ÃáÝ èáõÅ) îÇÏÇÝ Ø3ñÇ ¶3ÉÃ3ù×»3Ý (ä3ÃáÝ èáõÅ) î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ ì31⁄2·¿Ý ¶3ÉÃ3ù×»3Ý (ä3ÃáÝ èáõÅ) î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ Ê3ãÇÏ ØáõÃ3ý»3Ý (ä3ÃáÝ èáõÅ) î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ ê3ñ·Çë ØáõÃ3ý»3Ý (ä3ÃáÝ èáõÅ) îÇ3ñ ê3ñ·Çë äûÛ3×»3Ý (ä3ÃáÝ èáõÅ) îÇ3ñ ê3ÙÇ-2ñ3 ¶áåñáëÇ (ä3ÃáÝ èáõÅ) î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ o1⁄2»ÏÇ¿É ¶3Ñí¿×»3Ý î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ äûÕáë ÆßË3Ý»3Ý î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ ì3ñ13Ý ¶3μñÇ¿É»3Ý î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ ä»ïñáë Øáõß»3Ý î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ 2μÇÏ ÆÙ3ëïáõÝ»3Ý ¶û·û »õ Î3ñû ¶ñÇ·áñ»3Ý oÕμ3ñù (Èáë 2Ý×»ÉÁë) ê»åáõÑ »õ 2ñ3 äûÛ3×»3Ý oÕμ3ñù î¿ñ »õ îÇÏÇÝ Î¿ñÇ Þ3ÑÇÝ»3Ý àÙÝ

êàòÆ2È ̧oØàÎð2î ÐÜâ2Îo2Ü Îàôê2ÎòàôÂo2Ü 20-ð ̧ Ð2Ø2¶àôØ2ðÆ ä2ÞîúÜ2Î2Ü Ú2Úî2ð2ðàôÂÆôÜ

2013 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ 11-13 ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇÝ, Ì3ÕÏ3ÓáñÇ Ù¿ç ê. ̧. ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ ·áõ- Ù3ñ»ó Çñ 20-ñ1 Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ: Îáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý ·»ñ3·áÛÝ ÅáÕáíÇÝ ÏÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó¿ÇÝ 17 »ñÏÇñÝ»ñ¿ »Ï3Í å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ñ:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ Ñ3Ý·3Ù3Ý3ÉÇó Ï»ñåáí ùÝÝ3ñÏ»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ, Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç »õ ë÷Çõéù3- Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý 3éç»õ 1ñáõ3Í Ï»Ýë3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñÁ, ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ »õ ßñç3Ý3ÛÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Çñ3íÇ- ×3ÏÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåã3Ï3Ý μÝáÛÃÇ Ñ3ñó»ñ:

øÝÝ3ñÏ»Éáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý, ïÝï»ë3Ï3Ý »õ ÁÝÏ»ñ3ÛÇÝ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ, Ñ3- Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ í»ñ3Ñ3ëï3ï»ó Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý áõÕ»·ÇÍÁ` ÃÇÏáõÝù Ï»Ý3Éáõ »õ 3é3çÝáñ- 1»Éáõ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç ÁÝÏ»ñ3ÛÇÝ 3ñ13ñ å3Ñ3ÝçùÝ»ñÝ áõ μáÕáùÝ»ñÁ Ï3ß3é3Ï»ñáõÃ»3Ý, Ñáí3Ý3- õáñãáõÃ»3Ý »õ ë3Ï3õ3ï¿ñáõÃ»3Ý (ûÉÇ·3ñËÇ3) 1¿Ù: Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ3õ 3ñï3·3ÕÃÇ Ùï3Ñá·Çã »ñ»õáÛÃÇÝ áõ ·ï3õ, áñ 3Ý Ù»Í Ù3ë3Ùμ 3ñ1ÇõÝù ¿ ÁÝÏ»ñ3ÛÇÝ 3Ý3ñ13ñáõÃ»3Ý áõ Çñ 3- å3·3ÛÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ ù3Õ3ù3óÇÇ ÛáÛëÇ ÏáñáõëïÇÝ: Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ ß»ßï»ó, áñ ÙÇ3ÛÝ í»ñáÝß»3É 3ñ3ï3õáñ »ñ»õáÛÃÝ»ñáõ í»ñ3óÙ3Ùμ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ï3ë»óÝ»É 3Ûë 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ áÕμ»ñ·áõÃÇõÝÁ:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñ»ó Ý3»õ, áñ í»ñçÇÝ ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç 1ñ3Ï3Ý ï»Õ3- ß3ñÅ »Õ3Í ¿ ËûëùÇ 31⁄23ïáõÃ»3Ý 3ëå3ñ¿1⁄2¿Ý Ý»ñë, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ÅáÕáíñ13í3ñáõÃ»3Ý 3Ùñ3åÁÝ1- Ù3Ý ÍÇñ¿Ý Ý»ñë 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõ3Í Û3é3çÁÝÃ3óÁ ï3Ï3õÇÝ μ3õ3ñ3ñ ã¿:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ ·ï3õ, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ å¿ïù ¿ í3ñ¿ ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3Ý3ÛÇÝ 3ßË3ñÑ3ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÝ»ñ¿ Ã»É31ñáõ3Í 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ: 2Û1 3éáõÙáí, Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ 1⁄2·áõß3õáñ É3õ3ï»ëáõÃ»3Ùμ áÕçáõÝ»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃ»3Ý 3Ý13- Ù3Ïó»Éáõ áñáßáõÙÁ, ÙÇ3Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ÛáÛë Û3ÛïÝ»Éáí, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï¿ Ëáñ3óÝ»É Çñ Ñ3- Ù3·áñÍ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ oõñáå3Ï3Ý Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ í»ñ3Ñ3ëï3ï»ó áñ È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ Ñ3ñóÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÉáõÍáõÇ 31⁄2·»ñáõ 3- 1⁄23ï ÇÝùÝáñáßÙ3Ý Çñ3õáõÝùÇ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ëÏ1⁄2μáõÝùÇ ÑÇÙ3Ý íñ3Û, áõ ·ï3õ áñ áñ»õ¿ ÉáõÍÙ3Ý Ó»õ å¿ïù ¿ 3ñÅ3Ý3Ý3Û 2ñó3ËÇ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç 31⁄23ï áõ Ã3÷3ÝóÇÏ Ñ3Ýñ3ùáõ¿áí 3Ùñ3·ñáõ3Í Ñ3- õ3ÝáõÃ»3Ý: Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ Ï3ñ»õáñ»ó 2ñó3ËÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃ»3Ý μ3Ý3Ïó3ÛÇÝ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÇ ÉÇÇñ3õ ÏáÕÙ 13éÝ3Éáõ 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßïáõÃÇõÝÁ:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ í»ñ3Ñ3ëï3ï»ó áñ 2ñó3ËÇ 3ÝÏ3ËáõÃ»3Ý 3Ùñ3åÝ1áõÙÁ` ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 1Ç- õ3Ý3·ÇïáõÃ»Ý¿Ý Ý»ñë ÏÁ ÙÝ3Û Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç ÑÇÙÝ3Ñ3ñóÁ:

Ð3Û-Ãáõñù Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ 3éáõÙáí Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ áñáß»ó ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ë- å3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ÁÝ1áõÝáÕ Ãáõñù Û3é3ç31¿Ù Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ »õ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ñ»ï ëÏë3Í Çñ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, 3ÝáÝó Ñ»ï ÷Ýïé»Éáí ·áñÍ3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý Ýáñ 13ß- ï»ñ:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ ÙÇ3Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï Ñ3Ù3ñ»ó Ãáõñù-Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñáõ ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕÃÇÝ Û»ï Ï3ÝãáõÙÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÄáÕáí¿Ý:

Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý á·»ÏáãÙ3Ý 100-3Ù»3ÏÇ ÍÇñ¿Ý Ý»ñë, Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ í»ñ3Ñ3ëï3- ï»ó Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý å3ïñ3ëï3Ï3ÙáõÃÇõÝÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»Éáõ 3Ûë Ýå3ï3ÏÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ ÍÝ3Í áñ»õ¿ Ñ3Ù31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ù3ñÙÇÝÇ Ï3Ù áã-Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõÃ»3Ýa áñ ÏÁ Ýå3ëï¿ Ð3Û ̧3ïÇ Ñ»ï3- åÝ1Ù3Ý:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ ùÝÝ3ñÏ»ó Ñ3Û ÑÇÝ3õáõñó ·3ÕáõÃÝ»ñ¿Ý` ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û ·3ÕáõÃÇ ï3·Ý3å3ÉÇ íÇ- ×3ÏÁ áõ ·ï3õ Ã¿ êáõñÇáÛ ï3·Ý3åÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÉáõÍáõÇ Ë3Õ3Õ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáí »õ 3é3Ýó 3ñï3ùÇÝ ÙÇ- ç3ÙïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ: Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ Ïáã Áñ3õ Ñ3Ù3ÛÝ Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É áõ ÏñÏÝ3å3ïÏ»É ×Ç- ·»ñÁa ûÅ3Ý13Ï»Éáõ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û Ù»ñ »Õμ3ÛñÝ»ñáõÝ »õ ùáÛñ»ñáõÝ:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ Éë»ó Ý3»õ ï3ñμ»ñ ·3ÕÃû×3ËÝ»ñ¿ »Ï3Í å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ñáõ 1⁄2»ÏáÛóÝ»ñÁ Ç- ñ»Ýó ßñç3ÝÝ»ñáõ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ï»3ÝùÇÝ Ù3ëÇÝ áõ í»ñ3Ñ3ëï3ï»ó Ñ»ï»õáÕ3Ï3Ýûñ¿Ý ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É Ñ3Û3å3Ñå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ ï3ñáõáÕ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ:

øÝÝ»É¿ »ïù Ïáõë3Ïó3Ï3Ý ßñç3ÝÝ»ñáõ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåã3Ï3Ý Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñáõÝ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ, Ñ3- Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ 3Ûë Ï3å3ÏóáõÃ»3Ùμ 3é3õ áñáßáõÙÝ»ñ »õ ïáõ3õ Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3Ý óáõóÙáõÝùÝ»ñ:

Æñ ûñ3Ï3ñ·Ç í»ñçÇÝ Ñ3ñóáí, Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ ÁÝïñ»ó Ýáñ Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõÃÇõÝ:

Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ Çñ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ 3õ3ñï»ó 3Ûó»É»Éáí oé3μÉáõña Û3ñ·3ÝùÇ ïáõñù Ù3ïáõ- ó3Ý»Éáõ Ù»ñ Ý3Ñ3ï3ÏÝ»ñáõÝ »õ í»ñ3Ñ3ëï3ï»Éáõ 3ÝáÝó áõÕÇ¿Ý ÁÝÃ3Ý3Éáõ ê. ̧.Ð.Î.-Ç Ñ3õ3- ï3ÙùÁ:

ê. ̧.Ð.Î. 20-ð ̧ Ð2Ø2¶àôØ2ð

Ì3ÕÏ3Óáñ, Ð3Û3ëï3Ý, 13 ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 2013

ê. ̧.Ð.Î. Îo ̧ðàÜ2Î2Ü ì2ðâàôÂo2Ü Ø2ØÈàÚ Ð2Ôàð ̧2¶ðàôÂÆôÜ

Þ3μ3Ã, 14 ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ, 2013 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ, oñ»õ3ÝÇ Ù¿ç Ï3Û3ó3õ ê. ̧. ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ï- óáõÃ»3Ý ÝáñÁÝïÇñ Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõÃ»3Ý 3Ý1ñ3ÝÇÏ ÝÇëïÁ, áõñ Ï3ï3ñáõ»ó3õ 1Çõ3Ý3ÛÇÝ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝ:

Ü3Ëáñ1 Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõÃ»3Ý 3ï»Ý3å»ï ÁÝÏ. ê»1ñ3Ï 2×»Ù»3Ý Çñ μ31⁄2Ù31⁄2μ3Õáõ- Ã»3Ý å3ï×3éáí ãÏ3Ù»ó3õ 3é3ç31ñáõÇÉ 3ï»Ý3å»ïÇ å3ßïûÝÇÝ:

Ú»ï 1Çõ3Ý3ÛÇÝ ÁÝïñáõÃ»3Ý, Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõÃ»3Ý Ï31⁄2ÙÁ ëï3ó3õ Ñ»ï»õ»3É ï»ëùÁ`

2ï»Ý3å»ï` öáË-2ï»Ý3å»ïÝ»ñ`

2ï»Ý31åÇñ`

ÀÝÏ»ñ Ú2Îà ́ îÆ¶ð2Üo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ êoäàôÐ ¶2Èö2øo2Ü »õ ÀÝÏ»ñ êo ̧ð2Î 2Ö3⁄4Øo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ îáùÃ. Ð2Ø ́ÆÎ ê2ð2üo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ ì21⁄4¶3⁄4Ü ¶2ÈÂ2øÖo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ îáùÃ. oÔÆÎ Ö3⁄4ð3⁄4Öo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ ì21⁄4¶3⁄4Ü Êàî2Üo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ Ê2âÆÎ ø3⁄4ÞÆÞo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ ê2Øú ê2ð¶Æêo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ Þ2ô2ðÞ 2ÎÆÜo2Ü ÀÝÏ»ñ ¶3⁄4àð¶ äoðÎàôäoðÎo2Ü

ê. ̧.Ð.Î. Îo ̧ðàÜ2Î2Ü ì2ðâàôÂÆôÜ

oñ»õ3Ý, ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 14, 2013

Ð21⁄42ð 2Ü¶2Ø §Èàôê2 ́2ò¦

2Ûë ß3μÃáõ3Û §Èáõë3μ3ó¦-Á ÏÁ Ïñ¿ ÃÇõ1000-Á£

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êáõñ ù3Õ3ùÇ §2Ý1⁄2»É¿¦ 1⁄2μû-

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î¿ÙÇñå3ß 3õ»Éóáõó, áñ Ñ3Ù3ï»Õ ËÇÕ×Ç 3ñï3Û3ÛïáõÃÇõÝ Ñ3Ý1Çë3óáÕ 3Ûë Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÁ ÝáõÇñ- áõ3Í ¿ »ñÏñÇ 3ñ»õ»É»3Ý »õ Ñ3ñ3õ3ñ»õ»É»3Ý ßñç3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç 1915-¿Ý Ç í»ñ ó»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ýó »Ý- Ã3ñÏáõ3Í μáÉáñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ý»ñáõ »õ ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý ËÙμ3õáñáõÙÝ»ñáõ ÛÇß3ï3ÏÇÝ, Ýå3ï3Ï áõÝ»Ý3Éáí Ñ3ßáõ»ïáõáõÃ»3Ý Ï3Ýã»É ó»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ýó å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõÝ»ñÁ: 2Ý Ýß»ó, áñ Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÁ Ï3Ý·Ý3Í ¿ Ç ÛÇß3ï3Ï Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ, 3ëáñÇÝ»ñáõÝ, »1⁄2ÇïÇÝ»ñáõÝ, 3É3áõÇÝ»ñáõÝ »õ Ññ»3Ý»ñáõÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ ó»Õ3ëå3Ý3Ï3Ý 3ñß3õÇÝ 1¿Ù Ï3Ý·Ý3Í μáÉáñ ëÇõÝÝÇÝ»ñáõÝ:

îÇ·ñ3Ý3Ï»ñïóÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3Ï ØÏñïÇã Ø3ñÏáë»3Ý áÕçáõÝ»ó Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÇÝ μ3óáõÙÁ, ÛáÛë Û3ÛïÝ»Éáí áñ 3Ýáñ ÏÁ Û3çáñ1»Ý Û3õ»É»3É ù3ÛÉ»ñ:

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(ø3Õáõ3Í` ÎÇõÉÇëáñ 2ùùáõÙÇ Éñ3ïáõáõÃ»Ý¿Ý)

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o·ÇåïáëÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ØáÑ3Ù¿ï ØáõñëÇÇ ï3å3ÉáõÙ¿Ý Ç í»ñ ÂáõñùÇáÛ í3ñã3å»ï è»×»÷ Â3ÛÇ÷ 3⁄4ñïáÕ3Ý ËÇëï ùÝÝ313ï3μ3ñ Ïþ3ñï3Û3ÛïáõÇ Ýáñ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ` å3Ñ3Ýç»Éáí Çñ Çë- É3Ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñáça ØáõñëÇÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝ í»ñ313ñÓÁ:

ÜÏ3ïÇ 3éÝ»Éáí 3⁄4ñïáÕ3ÝÇ 3Ýμ3ÕÓ3ÉÇ ÙÇç3ÙïáõÃÇõÝÁ o·ÇåïáëÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñáõÝ, ÙÇÉÇáÝ3- õáñ »·Çåï3óÇÝ»ñ Çñ»Ýó 1⁄23ÛñáÛÃÝ áõ 1Å·áÑáõÃÇõÝÁ 3ñï3Û3Ûï3Í »Ý ÂáõñùÇáÛ »õ 3Ýáñ í3ñã3- å»ïÇÝ 1¿Ù: o·Çåï3Ï3Ý Ã»ñÃ»ñÁ ÉÇ »Ý Ñ3Ï3Ãñù3Ï3Ý ·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí »õ ËÙμ3·ñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáí: î3ë- Ý»3Ï Ûû1áõ3ÍÝ»ñ ÏÁ Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÇÝ` 13ï3å3ñï»Éáí Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ Ãñù3- Ï3Ý ÅËïáÕ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ »õ Ûáñ1áñ»Éáí o·ÇåïáëÇ Ýáñ Õ»Ï3í3ñÝ»ñÁ` ×3ÝãÝ3Éáõ ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõ- ÝÁ: Ü3»õ Ïáã»ñ ÏÁ ÑÝã»Ý` ¶3ÑÇñ¿Ç Ù¿ç Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý ÝáõÇñáõ3Í Ûáõß3ñÓ3Ý ï»Õ31ñ»Éáõ »õ ÂáõñùÇáÛ áõÕÕáõ3Í å3Ñ3ÝçÝ»ñ` Ñ3Ûáó 1⁄2áÑ»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ ÷áËÑ3ïáõóáõÙ í×3ñ»Éáõ: o·ÇåïáëÇ Äá- Õáíñ13Ï3Ý Ö3Ï3ï ÑÇÙÝ3ñÏÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ, ÷3ëï3μ3Ý ØáÑ3Ù¿ï ê33ï Ê¿Ûñ3ÉÉ3, 3ÝÝ3Ë31¿å ù3ÛÉ 3éÝ»Éáí, 13ï3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ûó Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó3Í ¿` ÂáõñùÇ3Ý Ù»Õ31ñ»Éáí Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ 1¿Ù ·áñÍ3Í ó»- Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ:

Ê¿Ûñ3ÉÉ3 »õ ¶3ÑÇñ¿Ç Ñ3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÇ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Çñ3õáõÝùÇ ÷ñáý»ë¿ûñ îáùÃ. 2ÛÙ3Ý ê3É3Ù3 ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 4-ÇÝ »Õ3Ý ÑÇõñ»ñÁ ÈÇÉÇ3Ý î3áõïÇ §êáõñ3 ø3ÙÇÉ3¦ (2ÙμáÕç3Ï3Ý ä3ïÏ»ñ) Ýß3Ý3õáñ Û3Ûï3·Çñ-1⁄2ñáÛóÇÝ, §úÜ¦ å3ïÏ»ñ3ë÷ÇõéÇ Ï3Û3Ý¿Ý, áñáõÝ ÏÁ Ñ»ï»õÇÝ ÙÇÉÇáÝ3õáñ 3ÏÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ` o- ·ÇåïáëÇ »õ 3ÙμáÕç 3ñ3μ3Ï3Ý 3ßË3ñÑÇÝ Ù¿ç: 1⁄4ñáÛóÇÝ Ñ»é3Ó3ÛÝáí ÏÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó¿ÇÝ Ý3»õ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ »ñ»ë÷áË3Ý, 3⁄4ñïáÕ3ÝÇ ÇëÉ3Ù3Ï3Ý 2ñ13ñáõÃÇõÝ »õ

́3ñ·3õ3×áõÙ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý 3Ý13Ù è»ëáõÉ ÂáëáõÝÁ »õ §ø3ÉÇýáñÝÇ3 øáõñÇ»ñ¦ Ã»ñÃÇ Ññ3- ï3ñ3ÏÇã Ú3ñáõÃ ê3ëáõÝ»3ÝÁ: 36 í3ÛñÏ»3Ý ï»õ3Í Ñ3Õáñ1áõÙÁ ÏÁ Ï3ï3ñáõ¿ñ 3ñ3μ»ñ¿Ýáí, 1⁄2áñ »ë Ñ31⁄2áõ31¿åûñ¿Ý Ïþû·ï3·áñÍ»Ù Ù3ÝÏáõÃ»3Ýë ï3ñÇÝ»ñ¿Ý Ç í»ñ:

öñáý. ê3É3Ù3 3ÏÝ1ÇñÝ»ñáõÝ ï»Õ»Ï3óáõó, áñ 1919 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ ÂáõñùÇáÛ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý 13ï3- ñ3ÝÁ Ù»Õ31ñ3Í ¿ñ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõ á×ñ3·áñÍÝ»ñÁ: î3ëÝ»ûÃÁ Ãáõñù

å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñ Ù»Õ3õáñ ÝÏ3ïáõ3Í ¿ÇÝ, ÇëÏ »ñ»ùÁ Ï3Ë3Õ3Ý μ3ñÓñ3óáõ3Í ¿ÇÝ: îáùÃ. ê3É3Ù3 Ýß»ó, áñ üñ3Ýë3Ý, ́ñÇï3ÝÇ3Ý »õ èáõëÇ3Ý 1915 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ Ñ3Ý1¿ë »Ï3Í ¿ÇÝ ÙÇ3ó»3É Ñéã3Ï3- ·Çñáí` Ý3Ë31⁄2·áõß3óÝ»Éáí, áñ Çñ»Ýù å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõ åÇïÇ ÝÏ3ï»Ý Ãáõñù Õ»Ï3í3ñÝ»ñÁ` Ñ3Û»- ñÁ Ïáïáñ»Éáõ »õ §Ù3ñ1ÏáõÃ»3Ý áõ ù3Õ3ù3ÏñÃáõÃ»3Ý 1¿Ù Û3Ýó3·áñÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ¦ Ï3ï3ñ»Éáõ Ñ3- Ù3ñ:

ö3ëï3μ3Ý Ê¿Ûñ3ÉÉ3 åÝ1»ó, áñ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ñ3ñóÇÝ μ3ñÓñ3óáõÙÁ o·ÇåïáëÇ Ù¿ç »ñÏ3ñ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï¿ Ç í»ñ Ñ3ëáõÝó3Í ¿ »õ áñ»õ¿ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý »ÝÃ3ÇÙ3ëï ãáõÝÇ: 2Ý ÛáÛë Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ Çñ μ3ó3Í 13ïÁ åÇïÇ ëïÇå¿ o·ÇåïáëÁ` §Ø»ñÓ3õáñ 2ñ»õ»ÉùÇ Ù¿ç ëÇõÝÝÇ Ù3ÑÙ»ï3Ï3Ý Ù»Í3·áÛÝ å»- ïáõÃÇõÝÁ¦ ×3ÝãÝ3Éáõ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ` ûñÇÝ3Ï Í3é3Û»Éáí 3ñ3μ3Ï3Ý 3ÛÉ »ñÏÇñÝ»ñáõ:

Ê¿Ûñ3ÉÉ3 Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó, áñ Çñ Ñ3ÛóÁ »·Çåï3Ï3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ åÇïÇ ùÝÝáõÇ ÜáÛ»Ùμ»ñ 5- ÇÝ: 2Ý ÛáÛëáí ¿, áñ 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý áñáßáõÙ åÇïÇ Ï3Û3óÝ¿ §Ù3ñ1áõ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñáõ¦ 3Ûë Ï3- ñ»õáñ3·áÛÝ Ñ3ñóÇÝ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É:

oñμ Ñ3Õáñ13í3ñÁ Ñ3ñóáõó, Ã¿ Ç±Ýã ¿ ÇÙ Ï3ñÍÇùë »·Çåï3Ï3Ý 13ï3Ï3Ý Ñ3ÛóÇÝ Ù3ëÇÝ, »ë Ù»Í ·áÑáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ 3ñï3Û3Ûï»óÇ, Ûáõë3Éáí áñ 1ñ3Ï3Ý 13ï3í×Çé ÏÁ ïñáõÇ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ñ3ñÇõñ3Ù»3Û ï3ñ»ÉÇóÇ Ý3Ëûñ¿ÇÝ, »õ ÁëÇ, áñ 3ÝÑ3Ùμ»ñ ÏÁ ëå3ë»Ù o·ÇåïáëÇ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý ÏáÕÙ¿ ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý ×3Ý3ãÙ3Ý:

Ü3»õ Ýß»óÇ, áñ 3⁄4ñïáÕ3Ý ÇÝù1⁄2ÇÝù Ï3ñ·3Í ¿ Çμñ»õ Ø»ñÓ3õáñ 2ñ»õ»ÉùÇ Ýáñ ëáõÉÃ3Ý »õ μáÉáñ Ù3Ñ- Ù»ï3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ, 3ñ3μÝ»ñáõ áõ å3Õ»ëïÇÝóÇÝ»ñáõ ÙÇ3Ï å3ßïå3Ý: ê3Ï3ÛÝ 3⁄4ñïáÕ3ÝÇÝ Ë»Õ3ÃÇõ- ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ í»ñç3å¿ë μ3ó3Û3Ûïáõ»ó3Ý, »ñμ 3ñ3μ3Ï3Ý 3ßË3ñÑÁ Ñ3ëÏó3õ, áñ 3Ý å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë ÏÁ ÷áñÓ¿ ÇßË»É ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç, Ñ»ï3åÝ1»Éáí ÂáõñùÇáÛa »õ áã Ã¿ 3ñ3μÝ»ñáõÝ »õ Ù3ÑÙ»ï3Ï3Ý- Ý»ñáõÝ ß3Ñ»ñÁ:

ÂáõñùÇáÛ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ »ñ»ë÷áË3Ý è»ëáõÉ ÂáëáõÝ, Íñ3·ÇñÇÝ ÙÇ3Ý3Éáí Ñ»é3Ó3ÛÝáí, 3ÝÙÇç3å¿ë Çñ 1¿Ù ïñ3Ù31ñ»ó 1ÇïáÕÝ»ñÁ, åÝ1»Éáí áñ §Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë »·Çåï3Ï3Ý Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñ ÇßË3ÝáõÃ»3Ý ïÇñ3ó3Í ¿ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý Û»Õ3ßñçÙ3Ý ÙÇçáóáí, ûñÇÝ3Ï3Ý ã¿, áõëïÇ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ3Í Ñ3ÛóÁ ãÇ ÏñÝ3ñ ûñÇÝ3Ï3Ý ÝÏ3ïáõÇÉ¦: ÂáëáõÝÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»ó ÃáõÃ3ÏÇ å¿ë ÏñÏÝ»É Çñ Ãáõñù Õ»Ï3- í3ñÝ»ñáõÝ 3ÝÑÇÙÝ ÅËïáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É:

öñáý. ê3É3Ù3Ý, 1⁄23Ûñ3ó3Í ÂáëáõÝÇ »ÉáÛÃ¿Ý, 3⁄4ñïáÕ3ÝÁ Ïáã»ó §Çñ3õ3Û3çáñ1Á ûëÙ3Ý»3Ý Ù3ñ- 13ëå3ÝÝ»ñáõ, áñáÝù ·áñÍ31ñ3Í »Ý Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ¦:

2ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ Ñ3Õáñ13í3ñÁ Ñ3ñóáõó, Ã¿ Ç±Ýã ¿ ÇÙ 3ñÓ3·3Ý·ë Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý í»ñ3- μ»ñ»3É ÂáëáõÝÇ 3ñï3Û3Ûï3Í 3Õ3õ3Õáõ3Í ï»ë3Ï¿ïÝ»ñáõÝ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ: oë 3ÏÝ1ÇñÝ»ñáõÝ ÛÇß»- óáõóÇ, áñ ø»Ù3É 2Ã3ÃáõñùÁ §Èáë 2Ý×»É»ë ¿ù1⁄2»ÙÇÝÁñ¦ Ã»ñÃÇÝ Ù¿ç 1 ú·áëïáë 1926-ÇÝ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï- áõ3Í Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÇÝ Ù¿ç å3Ñ3Ýç3Í ¿ñ, áñ oñÇïÃáõñù»ñÁ §Ñ3ßÇõ ï3Ý Ï»3ÝùÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ù»ñ ÙÇÉÇá- Ý3õáñ ùñÇëïáÝ»3Û Ñå3ï3ÏÝ»ñáõ, áñáÝù 13Å3Ýûñ¿Ý »õ 1⁄23Ý·áõ3Í3μ3ñ ùßáõ»ó3Ý »õ Ïáïáñáõ»- ó3Ý¦: oë Ý3»õ ÛÇß»óáõóÇ, áñ 21⁄2Ñ3ñÇ ß¿ÛËÁ, ¶3ÑÇñ¿Ç Ù¿ç ·áñÍáÕ ÇëÉ3Ù3Ï3Ý Ñ»ï31⁄2ûïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ñ3Ù3ßË3ñÑ3ÛÇÝ Ýß3Ý3õáñ Ï»1ñáÝÇÝ 3é3çÝáñ1Á, 1909 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ 3ñÓ3Ï3Í ¿ ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý Ññ3Ù3- Ý3·Çñ (ý3Ãáõ3) ÙÁ, áñáí 13ï3å3ñï3Í ¿ Ãáõñù å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñÁ ÎÇÉÇÏÇáÛ 2ï3Ý3 ù3Õ3ùÇÝ Ù¿ç 30 Ñ31⁄23ñ Ñ3Û»ñáõ Ïáïáñ3ÍÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

Ú3Ûï3·Çñ-1⁄2ñáÛóÇ 3õ3ñïÇÝ ÷3ëï3μ3Ý Ê¿Ûñ3ÉÉ3 Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó, áñ ßáõïáí Ñ3Ýñ3Ñ3õ3ùÝ»ñ ï»ÕÇ åÇïÇ áõÝ»Ý3Ý, óáÛó ï3Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ, áñ Çñ ËáõÙμÇÝ μ3ñÓñ3óáõó3Í 13ïÁ ÏÁ μËÇ Ñ3Ù3ÅáÕá- íÁñ13Ï3Ý å3Ñ3Ýç¿, »õ áñ »·Çåï3óÇÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ å3Ñ3Ýç»Ý Çñ»Ýó Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»Ý¿Ý §×3ÝãÝ3É, áñ Ñ3- Û»ñÁ Ïáïáñáõ3Í »Ý Ãáõñù á×ñ3·áñÍÝ»ñáõ Ó»éùáí¦:

ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÁ 3é3ÛÅÙ ÙÇ3Ï 3ñ3μ3Ï3Ý »ñÏÇñÝ ¿, áñ ×3Ýãó3Í ¿ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ: oÃ¿ o- ·ÇåïáëÁ Ñ»ï»õÇ 3Ýáñ ûñÇÝ3ÏÇÝ, 3ñ1»ûù Ï3ñ»ÉÇ± ¿ áñ êáõñÇ3Ý »õ ÙÇõë 3ñ3μ3Ï3Ý »ñÏÇñÝ»ñÁ 3- ÝáÝóÙ¿ »ïù ß3ï ãáõß3Ý3Ý:

2Ñ3 3Û1 Íñ3·ÇñÇÝ ÛÕáõÙÁ. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teAKr6Psyl0&sns=em

Ú2ðàôÂ ê2êàôÜo2Ü §ø3ÉÇýáñÝÇ3 øáõñÇÁñ¦ Ã»ñÃÇ Ññ3ï3ñ3ÏÇã »õ ËÙμ3·Çñ

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Âàôðø ä2îØ2 ́2ÜÀ ÎÀ Ð2ðòÜ3⁄4.- äoîàôÂÆôÜÀ ÆÜâà±ô ÎÀ ì2ÊÜ2Ú Î2Èàô2Ì2ÂàôÔÂoð3⁄4Ü

ä3ïÙ3μ3Ý 3⁄4ûÙ»ñ Â3Ýë»ÉÇ ëïáñ3·ñáõÃ»3Ùμ Ûû1áõ3Í ÙÁ ÉáÛë ï»ë3Í ¿ §Â3ñ3ý¦ Ã»ñÃÇ Ï3ÛùÇÝ íñ3Û. Ëáñ3·ÇñÝ ¿` §ä»ïáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ ÇÝãá±õ 3ñ1»ûù ÏÁ í3ËÝ3Û Ã3÷áõÝ»ñáõ (Ï3Éáõ3Í3ÃáõÕÃ»ñáõ) Çñ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ¿Ý¦: 2Ý Ñ3ñó Ïáõ ï3Û, Ã¿ ÇÝãá±õ 3ñ1»ûù å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÁ Ññ3Ñ3Ý·¿ 3Û1 3ñÓ3- Ý3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ·3ÕïÝÇ å3Ñ»É` §31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 3å3ÑáíáõÃ»3Ý¦ å3ï×3é3μ3ÝáõÃ»3Ùμ:

Úû1áõ3Í3·ÇñÁ ÏÁ ·ñ¿, áñ 3Ûë Ñ3ñóÇÝ 1¿Ù Û3Ý1ÇÙ3Ý ÙÝ3ó3Í ¿ Çñ áõë3ÝáÕáõÃ»3Ý ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõÝ, »ñμ ëï3ÝÓÝ3Í ¿ñ Ï3Éáõ3Í3ÃáõÕÃ»ñÁ ûëÙ3Ý»ñ¿Ý¿Ý Ãñù»ñ¿ÝÇ Ã3ñ·Ù3Ý»Éáõ å3ñï3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2Ý ÏÁ ·ñ¿, áñ å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ ÚáõÝÇë 29, 2001-ÇÝ 3ñÓ3Ï3Í ¿ñ ·3ÕïÝÇ Ññ3Ù3Ý3·Çñ ÙÁ, áñáí ÏÁ Ññ3Ñ3Ý- ·áõ¿ñ ú·áëïáë 6, 1924-¿Ý 3é3ç Ï3ï3ñáõ3Í 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ù3ëÇÝ áñ»õ¿ ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕÃ 1áõñë ãÑ3Ý»É, ÇëÏ »Ã¿ 3Ûë áõÕÕáõÃ»3Ùμ á»õ¿ Ù¿ÏÁ 1ÇÙáõÙ Ï3ï3ñ¿, 3å3 1ÇÙáÕÇÝ 3ÝáõÝÁ å¿ïù ¿ ïñáõÇ Ã3÷áõÇ ïÝûñ¿ÝáõÃ»3Ý:

Úû1áõ3Í3·ÇñÁ ÏÁ Ýß¿, Ã¿ å»ïáõÃ»3Ý í3ËÁ ÑÇÙÝáõ3Í ¿ Ùûï3õáñ3å¿ë Ñ3ñÇõñ ï3ñÇ 3é3çáõ3Ý å3ï3Ñ3ñÝ»ñáõÝ íñ3Û: §Ð3ñÇõñ ï3ñÇ 3é3ç å»ïáõÃ»3Ý Ñ3ñëïáõÃÇõÝÁ Ù»Í Ù3ë3Ùμ ÏÁ ·ïÝáõ¿ñ áã-ÇëÉ3ÙÝ»ñáõ Ó»éùÇÝ Ù¿ç: 2ëÇÏ3 íÇñ3õáñ3Ï3Ý ¿ñ ÇÃÃÇÑ3ï3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ áõ ÇëÉ3Ù ÅáÕáíáõñ1ÇÝ Ñ3- Ù3ñ: 2Ûë íÇñ3õáñ3Ýù¿Ý 3é3çÝáñ1áõ»Éáí` ÇÃÃÇÑ3ï3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÁ áñáß»óÇÝ Ù¿çï»Õ¿Ý í»ñóÝ»É áã-ÇëÉ3Ù ù3Õù»ÝÇáõÃÇõÝÁ áõ ëï»ÕÍ»É Ãáõñù ù3Õù»ÝÇ áõ Ù»Í3Ñ3ñáõëï 13ë3Ï3ñ· ÙÁ: 2Ûëå¿ë ¿ áñ 1915-Ç å3- ï3Ñ3ñÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï»õ3Ýùáí, 3Ï3Ù3Û Çñ»Ýó »ñÏñ¿Ý Ñ»é3ó3Í Ï3Ù Ù»é3Í »õ Ï3Ù ëå3ÝÝáõ3Í Ù¿Ï ÙÇÉ- ÇáÝ Ñ3Û»ñáõ ß3ñÅáõÝ Ï3Ù 3Ýß3ñÅ Ñ3ñëïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, 1⁄23Ý31⁄23Ý Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõ ·áñÍ3Íáõ- Ã»3Ùμ, ÷áË3Ýóáõ»ó3Ý ÇëÉ3Ù Ãáõñù»ñáõ¦, ÏÁ ·ñ¿ 3Ý áõ Ïþ»1⁄2ñ3Ï3óÝ¿. §Ø»Ýù Ã3÷áõÝ»ñáõ 3ñÓ3-

Ý3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ¿Ý ã¿ áñ ÏÁ í3ËÝ3Ýù, 3ÛÉ ÏÁ í3ËÝ3Ýù, áñáíÑ»ï»õ ù3çáõÃÇõÝÁ ãáõÝÇÝù »ñ»ë 3é »ñ»ë ·3Éáõ Ù»ñ Ñ3ñÇõñ ï3ñáõ3Ý Ù»Õù»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï: Ø3ÕÃ»ÉÇ ¿, áñ ûñ ÙÁ Û3çáÕÇÝù »ñ»ë 3é »ñ»ë ·3Éáõ μá- ÉáñÇÝ Í3ÝûÃ 3Ûë §·3ÕïÝÇù¦ÇÝ Ñ»ï »õ ÷ñÏáõÇÝù Ñ3ñÇõñ ï3ñáõ3Ý Ù»ñ Ã3åáõÝ»ñ¿Ý »õ í3Ë»ñ¿Ý¦:

Â2Üoð 2øâ2Ø.- Ðð2Ü ̧ îÆÜø ÂàôðøÆàÚ Ø2ðÂÆÜ ÈàôÂÀð øÆÜÎÜ 3⁄4

Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÁ ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ø3ñÃÇÝ ÈáõÃÁñ øÇÝÏÝ ¿ñ` å3Ûù3ñ»Éáí Ëïñ3Ï3ÝáõÃ»3Ý 1¿Ù, Û3ÝáõÝ Ñ3- õ3ë3ñáõÃ»3Ý »õ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÙÇ3ëÝáõÃ»3Ý, Ãñù3Ï3Ý §Â3ñ3ý¦ Ã»ñÃÇÝ Ù¿ç Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3Í Ûû1áõ3ÍÇ ÙÁ Ù¿ç ·ñ3Í ¿ Û3ÛïÝÇ Ãáõñù å3ïÙ3μ3Ý Â3Ý»ñ 2ùã3Ù: 2Ý Ý3»õ 3é3ç3ñÏ3Í ¿ 3Ù¿Ý ï3ñáõ3Ý ê»å- ï»Ùμ»ñÇ »ñÏñáñ1 Ï3Ù »ññáñ1 oñÏáõß3μÃÇÝ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÇ ûñ, 3ÛÝå¿ë, ÇÝãå¿ë ØÇ3ó»3É Ü3Ñ3Ý·Ý»ñáõ Ù¿ç ÚáõÝáõ3ñÇ »ññáñ1 oñÏáõß3μÃÇÝ Ø3ñÃÇÝ ÈáõÃÁñ øÇÝÏÇ ûñÝ ¿: Ú3ÛïÝ»Ýù, Ã¿ îÇÝù ÍÝ3Í ¿ñ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 15-ÇÝ:

§2ÛÅÙ Ïþ3åñÇÝù μéÝ3ïÇñ3Ï3Ý í3ñã3Ï3ñ·¿ ÙÁ 1¿åÇ 3õ»ÉÇ ÅáÕáíñ13í3ñ Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃ»3Ý 3ÝóÝ»Éáõ ó3õáï ßñç3Ý ÙÁ: ÎÁ Ùûï»Ý3Ýù ï3ëÝ»3Ï ï3ñÇÝ»ñ Ó·áõáÕ Ãáõñù-ùñï3Ï3Ý å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙÇ í»ñç3õáñáõÃ»3Ý: 2Ýó»3ÉÇÝ, ÂáõñùÇáÛ ËáñÑñ13ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ μÝ3ÏãáõÃ»3Ý ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ù¿Ï Ù3ëÇÝ ÏÁ å3ïÏ3- Ý¿ÇÝ: 2ÛÅÙ, 3Û1 ËáñÑñ13ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ ãÏ3Ý: Ðñ3Ý1Ý ¿ 3Ûë Ýáñ 31⁄2·Ç ËáñÑñ13ÝÇßÁ¦, Ýß3Í ¿ Â3Ý»ñ 2ùã3Ù:

Êûë»Éáí 3Ù¿Ý ï3ñÇ îÇÝùÇ Ù3Ñáõ3Ý ï3ñ»ÉÇóÇÝ Ñ3õ3ùáõáÕ ÑëÏ3Û3Ï3Ý 3ÙμáËÇÝ Ù3ëÇÝ` Ãáõñù å3ïÙ3μ3ÝÁ 3õ»Éóáõó3Í ¿, Ã¿ ÝÙ3Ý »ñ»õáÛÃ 3é3çÇÝÝ ¿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ å3ïÙáõÃ»3Ý Ù¿ç: §Æ±Ýã ¿ 3- ëáñ ·3ÕïÝÇùÁ: 2ñ1»ûù 3Ýáñ (îÇÝùÇ) 3ÝáõÝÁ ãÇ± Éé»óÝ»ñ 1⁄23ÝáÝù, áñáÝù Ù3ëÝ3ïáõ3Í »Ý, Ïþ3ï»Ý 1⁄2Çñ3ñ »õ Û3ñÙ3ñ å3ÑáõÝ ÏÁ ëå3ë»Ý 1⁄2Çñ3ñ Ë»Õ1»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ: 2Ýáñ 3ÝáõÝÁ ÏÁ ó3õóÝ¿ Ù»ñ ëÇñïÁ, 3ÛÝå¿ë, ÇÝãå¿ë 3Ýáñ ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ Ñ3ñáõ3Í3Í ¿ Ù»ñ Ù3ñ1Ï3ÛÝáõÃÇõÝÁ¦, ·ñ3Í ¿ 2ùã3Ù` Ýß»Éáí, áñ Ï3ï3ñáõ3ÍÁ ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ñ3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ïÙáõÃ»3Ý 3Ù»Ý3Íñ3·ñ3õáñáõ3Í ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ñ, á- ñáõÝ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó3Í ¿ÇÝ å»ï3Ï3Ý μáÉáñ Ù3ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÁ:

§2Ûë ÑáÕ»ñáõÝ íñ3Û Ãáõñù ÁÉÉ3ÉÁ Ù3ë3Ùμ ÏÁ ËáñÑñ13Ýß¿ Ñ3Û»ñáõ áãÝã3óáõÙÁ, áñáíÑ»ï»õ Ù»ñ ·áÛáõÃÇõÝÁ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ 13ñÓ3õ 3ÝáÝó áãÝã3óáõÙáí: ø3ÝÇ îÇÝùÁ ãÏ3Û, Ù»Ýù ã»Ýù ÏñÝ3ñ Ù»Ýù Ù»1⁄2 ×3ÝãÝ3É, μ3Ûó 3Ýáñ μ3ó3Ï3ÛáõÃ»3Ùμ Ù»Ýù 3õ»ÉÇáí ÏÁ ÙÇ3õáñáõÇÝù: Ú3Ýó3·áñÍáõÃÇõÝ Çñ3Ï3Ý3- óáõó3Í å»ïáõÃ»3Ý 1ÇÙ3ó Ðñ3Ý1 ÏÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û3Ý3Û Çμñ»õ 3ÝÓ ÙÁ, áñ Ó»õ3õáñ»ó Ù3ñ1Ï3ÛÇÝ Ýáñ Ñ3- ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ: 2Ûë å3ï×3éáí 3É ÏþÁë»Ù, áñ Ðñ3Ý1 Ýáñ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý ÙÇ3ó»3É å3ÑáÕ ß3Õ3ËÝ ¿ »õ 3- Ýáñ ËáñÑñ13ÝÇßÁ: î3ñÇÝ 365 ûñ áõÝÇ: 364-Á ÃáÕ Ó»1⁄2Ç ÁÉÉ3Û, μ3Ûó Ù¿Ï ûñ Ðñ3Ý1ÇÝ ïáõ¿ù¦, »1⁄2ñ3÷3- Ï3Í ¿ 2ùã3Ù:

ØÇõë ÏáÕÙ¿, ÎÇñ3ÏÇ ·Çß»ñ, §ÈÇõÃýÇõ ¶Áñï3ñ¦ Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÇ ëñ3ÑÇÝ Ù¿ç Ï3Û3ó3õ §Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝù ÐÇÙÝ3ñÏ¦Ç Ùñó3Ý3Ï3μ3ßËáõÙÇ Ñ3Ý1¿ëÝ»ñáõÝ ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ1Á: 2Ûë Ùñó3Ý3ÏÁ, ÑÇÝ· ï3ñÇ¿ Ç í»ñ, 3Ù¿Ý ï3ñÇ ÏÁ ßÝáñÑáõÇ Ù3ñ13ëÇñ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñáõ Ù¿ç ù3ç3ñÇ Ï»óáõ3Íù óáõó3μ»ñáÕ Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñáõ »õ ·ñáÕÝ»ñáõ:

Ð3Ý1ÇëáõÃÇõÝÁ μ3óáõ»ó3õ 3ñáõ»ëï3·¿ï úÉÏáõÝ ÞÇÙß»ùÇ Ñ3Ý1Çë3í3ñáõÃ»3Ùμ: Ð3ÛÏû â»÷- ùÇÝ »ñ·áí ÙÁ Û3ïáõÏ ÷3ÛÉ ïáõ3õ μ3óÙ3Ý Ñ3Ý1ÇëáõÃ»3Ý: Øñó3Ý3Ï3μ3ßËáõÙÇ Û3ÝÓÝ3ËáõÙμÇÝ 3- ÝáõÝáí 2Ûß¿ ¶3ïÁûÕÉáõ »ÉáÛÃ áõÝ»ó3õ áõ μ3ó3ïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ïáõ3õ Ùñó3Ý3Ï3μ3ßËáõÙÇ Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ë- ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ù3ëÇÝ: 2Ý Áë3õ, áñ 3Ûë ï3ñáõ3Ý Ùñó3Ý3ÏÇ Ã»ÏÝ3ÍáõÝ»ñáõ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3ó Ù3ëÝ3- Û3ïÏáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ 3Ýó»3ÉÇ Ñ»ï »ñ»ë 3é »ñ»ë ·3Éáõ áõ Ñ3ßïáõÃ»3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ ù3ç3ñÇ ù3ÛÉ»ñ 3éÝ»Éáõ Ý3- Ë3Ó»éÝáõÃÇõÝÁ:

Øñó3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ ëï3ó3Ý §Þ3μ3Ãûñ»3Û Ø3Ûñ»ñ¦áõ 3ÝáõÝáí Ð3ÝÁÙ ÂáëáõÝ, Æùå3É 3⁄4ñ»Ý »õ 3⁄4ÙÇÝ¿ ú×3ù: Øñó3Ý3ÏÝ»ñÁ 3ÝáÝó Û3ÝÓÝáõ»ó3Ý 13ï3Ï31⁄2ÙÇ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñ è3ù»É îÇÝùÇ »õ 2É»ùë3Ýïñ â»ñ- ù3ëáÝÇ Ó»é3Ùμ: 2ÛÉ Ùñó3Ý3Ï ÙÁ ïñáõ»ó3õ Ü3Ã3ß3 ¶3ÝïÇãÇ, áñ 3ßË3ï3ëÇñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ï3ï3ñ3Í ¿ äáëÝÇ3-ê»ñåÇ3 å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙÇÝ 3éÝãáõÃ»3Ùμ:

̧3ï3Ï31⁄2ÙÇ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÝ ¿ÇÝ è3ù»É îÇÝù, ÆëÙ3ÛÇÉ ä»ßÇù×Ç, ÜÇÉÇõý»ñ ÎÇõÉ¿, 3⁄4ÃÇ¿Ý Ø3Ñãáõå- »3Ý, 2É»ùë3Ýïñ â»ñù3ëáÝ »õ øáëÃ3 Î3íñ3ë:

ÎþàðàÞàôÆ ̧2ðÒo2È Òoð ́2Î2ÈoÈ îÆÜøÆ êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü Ú2Üò2ÎÆò ÂàôÜÖoÈÀ

§2Ïûë¦ Ã»ñÃÁ ÏÁ Ñ3Õáñ1¿, áñ äáÉëáÛ Í3Ýñ Û3Ýó3·áñÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ 14-ñ1 13ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç oñ»ù- ß3μÃÇ, ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 17-ÇÝ í»ñëÏë3Í Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÇ ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý 13ï3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý 3é3çÇÝ ÝÇëïÇÝ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ áñáßáõ3Í ¿ ÏñÏÇÝ Ó»ñμ3Ï3É»É îÇÝùÇ ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»Éáõ Û3Ýó3Ýùáí Ù»Õ31ñáõáÕ 3⁄4ñÑ3Ý ÂáõÝ×»ÉÁ, áñ Ý3Ëáñ1 13ï3í3ñáõÃ»Ý¿Ý »ïù 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3Ïáõ3Í ¿ñ:

̧3ï3Ï3Ý ÝÇëïÇÝ Ý»ñÏ3Û »Õ3Í »Ý óÙ3Ñ μ3Ýï3ñÏáõÃ»3Ý 13ï3å3ñïáõ3Í o3ëÇÝ Ð3Û3ÉÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ý3Ëáñ1 13ï3í3ñáõÃ»Ý¿Ý »ïù 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3Ïáõ3Í Ï3ëÏ3Í»ÉÇ Ð. ê3ÉÇÑûÕÉáõÝ:

̧3ï3ñ3ÝÁ ÁÝ1áõÝ3Í ¿ μáÉáñ ÏáÕÙ»ñáõÝ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó3Í ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕÃ»ñÁ` ÂáõñùÇáÛ í×é3μ»Ï 13ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ 2012-Ç ÚáõÝáõ3ñ 17-ÇÝ ÁÝ1áõÝáõ3Í í×ÇéÁ μ»Ï3Ý»Éáõ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý á- ñáßáõÙ Ï3Û3óÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ: ̧3ï3Ï3Ý ÝÇëïÁ Û»ï3Ó·áõ3Í ¿ ÙÇÝã»õ ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ 3:

̧3ï3ñ3ÝÇ ß¿ÝùÇÝ 1ÇÙ3ó 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý 200 óáõó3ñ3ñÝ»ñ μáÕáù3Í »Ý îÇÝùÇ ÇëÏ3Ï3Ý á×ñ3- ·áñÍÝ»ñÁ μ3ó3Û3Ûï»Éáõ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÇÝ Ù¿ç ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõáÕ Ó·Ó·áõÙÝ»ñáõÝ 1¿Ù, å3Ñ3Ýç»Éáí å3- ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõÝ»ñáõÝ μ3ó3Û3ÛïáõÙÁ:

ØÇÝã 3Û1, îÇÝùÇ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿, áñ åÇïÇ ãÙ3ëÝ3ÏóÇ 13ï3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý ÝÇëï»ñáõÝ` μáÕáù»Éáí Ó·Ó·áõÙÝ»ñáõÝ 1¿Ù:

2Ûë áñáßáõÙÁ μ3ó3Û3Ûï3Í Ý3Ù3ÏÇÝ Ù¿ç, îÇÝùÇ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÁ ß»ßï3Í ¿, Ã¿ ÇÝãå¿±ë Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ 31⁄21áõ Ñ»ï3ùÝÝáõÃÇõÝ Ï3ï3ñ»É, »ñμ å»ï3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Á Ù»Õë3ÏÇó ¿ îÇÝùÇ ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ù¿ç:

ÚÇß»Ýù, áñ îÇÝù ëå3ÝÝáõ»ó3õ 2007-Ç ÚáõÝáõ3ñ 19-ÇÝ, §2Ïûë¦ Ã»ñÃÇ ËÙμ3·ñ3ï3Ý 3éç»õ: 2012-Ç ÚáõÝáõ3ñ 17-ÇÝ, äáÉëáÛ Í3Ýñ Û3Ýó3·áñÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ 13-ñ1 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ îÇÝùÇ ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý ·Íáí o3ëÇÝ Ð3Û3ÉÁ Ù»Õ3õáñ ÝÏ3ï»ó` Û3Ýó3·áñÍáõÃÇõÝÁ Íñ3·ñ»ÉáõÝ »õ áõÕÕáñ1»ÉáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ, »õ 1⁄23ÛÝ óÙ3Ñ μ3Ýï3ñÏáõÃ»3Ý 13ï3å3ñï»ó: à×ñ3·áñÍÁ` úÏÇõÝ ê3Ù3ëÃÁ, ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝ Çñ3·áñÍ»- Éáõ å3ÑáõÝ 3Ýã3÷3Ñ3ë ÁÉÉ3ÉáõÝ ÑÇÙÝ3õáñáõÙáí, 13ï3å3ñïáõ3Í ¿ñ 22,5 ï3ñáõ3Ý μ3Ýï3ñÏáõ- Ã»3Ý: ̧3ï3ñ3ÝÁ åÝ13Í ¿ñ Ý3»õ, áñ ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõ3Í ËÙμ3ÏÇ ÙÁ ÏáÕÙ¿ ã¿ñ Çñ3·áñ- Íáõ3Í, áõëïÇ 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3Ï3Í ¿ñ 3Ñ3μ»Ïã3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃ»3Ý 3Ý13Ù ÁÉÉ3Éáõ Û3Ýó3Ýùáí 3Ù- μ3ëï3Ýáõ3Í 19 3ÛÉ Ï3ëÏ3Í»ÉÇÝ»ñ:

îÇÝùÇ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÇ ÷3ëï3μ3ÝÝ»ñÁ μáÕáù3Í ¿ÇÝ 3Ûë 3ÙûÃ3ÉÇ í×ÇéÇÝ 1¿Ù, áñÙ¿ »ïù ÂáõñùÇáÛ í×é3μ»Ï 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ 3Ûë ï3ñáõ3Ý Ø3ÛÇë 15-ÇÝ μ»Ï3Ý»ó ÚáõÝáõ3ñ 17-Ç í×ÇéÇÝ 3ÛÝ Ï¿ïÁ, áõñ ÏÁ Ýßáõ¿ñ, Ã¿ îÇÝùÇ ëå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý »ïÇÝ §1⁄2ÇÝáõ3Í 3Ñ3μ»Ïã3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝ¦ ãÏ3ñ: ØÇ3Å3Ù3- Ý3Ï, í×é3μ»Ï 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ ùñ¿3Ï3Ý 9-ñ1 í3ñãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ýß»ó, áñ Ù»Õ31ñ»3ÉÝ»ñÁ áã Ã¿ §1⁄2ÇÝáõ3Í 3Ñ3- μ»Ïã3Ï3Ý ËÙμ3õáñÙ3Ý¦ ÙÁ, 3ÛÉ §Û3Ýó3·áñÍáõÃÇõÝ Ï3ï3ñ»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí ëï»ÕÍáõ3Í¦ Ï31⁄2Ù3- Ï»ñåáõÃ»3Ý 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñ »Ý:

§ÈoèÜ2ÚÆÜ Ô2ð2 ́2ÔÀ àâ Ø3⁄4Î Î2ä àôÜÆ 2îðä3⁄4ÚÖ2ÜÆ

î2ð2Ìø2ÚÆÜ 2Ø ́àÔæ2Î2ÜàôÂo2Ü Ðoî¦ ÏÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ¿ ê¿Ûñ3Ý úÑ3Ý»3Ý

2ñó3Ë»3Ý Ñ3Ï3Ù3ñïáõÃ»3Ý μ3Ý3Ïó3ÛÇÝ Ë3Õ3Õ ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí Ï3ñ·3õáñáõÙÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ï3ñ»õáñ áõÕÕáõÃÇõÝ ¿: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ 18 ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇÝ oñ»õ3ÝÇ å»ï3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç áõë3ÝáÕÝ»ñáõ »õ 13ë3Ëûë3Ï3Ý 3ÝÓÝ3Ï31⁄2ÙÇÝ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ å3ßïå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ ê¿Ûñ3Ý úÑ3Ý»3Ý:

§Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃ»3Ý é31⁄2Ù3ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ 3Ûë Ñ3ñóáí 3ÛÉ Ï3ñÍÇù ãáõÝÇ, å3Ñå3Ý»Éáí ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÝáñÙ»ñÁ` áõÅÇ ãÏÇñ3éÙ3Ý, 31⁄2·»ñáõ ÇÝùÝáñáßÙ3Ý, ï3ñ3Íù3ÛÇÝ

3ÙμáÕç3Ï3ÝáõÃ»3Ý 3éáõÙáí¦£ Ü3Ë3ñ3ñÇ Ëûëùáí` ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç 2ñó3ËÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõ- Ã»3Ý 3éÏ3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ áã Ù¿Ï Ï3å áõÝÇ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ ï3ñ3Íù3ÛÇÝ 3ÙμáÕç3Ï3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ñ»ï:

Àëï úÑ3Ý»3ÝÇ, Ëûë»Éáí È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃ»3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ, μáÉáñÁ å¿ïù ¿ Ñ3ëÏÝ3Ý, áñ 3Ý Ù¿Ï Ù3ëÝ ¿ Ù»ñ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇùÇ:

Ü3Ë3ñ3ñÁ ÁÝ1·Í»ó, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý 3ÛÉ»õë ã’áõ1⁄2»ñ å3ñï31ñáõ3Í íÇ×3ÏÇ Ù¿ç Û3ÛïÝáõÇÉ: §Ø»Ýù 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù å3ñï31ñáõ3Í Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÇ Ù¿ç Ý»ñù3ßáõ»ó3Ýù å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙÇ Ù¿ç »õ Û3ÕÃ»óÇÝù: Îñó3Ýù ëï»ÕÍ»É 3å3Ñáí3Ï3Ý ·ûïÇ, áñ 3Ûëûñ Ï’3å3Ñáí¿ 2ñó3ËÇ μÝ3ÏãáõÃ»3Ý 3Ýíï3Ý·áõÃÇõ- ÝÁ¦,- Áë3õ úÑ3Ý»3Ý ß»ßï31ñ»Éáí, áñ 2ñó3Ë»3Ý Ñ3Ï3Ù3ñïáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏñÝ3Û ÉáõÍáõÇÉ ÙÇ3ÛÝ »ñÏËû- ëáõÃ»3Ý ÙÇçáóáí, áñáß3ÏÇ ÷áË313ñÓ Ñ3ëÏ3óáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí£

Üß»Ýù áñ Ý3Ë3å¿ë Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ å3ßïå3ÝáõÃ»3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ ê¿Ûñ3Ý úÑ3Ý»3Ý, Ñ3Û-éáõë3- Ï3Ý` êÉ3õáÝ3Ï3Ý Ð3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÇ áõë3ÝáÕÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 3É Ù3ïÝ3Ýß3Í ¿ñ áñ §2é3Ýó èáõëÇáÛ` Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3Ýíï3Ý·áõÃ»3Ý 3å3ÑáíáõÙÁ ã3÷31⁄23Ýó 1Åáõ3ñ ÏþÁÉÉ3Û¦: úÑ3Ý»3- ÝÇ Ëûëùáí, »Ã¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ 21⁄2å¿Û×3ÝÁ ÁÉÉ3ñ, ËÝ1Çñ ã¿ñ Í3·»ñ, μ3Ûó Ï3Û Ý3»õ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý, áõ 3Ûë å3ï×3- éáí 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï ¿ éáõë3Ï3Ý 3ç3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ:

2Ý ÛÇß»óáõó, áñ 2010-ÇÝ ÏÝùáõ3Í Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñÇ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ` èáõëÇ3Ý å3ñï3õáñáõ3Í ¿ 3å3- Ñáí»É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3Ýíï3Ý·áõÃÇõÝÁ` 3ÙμáÕçáõÃ»3Ùμ:

2Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ Ñ»ï é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ í»ñëÏëÙ3Ý ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõ- Ã»3Ý, úÑ3Ý»3Ý Ýß»ó. §2é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù Ù»1⁄2Ç å3ñï31ñ»óÇÝ å3ï»ñ31⁄2Ù »õ 3Û1 å3ï»ñ31⁄2Ù¿Ý Ù»Ýù Û3ÕÃ3Ï3Ý 1áõñë »Ï3Ýù, ã»Ýù áõ1⁄2»ñ 2-ñ1 3Ý·3Ù å3ñï31ñ3ÝùÇ ï3Ï 1ñáõÇÉ, »õ áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç μ3Ý3Ïó3- ÛÇÝ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÁ Û3çáÕáõÃ»3Ùμ 3õ3ñïÇ, å¿ïù ¿ Ï3ï3ñáõÇÝ ÷áË1⁄2ÇçáõÙÝ»ñ` »ñÏËûëáõÃ»3Ý »õ ÷á- Ë313ñÓ Ñ3ëÏ3óáÕáõÃ»3Ý ÙÃÝáÉáñïÇ Ý»ñù»õ¦: úÑ3Ý»3Ý ë3Ï3ÛÝ ó3õ Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3- ñ»õ3ÝÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ ÷áñÓ»Ý Ýáñ¿Ý áõÅÇ ÙÇçáóáí ËûëÇÉ »õ Ó»éù Ó·»É ÙÇ3ÏáÕÙ3ÝÇ 1⁄2ÇçáõÙÝ»ñ, ÇÝã áñ 3ÝÁÝ- 1áõÝ»ÉÇ ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

2Ôàô2Ü Úàìê3⁄4öo2ÜÀ Ðoè2ò2ô ä2ÞîúÜÆò

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ·ÉË3õáñ 13ï3Ë31⁄2 2Õáõ3Ý Úáíë¿÷»3ÝÁ Ññ3Å»ßï ïáõ»ó å3ßïûÝÇÝ: Ü3 ·ÉË3õáñ 13ï3Ë31⁄2áõÃÇõÝÁ Õ»Ï3í3ñáõÙ ¿ñ 15 ï3ñÇ, »ñÏáõ 3Ý·3Ù í»ñ3Ýß3Ý3Ïáõ»É ¿ñ 3Ûë å3ßïûÝáõÙ, μ3Ûó 3Ûë 3Ý·3Ù ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ ã3é3ç3ñÏ»ó 2Õáõ3Ý Úáíë¿÷»3ÝÇ Ã»ÏÝ3- ÍáõÃÇõÝÁ:

2Õáõ3Ý Úáíë¿÷»3ÝÝ μ3õ3Ï3Ý 1ñ3Ù3ïÇÏ Ñ»é3ó3õ 13ï3Ë3- 1⁄2áõÃ»3Ý ß¿ÝùÇó. Ýñ3Ý Ññ3Å»ßï ï3Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ ß¿ÝùÇ Ùûï Ñ3õ3ùáõ»É ¿ÇÝ 13ï3Ë31⁄2áõÃ»3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Ç 3ßË3ï3ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ, Úáíë¿÷»3ÝÁ Ñ3Ùμáõñ»ó 13ï3Ë31⁄2áõÃ»3Ý 1áõéÁ, Ó»éù»ñÁ ÙÇ3óñ»ó ÇÝãå¿ë 3ÕûÃùÇ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï, ËáÝ3ñÑáõ»ó, Û»- ïáÛ 3ßË3ï3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇÝ Ññ3Å»ßï ïáõ»ó »õ Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ Ñ3ñóÇ å3ï3ëË3Ý»Éáõó Û»ïáÛ Ñ»- é3ó3õ:

2ñ1¿Ý Ý3ËÏÇÝ ·ÉË3õáñ 13ï3Ë31⁄2Á ãÛëï3Ï»óñ»ó, Ã¿ 3ñ1»ûù 3ÛÉ å3ßïûÝÇ± ¿ Ýß3Ý3Ïáõ»Éáõ, ÙÇ3ÛÝ 3ë3óa §ÙÇ3ëÇÝ 1»é 3ßË3ï»Éáõ »Ýù¦: Æ 1¿å, 2Õáõ3Ý Úáíë¿÷»3ÝÁ μ3ñÓñ ·Ý3Ñ3ï»ó 15 ï3- ñÇÝ»ñÇ Çñ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÁ:

§2Û1 ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ, íÏ3Û ¿ 2ëïáõ3Í, 3ñ»É »Ù 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Á Ï3Û3Ý3Û, »õ μáÉáñ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ, áñ 3é3ç31ñáõ3Í »Ý »Õ»É 13ï3Ë31⁄2áõÃ»3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Ç 3éç»õ, ÉáõÍáõ»Ý 3ñ- 13ñ313ïáõÃ»3Ý, ûñ¿Ýë1ñáõÃ»3Ý ë3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñáõÙ¦,- 3ë3ó Ý3:

Úáíë¿÷»3ÝÁ Ëûë»ó 13ï3Ë31⁄2áõÃ»3Ý μ3ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÇó »õ ÛáÛë Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ Ýáñ Ýß3Ý3Ïáõ»- ÉÇù ·ÉË3õáñ 13ï3Ë31⁄2Á ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏÇ Çñ ·áñÍÁ: ÆëÏ Ã¿ á±õÙ ¿ ï»ëÝáõÙ Çñ»ÝÇó Û»ïáÛ, ã3ë3ó: ÆÝã í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ 3ÛÝ Ñ3ñóÇÝ, Ã¿ ÇÝãå¿±ë ¿ ï»ëÝáõÙ Çñ Û»ï3·3Û ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ, 3ñ1»ûù Ï3±Ý 3é3- ç3ñÏÝ»ñ, å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñáõ3ÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ å3ßïûÝ3í3ñÙ3Ý, »õ 3ñ1»ûù ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éá±õ ¿ Çñ Ñ3ë3ñ3-

Ï3Ï3Ý ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ, å3ï3ëË3Ý»ó.- §Ð3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ, ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáõ »Ù »õ 3õ»ÉÇ 3ÏïÇõ, ù3ÝÇ áñ, ó3õûù ëñïÇ, Ù»ñ Ñ3ÝñáõÃ»3Ý Ù¿ç ÃáÛÝ Ï3Ã»óÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ß3ï »Ý »õ ûñ-ûñÇ 3õ»É3ÝáõÙ »Ý: 2ÛÝ, ÇÝã »ë 3ÝáõÙ »Ù, áõÕÕ3ÏÇ Ñ3Ï3ÃáÛÝÝ ¿ Ù»ñ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÃáõÝ3õáñ»Éáõ 1¿Ù, »õ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã 3Ý»Éáõ »Ù, áñ Ù»ñ Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ 3éáÕç 3åñÇ: Î3åáõ3Í Û»ï3·3Û å3ßïûÝ3í3ñÙ3Ý Ñ»ï ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ï3ñáÕ »Ù 3ë»É, áñ Ù»Ýù 1»é ÙÇ3ëÇÝ 3ßË3ï»Éáõ »Ýù¦:

§ä3⁄4îø â3⁄4ð ¶Ü2È oôðàä2Î2Ü ØÆàôÂÆôÜa èàôê2êî2ÜÆÜ â1⁄42Úð2òÜoÈàô Ð2Ø2ð¦

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ í3ñã3å»ï Ðñ3Ý1 ́3·ñ3ï»3ÝÁ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2- áõ3Í ¿a å¿ïù ã¿ñ ·Ý3É oõñ3ÙÇáõÃÇõÝ, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç ã1⁄23Ûñ3óÝ¿ÇÝù èáõë3ë- ï3ÝÇÝ »õ 3ñ1ÇõÝùáõÙ Ý3 Ù»1⁄2 ãëïÇå»ñ ÙïÝ»É Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÇõÝ:

Ð2Î å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ 3ëáõÙ ¿, áñ 3Ûë å3ñ1⁄2 μ3ÝÁ 3ë»É ¿ Ý3»õ Çß- Ë3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ Ýñ3Ýù å3ï3ëË3Ý»É »Ýa §éáõëÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ ùÇã ÏÁ Ëûë»Ý, Ïþ3ÝóÝÇ, ÏÁ ·Ý3Û¦:

§ä¿ïù ¿ñ Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3É, áñ Ù»1⁄2 Ùûï é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý μ31⁄23 Ï3Û, áñ Ù»Ýù ·ñ·é»Éáõ »Ýù éáõëÝ»ñÇÝ: oë Ûëï3Ï 3ëáõÙ ¿Ça áã Ý3 ¿ å¿ïù, áã 3ÛÝ: oÃ¿ Ù»Ýù oõñáå3ÛÇ Ñ»ï ãëÏë¿ÇÝù μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, ÑÇÙ3 Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÇõÝ ã¿ÇÝù ÙïÝÇ: ØÇÝã»õ 2013 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ Ø3ÛÇëÇ 26-Á áã ÙÇ ×ÝßáõÙ ãÇ »Õ»É, éáõëÝ»ñÁ Éáõé Ñ»ï»õ»É »Ý, Ù»ñáÝù ¿ÉëË3É 3Ý3ÉÇ1⁄2- Ý»ñ ¿ÇÝ 3ÝáõÙ, áñ 13 Ù»1⁄2 ãÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»Éáõ, »õ Ç±Ýã... å¿ïù ¿ñ ·3É, Ñ3ëÝ»É ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 3-ÇÝ, Ë3Ûï3- é3Ï Ó»õáí »õñáå3óÇÝ»ñÇÝ 3ë»Éa ã»Ýù ëïáñ3·ñáõÙ, Ù»Ýù 3ñ1¿Ý ÙÇ ÛÇëáõÝ ï3ñáí Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝ ã»Ýù áõÝ»Ý3Û Ýñ3Ýó Ñ»ï, »õ éáõëÝ»ñÇ Ùûï ¿É ·Ý3óÇÝù, áã Ã¿ ·Ý3óÇÝù, 3ÛÉa ï3ñ3Ý... ë3° ¿Çù áõ1⁄2áõÙa ÏáñóÝ»Éáí Ó»ñ 3ñÅ3Ý3å3ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ: oõ éáõëÝ»ñÇ Ùûï ¿É 3ñ1¿Ý áõÝ»Ýù ïå3õáñáõÃÇõÝ, áñ 3ñ1¿Ý ó3ÝÏ3ó3Í å3ÑÇ Ï3ñáÕ »Ý §ùó»É¦,- 3ë3ó ́3·ñ3ï»3ÝÁ:

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Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ í3ñã3å»ïÇ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2Ù3Ùμa 3Ûë å3ÑÇÝ å¿ïù ¿ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã 3Ý»É, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Ð3- Û3ëï3ÝÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÇõÝÁ ÇÝã-áñ μ3Ý ß3ÑÇ 3Ûë ÙÇáõÃÇõÝÇó: ÆëÏ 3ÛÝ, áñ Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÇõÝáõÙ 3ÛÅÙ ·áñÍáÕ Ù3ùë3ïáõñù»ñáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÇõÝÁ 3ÝÏáõÙ ¿ 3åñ»Éáõ, Áëï ́3·ñ3ï»3ÝÇ, ÙÇ3- Ýß3Ý3Ï ¿, ù3ÝÇ áñ Û3ÛïÝáõ»Éáõ »Ýù ÙÇ ï3ñ3ÍùáõÙ, áñï»Õ Ù3ùë3ïáõñù»ñÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ 3Ý- ·3Ù μ3ñÓñ3Ý3Ý:

Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÀ ØàêÎàô2ÚÆò ÚoîàÚ, ìÆÈÜÆàôêÆò 2è2æ,

ìêî2ÐàôÂo2Ü ̧oüÆòÆî 3⁄4 ̧Æî2 ̧2ôÂo2Ü

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2ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ ·3Éáí Ñ3ñóÇÝ, áñ Ñ3Û3ëï3ÝóÇÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ß3ï 3Ýëå3ë»ÉÇ ¿ñ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 3-ÇÝ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ 3ñ3Í Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ 3ÛÝ Ù3ëÇÝ, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ ÙÇ3Ý3Éáõ ¿ Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõ- Ã»3ÝÁ, ÇëÏ Çñ Ñ3Ù3ñ ¿É ¿±ñ ßáÏ, üÇõÉ¿Ý ÝÏ3ï»É ¿ §2Ûëå¿ë 3ë»Ùa Ù»Ýù ÝáÛÝ íÇ×3ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝù, ÇÝã Ñ3Û3ë- ï3ÝóÇÝ»ñÁ¦:

oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ, ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, üÇõÉ¿Ý Ýß»ó, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ»Ý áñ»õ¿ μ3Ý ãÇ 3ëáõ»É ×ÝßáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ áõ Û3õ»É»ó, Ã¿ Ñ»ï»õ3μ3ñ, Çñ»Ý Çñ3õáõÝù ãÇ í»ñ3å3ÑáõÙ Ñ3ñó3Ï3ÝÇ ï3Ï 1Ý»É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ Çñ 1⁄2ñáõó3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ 3ÝÏ»ÕÍáõÃÇõÝÁ: ́3Ûó ÙÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3É, Ã¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, áñáÝù, μÝ3Ï3Ý3μ3ñ, ã»Ý Ï3ñáÕ 3ë»É, áñ öáõÃÇÝÁ Ù»1⁄2 ×Ýß»É ¿, Ã¿a ÙÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó, ́ñÇõë»ÉÇÝ, áñÝ ¿É ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ Çñ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ùμ Ç Ñ3Ï3é3Ï ØáëÏáõ3ÛÇa §μ3ó3Û3Ûï»É¦ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ §×Ýßáõ3ÍáõÃ»3Ý¦ 3ëïÇ×3ÝÁ:

2Ûë Çñ3íÇ×3ÏáõÙ, ÙÝáõÙ ¿ ·áÝ¿ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñ»É, áñ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã í»ñç3ó3Í ã¿, »õ áñ oØ-Ý ãÇ Ññ3Å3ñõáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇó:

2ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ üÇõÉ¿Ý Ñ»ï3ùñùÇñ Ëáëïáí3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ¿ 3ñ»É, áñÁ, ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ áõÕÕáõ3Í 3åï3Ï Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ3Ù3ñ»Éa §oë 3ë3óÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇÝ, áñ »Ã¿ Ñ3õ3ï »õ íëï3- ÑáõÃÇõÝ ÉÇÝÇ, 3Û1 Ñ»ÝùÇ íñ3Û ß3ï μ3ÝÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ3ëÝ»É: ́3Ûó ÑÇÙ3 Ñ3õ3ï »õ íëï3ÑáõÃÇõÝ ãÏ3Û, ãÏ3Û ëï»ÕÍ3·áñÍ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ »õ ·ñ»Ã¿ ãÏ3Û ÁÝ13é3ç ·Ý3Éáõ ó3ÝÏáõÃÇõÝ¦:

ÆëÏ3å¿ë, Ç±Ýã Ñ3õ3ïÇ Ù3ëÇÝ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ Ëûëù ÉÇÝ»É, »ñμ ãáñë ï3ñáõ3Û μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ, Ñ3- õ3ëïÇ3óáõÙÝ»ñÇó Û»ïáÛ ùÇã ¿ ØáëÏáõ3ÛáõÙ Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃ»3ÝÁ 3Ý13Ù3Ïó»Éáõ áñáßáõÙ ¿ Ï3Û3ó- õáõÙ, 1»é ÑÇÙ3 ¿É, ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ áñáß»É »Ý §3å3óáõó»É¦, Ã¿ Çñ»Ýó ã»Ý ×Ýß»É:

2å3·3ÛÇÝ áõÕÕáõ3Í å3ï·3ÙÝ»ñ, ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, üÇõÉ¿Ý, ÛÕ»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õñáå3Ï3Ý ÇÝï»·ñ3óÇ3- ÛÇ 3éáõÙáí, μ3Ûó ÇÝãå¿ë 1⁄2·3óáõ»ó Ýñ3 »ñ»õ3Ý»3Ý Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇóa 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã 1»é 3Ýáñáßáõ- Ã»3Ý Ù¿ç ¿: §Ø»Ýù å¿ïù ¿ ÇÝã-áñ Ó»õ ·ïÝ»Ýù, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç 3Ûë »ñ»ùáõÏ¿ë ï3ñÇÝ»ñÁ Ùáé3óáõÃ»3Ý ãÙ3ï- Ýáõ»Ý, 3Ûëå¿ë 3ë3Ía 1¿Ý ãßåñïáõ»Ý: ä¿ïù ¿ 1ñ3Ýó ÑÇÙùÇ íñ3Û 3é3ç ß3ñÅáõ»Éáõ ×3Ý3å3ñÑ ·ïÝ»É: ä¿ïù ¿ ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É Ñ3Û»ñÇ Û3õ3ÏÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ »õ ï»ëÉ3Ï3ÝÁ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ 3õ»ÉÇ μ3ñÓñ Ù3Ï3ñ- 13ÏÇ íñ3Û 1Ý»Éáõ, 3Û1 ÃõáõÙ Ù»ñ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ýáñ Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É: Ø»Ýù ÙÇ3Ýß3Ý3Ï å3ïñ3ëï »Ýù¦, ÝÏ3ï»É ¿ Ý3:

Æ í»ñçáÛ, Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ÙÇ ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕÃ, áñÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ëïáñ3·ñáõ»±É ìÇÉÝÇáõëáõÙ, Ñ3ñóÇÝ üÇõÉ¿Ý å3ï3ëË3Ý»É ¿. §oë ÏÁ ó3ÝÏ3Ý3ÛÇ 1⁄2·áÛß ÉÇÝ»É 3Ûë Ñ3ñóáõÙ, áñáíÑ»ï»õ Ù»Ýù ËûëáõÙ »Ýù 3Ûë 2ëá- ó3óÙ3Ý Ð3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñÇ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÇ Ù3ëÇÝ, áñÁ ï»õ»É ¿ »ñ»ùáõÏ¿ë ï3ñÇ: 2ÛëÇÝùÝa ë3 Éáõñç ËÝ1Çñ ¿: â»Ù 3ëáõÙ, Ã¿ ÷áË3ñ¿ÝÁ Ù»Ýù áõÝ»Ý3Éáõ »Ýù Ñ3Ù3ñÅ¿ù Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÃ»3Ý ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕÃ, μ3Ûó ÙÇ»õ- ÝáÛÝ ¿a ËûëùÁ í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ß3ï Éáõñç ·áñÍÇa 3Ý13Ù »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý, Ù3Ý13ïÇ, Ýáñ Ñ3- Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñÇ©©©£ 2ÛÝå¿ë áñ, »Ã¿ ÙÇÝã»õ ìÇÉÝÇáõëÁ Ù»Ýù Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3Ýù 3éÝáõ31⁄2Ý Ó»õ3- Ï»ñå»É, Ã¿ ÇÝãÇ »Ýù áõ1⁄2áõÙ Ñ3ëÝ»É, 13 3ñ1¿Ý μ3õ3Ï3Ý Ù»Í 3é3çÁÝÃ3ó ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ¦:

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ ÷3ëï3óÇ, ØáëÏáõ3ÛÇó Û»ïáÛ, ìÇÉÝÇáõëÇó 3é3ç Û3ÛïÝáõ»É ¿ μ3õ3Ï3Ý μ3ñ1 Çñ3- íÇ×3ÏáõÙ: ØáëÏáõ3ÛáõÙ Ï3Û3óñ3Í áñáßáõÙÁ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»Éáõó Û»ïáÛ ëï»ÕÍáõ»É ¿ ÙÇ Çñ3íÇ×3Ï, »ñμ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ »Ý íëï3Ñ»óÝ»É, Ã¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ Ñ3ëï3ï3Ï3Ù ¿ 3é3ç ï3Ý»É 3Ù»Ý3ï3ñμ»ñ áõÕÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí oõñáå3Ï3Ý ØÇáõÃ»3Ý Ñ»ï ÑÝ3ñ3õáñÇÝë ë»ñï ÷áË·áñ- Í3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁa 3ÛÝù3Ýáí, áñù3Ýáí 13 ãÇ Ñ3Ï3ëÇ Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃ»3ÝÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3Ý13Ù3Ïóáõ- Ã»3Ý áñáßÙ3ÝÁ:

́3Ûó ë3 Ý3»õ Îñ»ÙÉÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ áã 3ÛÝù3Ý ó3ÝÏ3ÉÇ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝ ¿, »õ 3Ûë 3éáõÙáí, ·áõó¿, Ð3- Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ Îñ»ÙÉÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ áã 3ÛÝù3Ý íëï3Ñ»ÉÇ Ñ3Ù3ñáõ»Ý, ãÝ3Û3Í ê»å- ï»Ùμ»ñÇ 3-Ç Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁa Ø3ùë3ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃ»3ÝÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÙÇ3Ý3Éáõ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É:

2ÛÝå¿ë áñ, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ãÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ Ý3Ë3ÝÓ»É 3Ûëûñáõ3Û Çñ3íÇ×3ÏáõÙ áã ØáëÏáõ3Ý, áã ́ñÇõë»ÉÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ íëï3ÑáõÃÇõÝ ãáõÝ»Ý, »õ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ

¿, áñ 1»é »ñÏ3ñ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 3Û1 íëï3ÑáõÃÇõÝÁ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ãÉÇÝÇ í»ñ3Ï3Ý·Ý»É:

§Ð2ÚoÈÆ¦

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§Îáõñ·3ÝÙ3ß1⁄23íá1¦ ·áñÍ3ñ3ÝÝ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ëÏë»É ¿ §ì»Ý3¦ ÇÝùÝ3·Ý3ó Ññ»ï3Ý3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·»ñÇ 3ñï31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï3óÝáõÙ ¿ arm-expo.ru Ï3ÛùÁ:

§ì»Ý3¦ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Ý 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ»É ¿ 1997 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 3ÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï å3ïáõÇñ3ïáõ ãÇ ·ïÝáõ»É:

21ñμ»ç3ÝÁ 2C31 ÆÐÐ-Ç 3é3çÇÝ å3ïáõÇñ3ïáõÝ ¿: 2ÛÝ ÏÁ Ù3ï3Ï3ñ3ñáõÇ 18 ûñÇÝ3Ïáí: §ì»Ý3¦ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Á Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõ3Í ¿ Ï»Ý13ÝÇ áõÅÇ, Ññ»ï3Ý3Ï3ÛÇÝ »õ 3Ï3- Ý3Ý»ï3ÛÇÝ Ù3ñïÏáóÝ»ñÇ, ÑñÃÇé3ÛÇÝ Ñ3- Ù3Ï3ñ·»ñÇ, 1⁄2ñ3Ñ3å3ï ÃÇñ3ËÝ»ñÇ, Ïñ3Ï3ÛÇÝ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇ »õ Õ»Ï3í3ñÙ3Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÇ ËáóÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ, áñáÝù ï»- Õ3Ï3Ûáõ3Í »Ý ÙÇÝã»õ 13 ÏÙ. Ñ»é3õáñáõ- Ã»3Ý íñ3Û: 2ÛÝ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÇÝùÝáõñáÛÝ Ñ»ï3- Ëáõ1⁄23Ï3Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÁ- Ý»É Ã¿° ó»ñ»ÏÁ, Ã¿ ·Çß»ñÁ, ÷3Ï 1Çñù»ñÇó 1ÇåáõÏ Ïñ3Ï μ3ó»É 3é3Ýó Ïñ3Ï3ÛÇÝ

1ÇñùÇ Ý3ËÝ3Ï3Ý å3ïñ3ëïáõÃ»3Ý:

Ð2Î2è2Î oØ-Æ 2è2ðÎàôÂÆôÜÜoðàôÜ, ÐÆôÈ3⁄42Î2Ü Î2Ú2ÜÆ ú¶î2¶àðÌØ2Ü Ä2ØÎ3⁄4îÀ oðÎ2ð2Ò¶àôoò2ô ØÆÜâoô 2026

Â¿»õ oõñ3ÙÇáõÃÇõÝÁ 1994 Ãáõ3Ï3Ý¿Ý Ñ3Ý1¿ë Ïáõ ·3Û Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÑÇõÉ¿3Ï3Ý Ï3Û3ÝÇ û·ï3·áñ- ÍáõÙÁ 131ñ»óÝ»Éáõ û·ïÇÝ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ Ï3é3í3ñ3Ï3Ý áñáßáõÙáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ áõÅ3ÝÇõÃÇ 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñáÕ Ñ3ëï3ïáõ3Í Ñ3Û»ó3Ï3ñ·áí Ûëï3Ïûñ¿Ý 3Ùñ3·ñáõ3Í ¿ 3ÛÝ 1ñáÛÃÁ, áñ ·áñÍáÕ Ï3Û3ÝÇÝ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÁ åÇïÇ ã1313ñÇ, ÙÇÝã»õ áñ Ýáñ Ï3Û3ÝÁ ãëÏëÇ ·áñÍ»É:

ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 13-Ç Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý ÝÇëï¿Ý »ïù, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ áõÅ3ÝÇõÃÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ 2ñÙ¿Ý Øáí- ëÇë»3Ý Ñ3Ý1¿ë »Ï3õ å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ùμ, áñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÑÇõÉ¿3Ï3Ý Ï3- Û3ÝÇ û·ï3·áñÍÙ3Ý Å3ÙÏ¿ïÁ åÇïÇ »ñÏ3ñ3Ó·áõÇ ÙÇÝã»õ 2026 Ãáõ3Ï3Ý:

Ð3Ù3å3ï3ëË3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝáõÃÇõÝ Ï3Û3ó3Í ¿ èáõëÇáÛ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ìÉ3ïÇÙÇñ öáõÃÇÝÇ »õ Ð3- Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ 3 ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇÝ Ï3Û3ó3Í Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ: ÎáÕÙ»ñÁ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3Í »Ý, áñ §èáë3ïáÙ¦Á Ñ3Û3ëï3ÝóÇ ÷áñÓ3·¿ïÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï åÇïÇ 3ßË3ïÇ Ý3Ë3·ÇÍÇ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÙ3Ý íñ3Û:

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ý3»õ ïáõ3õ áñáßáõÙ ÙÁ, áñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ §Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 2ïáÙ3ÛÇÝ oÉ»Ïïñ3Ï3Û3Ý¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ»3Ý åÇïÇ ïñ3Ù31ñáõÇ ÙÇçáõÏ3ÛÇÝ ÝÇõÃ»ñáõ 3ñï3ÍÙ3Ý 3ñïûÝ3·Çñ:

2îÆôÆêîÜoðÆÜ ÌoÌÆ oÜÂ2ðÎàÔÜoðÆò ØÆ ø2ÜÆêÀ Ú2ÚîÜ2 ́oðàôoÈ oÜ

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21⁄42î2Ø2ðîÆÎÜoðÀ Ð2Ü ̧ÆäoÈ oÜ ø2Ô2ø2Î2Ü àôÄoðÆÜ

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DEFENSE MINISTER SEYRAN OHANIAN: RUSSIA VITAL FOR ARMENIA’S SECURITY

YEREVAN -- The military alliance with Russia is vital for Armenia’s national security, Defense Min- ister Seyran Ohanian said on Tuesday, citing its unre- solved disputes with not only Azerbaijan but also Turkey.

Ohanian stressed the importance of a 2010 Rus- sian-Armenian agreement that prolonged and upgrad- ed Russia military presence in Armenia and commit- ted Moscow to supplying advanced weaponry to the Armenian military.

“Our neighbors have been turning their defensive capabilities into offensive ones and in that sense en- suring our security without Russia would be very dif-

ficult. If it was only Azerbaijan, we wouldn’t have problems,” he told students of a Russian-Armenian university in Y erevan.

“For many years, modern and compatible weapons are being supplied to Armenia so that we can maintain the balance in the region,” he said, adding that Russian military assistance will continue in the coming years.

The Armenian government reported earlier this month a dramatic increase in its arms acquisitions in the last few years, saying that they have offset Azerbaijan’s continuing massive military buildup. “In the last three years we have acquired as much weaponry as we did in the previous 20 years,” Prime Minister Tigran Sarkisian said during a visit to Nagorno-Karabakh.

Russia has also raised eyebrows in Yerevan with recent years’ arms sales to Azerbaijan reportedly worth bil- lions of dollars.

U.S. ENVOY VISITS KARABAKH

STEPANAKERT -- James Warlick, the U.S. co-chair of the OSCE Minsk Group, met with Nagorno-Karabakh’s leaders in Stepanakert on Fri- day, ending a regional tour which Washington hopes will help to revive Armenian-Azerbaijani peace talks.

Warlick also joined OSCE field representatives in monitoring the ceasefire regime on the volatile “line of contact” east of the disputed territory. No shooting incidents were reported during the routine procedure.

“I appreciate very much the opportunity to see beautiful Nagorno-Karabakh,” Warlick told reporters after talks with Nagorno-Karabakh Republic president Bako Sahakian.

Few details of those talks were made public. Sahakian’s office said in a statement that the two men agreed on the need for a peaceful resolution of the Karabakh conflict. Sahakian was reported to complain about Azerbaijan’s “unconstructive position” in the negotiating process and say that it poses a “growing threat to peace and stability in the region.”

Warlick, who was appointed as U.S. co-chair last month, stressed that he has toured Azerbaijan, Armenia and Karabakh on an “orientation visit.” “I’m here to listen and learn,” he said. “With everyone I meet on this visit I want to look ahead and find a realistic path towards a durable settlement.” Warlick arrived in Baku and Yerevan with U.S. President Barack Obama’s letters to his Azerbaijani and Armenian counterparts implicitly urging them to hold face-to-face talks. “With the outlines of the compromise already well established, now is the time for a renewed effort to bring peace to the region,” Obama wrote.

EU AND ARMENIA WILL DEVELOP NEW DIRECTIONS TO EXPAND TIES: ŠTEFAN FÜLE

YEREVAN, SEPTEMBER 13, ARMENPRESS. The EU is ready to strengthen relations with Armenia, but new directions must be developed for it. The EU Com- missioner responsible for enlargement and European neighbourhood policy Štefan Füle stated this at the course of the press conference held within the 3rd informal meeting of the foreign ministers of the Eastern Partnership states. As reports "Armenpress" Štefan Füle underscored: "I don’t think that we’ll manage to develop new directions before the Vilnius Summit, notwithstanding we are hopeful that we’ll find some wayouts at the course of the summit." Among other things he noted that Armenia will not be able to pre- sign the agreement, for which the sides have been negotiating for many years. In addition the EU Commissioner responsible for enlargement and European neighbourhood policy Štefan Füle highlighted that the Association Agreement is one package, which involves the agreement on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) and they cannot be separated.

In the result of the negotiations on September 3, 2013 in Moscow the Presidents Sargsyan and Putin confirmed the aim of the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation in the direction of further development of economic integration processes in the Eurasian territory. In that context the President of the Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan announced about the Armenia's decision to join the Customs Union and the necessity of implementation corresponding steps for that aim and in future about participating in formation of the Eurasian economic union. The President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin expressed his support to the abovementioned decision of Arme- nia and informed about the readiness of the Russian side to support the process.

ARMENIAN FM PRESENTS KARABAKH ISSUE TO BRITISH MPs

NEWS.am -- The Armenian-British cooperation has become more active, and the parliamentarians of both countries play a major role in this process.

Armenia’s Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian stated the aforesaid Monday, during his talk with a visiting delegation from the UK House of Commons.

The delegation is led by John Whittingdale, Vice-Chairman of the British-Armenian Parliamentary Friendship Group.

As per Nalbandian, parliamentary diplomacy is an important additional stimulus toward developing mutual understanding and strengthening ties between the two countries, informs the Armenian MFA press service.

He noted that he fondly remembers his visit to the United Kingdom and his talks at the British Parliament this May.

In turn the British MPs stressed that they will continue their efforts to expand relations between both coun- tries.

The interlocutors reflected on Armenia’s foreign policy.

At the request of the guests, Edward Nalbandian also spoke about the ongoing efforts by Armenia and the in- ternational community toward a pacific settlement to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Armenia’s FM and the British MPs also discussed several matters of regional and international import.

ARMENIA'S ANTI-AIR DEFENSE CAPACITIES PALPABLY INCREASED: DEFENSE MINISTER

YEREVAN, SEPTEMBER 18, ARMENPRESS. The development of anti-air defense system has been among the most significant directions for the Republic of Armenia during the recent years. The Minister of Defense of the Republic of Armenia Seyran Ohanyan stated this at the course of the meeting with the students and lecturers of the Yerevan State University held on September 18. As reports "Armenpress" among other things the Minister of De- fense of the Republic of Armenia Seyran Ohanyan underscored: "Probably, we have developed our capacities most

of all in this direction. There are certain equipments under our disposal, which are able to control the rival's air flights on different levels and assail them in corresponding distances."

Among other things the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Armenia Seyran Ohanyan emphasized that Armenia has more S300 anti-air defense systems than any other country of the region.

CHIEF PROSECUTOR RESIGNS AFTER LONG TENURE

YEREVAN -- Aghvan Hovsepian, Armenia’s influential prosecutor- general, resigned on Friday after 15 years in office that have been marked by allegations of serious human rights violations made by opposition and civic groups.

Hovsepian, 60, was relieved of his duties after President Serzh Sarkisian did not appoint him for another five-year term.

Hovsepian’s resignation has been anticipated by some observers since Sarkisian publicly and harshly criticized the Special Investigative Service (SIS), a law-enforcement body subordinate to prosecutors, earlier this year. Andranik Mirzoyan, the SIS chief close to Hovsepian, was sacked as a result.

Hovsepian was first named prosecutor-general shortly after former Presi- dent Robert Kocharian took office in 1998. He has since been one of the coun- try’s most powerful state officials. He has influenced political processes through his Nig-Aparan organization uniting prominent natives of a district in central Armenia.

Hovsepian has also played a key role in government crackdowns on the opposition, notably the deadly sup- pression of 2008 post-election protests in Yerevan. Dozens of opposition members and supporters were jailed on highly controversial charges at the time.

Hovsepian infamously declared that former President Levon Ter-Petrosian, the main opposition candidate in the February 2008 presidential election, resorted to a mass hypnosis Armenia’s population to muster popular sup- port for regime change.

Armenian prosecutors have also faced allegations of corruption and gross violations of the due process from local and international human rights groups. Armenian courts rarely make decisions going against prosecutors’ wishes.

ABOUT 60 % OF THE WORK FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NORTH-SOUTH TRANSPORT CORRIDOR WILL BE COMPLETED BEFORE THE END OF THIS YEAR

YEREVAN, September 13. /ARKA/. Some 60 % of the work for the construction of North-South transport corridor across Armenia will be completed before the end of this year, transport and communications minister Gagik Beglaryan said at a government session today. According to him, about 500 meters of road is being concret- ed a day in both directions.

"Currently, the work is underway on Yerevan- Ararat and Yerevan-Ashtarak sections. The project is being im- plemented by Spanish Corsan Corvian Construccion.

The Armenian government approved this program as well as a $500-million financial agreement with Asian Development Bank on January 14, 2010. The goal of the project is to upgrade Armenia’s main corridor road as part of a broader thrust to improve connectivity, and boost trade, growth and livelihood opportunities in the Caucasus and Central Asia sub-regions. Funds are being released by the Asian Development Bank periodically through a multitranche financing facility. The transport corridor will stretch from the southern Armenian town of Meghri, on the border with Iran, to Bavra in the north on the border with Georgia. The North-South transport corridor will en- able Armenia to mitigate the effects of the blockade imposed by Azerbaijan and Turkey.

The North -South transport corridor project was initiated by Russia and Iran. Armenia and Iran have also agreed at the highest level to consider the possibility of laying a railway link between the two countries that will become part of the transport corridor.

IRAN IS READY TO EXCHANGE NATURAL GAS WITH ARMENIAN RUBBER

YEREVAN (Armenpress) -- Islamic Republic of Iran is ready to exchange its natural gas with rubber pro- duced in “Nairit” chemical factory.

About this mentioned chairman of the Union of Domestic Commodity Producers Vazgen Safaryan during press conference on September 12. “I had a conversation with Iranian ambassador and they are ready to receive rubber from “Nairit” in exchange with natural gas. He added that the price for 1 tone of rubber is 6000 USD. He considered impermissible inaction of the enterprise which produces such valuable product.

Reminding that with such a scheme from Iran is imported gas to Armenia and exported electricity to that coun- try he mentioned that if “Nairit” in past was able to produce annually 15000 – 20000 tones of chloroprene rubber on acetylenic basis than now will be able to produce 30000-35000 tones. In Safaryan’s words 10000 tones can be provided to Iran and the rest exported to other countries. Besides, export of rubber to Iran can be one of elements securing profitability of Iran-Armenia railway.

Nairit Plant CJSC is one of the leading chemical enterprises in Republic of Armenia that specializes in chloro- prene rubbers and latexes production. Since 1940 the enterprise has been producing chloroprene rubber under Nairit trade - name and at present it is well-known on the world market.

Along with polychloroprene production the company has capacities for the production of various chemical products: carboxylic acids, caustic soda, sodium hypochlorite, carbinol syrup, lacquer-ethanol etc.՝՝

Due to the variety of produced polychlroprene grades Nairit CJSC is the partner of different enterprises in in- dustrial rubber goods, cable ,light and other industries in many countries over the world.

In 2005 Nairit Plant manufactured 7,676 tons of rubber and 6,000 tons of caustic sodium.

In 2006 Rhinoville Property Limited international company bought 90 percent of share capital of the plant: The rest 10 percent belongs to Armenian government.

ARMENIA AND RUSSIA TO COOPERATE IN SPACE EXPLORATION

YEREVAN, SEPTEMBER 17, ARMENPRESS: The Government of the Republic of Armenia will discuss the issue related to the approving of the proposal of the agreement signing between the governments of Armenia and the Russian Federation in the field of exploration and use of the space for peaceful purposes. As reported by Armenpress, the issue is included in the agenda of the Armenian Government’s session to be held on September 19.

The proposal of the agreement signing between the governments of Armenia and the Russian Federation in the field of exploration and use of the space for peaceful purposes has been submitted to the Government of Armenia to be approved. The reporter is the Minister of Transport and Communication of the Republic of Armenia Gagik Beglaryan.

SUSPECTS IDENTIFIED IN YEREVAN BEATINGS

Armenialiberty.org -- The Armenian police said on Monday that they have identified first suspects in a recent series of violent attacks on civil society activists critical of the government.

A police statement said that two men came forward at the weekend to admit involvement in the August 25 assault on Mihran Markarian and Babken Ter-Grigorian, two of the youth activists holding a sit-in outside the Yerevan Mayor’s Office to demand the sacking of municipal officials in charge of public transport.

The statement did not specify whether the men, identified only by their last names, were charged or detained as a result. Nor it give any other details.

Markarian and Ter-Grigorian say they were surrounded and beaten up by a dozen thugs as they left the scene of the ongoing protest late in the evening. Four other participants of the sit-in claim to have also been attacked in similar circumstances in late August and early this month. They have accused the municipal and law-enforcement authorities of orchestrating the violence to end the nearly two-month campaign.

Two other, more prominent activists, Haykak Arshamian and Suren Saghatelian, were beaten up and hospitalized late on September 5 shortly after participating in a demonstration against the Armenian government’s

decision to join a Russian-led customs union. Both men have alleged political motives behind the attack. The police said on Saturday that they have finally opened a formal criminal case in connection with it. The announcement followed strong condemnations of the violent incidents voiced by the United States, the European Union and international watchdogs like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. EU Enlargement

Commissioner Stefan Fuele publicly expressed concern during a visit to Yerevan on Friday. Sona Ayvazian, the director of the Armenian branch of Transparency International, linked the launch of criminal proceedings with the Western criticism. But she was skeptical about the punishment of those involved in

the violence. “The authorities rely on criminal elements in holding on to power. We therefore we have no big expectations,”

Ayvazian told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am). The police statement rejected allegations that the police are doing nothing to solve those cases. It said the

national police chief, Vladimir Gasparian, is personally overseeing the ongoing criminal investigations. It also said that the police have taken “preventive” measures to ensure the safety of civic activists taking part in anti- government protests.

EXPERTS WARN OF PRICE HIKES AFTER ARMENIAN ENTRY INTO RUSSIAN BLOC

Armenialiberty.org -- Membership in the customs union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan will push up the cost of key products imported to Armenia, analysts in Yerevan warned on Monday.

They pointed to considerably higher common customs duties set in the three former Soviet states in line with their more protectionist policies. Armenia, which has long had a liberal trade regime, will have to impose the same import tax rates if it joins the Russian-led trade bloc.

“The import duties, which will be mandatory for Armenia, are adapted to the economic interests of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus,” Samvel Avagian, an economist writing for several Armenian media outlets, told RFE/RL’s Armenian service

(Azatutyun.am). Avagian estimated that the prices of imported foodstuffs as well as cars will rise by up to 15 percent. He

argued that the bulk of those imports come from countries other than Russia, Belarus or Kazakhstan. “Russia has a car industry and levies quite high duties from imported cars,” he said. “They are much higher than the ones which are set in Armenia. The same is true for dairy and meat products and sugar. The import duty

for sugar is three time what we have in Armenia now.” Armenak Chatinian, an economic commentator for the Civilnet.am online television, echoed these warnings,

saying that Yerevan will hardly be in a position to have the customs union tariffs lowered. He said this, coupled with the absence of common borders with any of the union’s three member states, means that Armenia has little to gain from joining a bloc which Russian President Vladimir Putin plans to turn into a Eurasian Economic Union of ex-Soviet states.

“We won’t be able to benefit from a free movement of goods within that customs union,” said Chatinian.

Armenian officials and Prime Minister Tigran Sarkisian in particular repeatedly cited the absence of common borders in their objections to Armenia’s entry into the customs union that were voiced until recently. In a Russian newspaper interview early this year, Sarkisian argued that his country would not fit into the union also because it does not have vast natural resources unlike Russia and Kazakhstan.

The Armenian premier has made no public statements on the issue and avoided any contact with journalists since President Serzh Sarkisian’s unexpected September 3 pledge to join the union. Serzh Sarkisian too has not addressed the nation since then. Sarkisian’s dramatic policy U-turn was welcomed last week by several wealthy pro-government members of Armenia’s parliament whose companies export brandy and agricultural products to

Armenia -- Shoppers in a food supermarket in Yerevan.

Russia. They said that those exports will now rise significantly. Chatinian questioned those assertions, arguing that Armenia already has free trade regimes with most ex-

Soviet republics, including Russia. He said the most significant benefit of joining the Russian-led union is that Russia will not close its market to Armenian exporters on dubious sanitary grounds.

Russia has already threatened to impose such trade sanctions on Ukraine over the latter’s plans to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union and snub the Kremlin’s Eurasian project. The Ukrainian government has balked at those threats, saying that it will go ahead with the historic deal with the EU.

According to government data, Russia accounted for just under 20 percent of Armenia’s exports last year.

YEREVAN MUNICIPALITY SETS UP COMMITTEE TO DISCUSS INCREASE IN TRANSPORT FARES

News.am -- The municipality of Yerevan will set up a committee to discuss increase in transport fares, head of association of passenger carriers Hrant Yeghiazaryan told Armenian News-NEWS.am

He said the municipality had sent an invitation to the association. Yeghiazaryan himself and heads of two pri- vate companies will act as delegates to the committee.

Municipality’s transport department was not available for comments.

However, invitations have not been sent to chairman of NGO Armenian Consumers’ Association Armen Poghosyan and chairman of Informed and Protected Consumer Babken Pipoyan.

The capital city Yerevan Municipality decision to increase the public transport fares in the city has brought about outbursts. Several groups were formed in the social networks, and the initiatives were staging protests and distributing pamphlets against this decision. In addition, the “Free Car” initiative was launched, along the lines of which Armenia’s numerous well-known personalities, MPs, and ordinary residents provide—with their own vehi- cles—free transportation to the people.

JANUARY-JULY DATA ON ARMENIAN CITIZENS TRAVELING TO TURKEY

NEWS.am -- A total of 36,121 citizens of Armenia headed to Turkey from January to July 2013.

The number of Armenian citizens that visited Turkey from January to May grew by 3.61 percent, or by 1,257 people, as compared to the same time period in the year past, Armenian News-NEWS.am ascertained from the Cul- ture and Tourism Ministry of Turkey.

A total of 9,552 citizens of Armenia traveled Turkey in July alone, which is 3.65-percent more than the same time period last year. A total of 9,216 citizens of Armenia had visited Turkey in July 2012.

To note, a total of 70,956 Armenian citizens had headed to Turkey in 2012.

DAVIT SAFARYAN WINS GOLD IN FREESTYLE WRESTLING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP

BUDAPEST -- Armenian freestyle wrestler Davit Safaryan won gold medal in World Championship of Freestyle Wrestling, after beat- ing Cuban Livan Lopez in the finals 3-1.

Bronze medals went to Russian Magomed Kurban-aliev and Mongolian Man-dakhnaran Ganzorig.

In earlier rounds the European champion beat George Bucur (Romania), Rafal Statkiewicz (Poland), Magomed Kurbanaliev as well as Levan Gelegsashvili (Georgia) to reach the final stage.

Armenian freestyle wrestlers have not won medals at world championships since 2005.

EXPERT: CHEESE CAN HAVE ‘WHITE GOLD’ VALUE FOR ARMENIA

PanARMENIAN.Net -- Armenia is a country which produces over 25 types of cheese, including Lori, Chanakh, Motal, Chechil, etc., with an output of 17 tons per annum.

According to the National Statistical Service, the production of cheese decreased by 2.6% in January- July 2013 against the same period last year and totaled 10 108 tons.

The Union of Cheese Producers says about 70 enterprises are currently involved in production of cheese in Armenia.

To boost the industry, a closed joint stock company Armenian Cheese was established. However, according to chairman of the Union of Cheese Producers Armen Gigoyan, the enterprise is not functioning at the moment, due to lack of financing.

The expert is confident that cheese and dairy products in general can have ‘white gold’ value for Armenia, whose geographical location provides unique opportunities for cheese production.

The Armenian Development Agency, in turn, plans to export cheese worth of $1,5 million during the next sev- eral years, with Armenian Cheese brand already registered in Russian and U.S. trade systems.

PUTIN URGES ARMS MANUFACTURERS TO PRODUCE BETTER WEAPONS

PanARMENIAN.Net -- Russian President Vladimir Putin urged his country’s arms manufacturers on Wednes- day, Sept 18, to produce weapons that are superior to those of possible adversaries, RIA Novosti reported.

“Our past successes are no reason to sit back and relax,” he said during a visit to the Kalashnikov gun maker. “We must constantly strive to stay on top of current demands.”

He added that many of Russia’s legendary weapons were “no longer able to make the grade.”

He urged the Defense Ministry and weapons makers to redouble their efforts to develop new models of arms and military equipment, especially precision weaponry and fire-control systems.

Putin’s remarks came soon after a senior Defense Ministry official said Russia’s defense industry technology was largely outdated, lagging decades behind competitors.

Lt. Gen. Alexander Shevchenko said earlier in September that many defense firms were still not ready for mass production of high-tech weapons systems and many military technologies were still at 1980s levels.

There has been a disturbing decline in the quality of weapon production, he said, adding that this was mainly due to obsolete equipment and an extremely low pace of modernization.

The Russian government has reportedly allocated 20 trillion rubles ($640 billion) for the comprehensive re- armament of the country’s Armed Forces. The measure is expected to make the share of modern weaponry rise to 30 percent by 2015, and exceed 70 percent by 2020.

Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin said Tuesday that Russia would spend $650 billion for the re- armament and modernization of its armed forces through 2020.

EGYPT DETAINS TURKISH CITIZEN ON CHARGES OF ESPIONAGE: REPORT

CAIRO (Reuters) - Egypt has detained a Turkish citizen on suspicion of spying and collusion with the Muslim Brotherhood, the state news agency MENA said on Saturday.

The arrest could be a new source of tension between Ankara and Cairo whose relations have all but broken down since Mohamed Mursi, whose Muslim Brotherhood has close ties with Turkey's ruling AK Party, was ousted from the Egyptian presidency in July.

Rasit Oguz, a 46-year-old Turk, was arrested in the city of Ismailia northeast of Cairo on August 28 while tak- ing photographs of military establishments, security sources said.

MENA said delegates from the Turkish mission in Cairo were following up on his case and had visited him in detention.

Turkey has emerged as one of the fiercest international critics of Mursi's removal, calling it an "unacceptable coup".

It recalled its ambassador in August after a violent crackdown on Mursi's supporters. He returned to Cairo this month but Egypt said it would not reciprocate until Turkey stopped its "interference".

AUTHOR OF DISMANTLED MONUMENT SYMBOLIZING ARMENIAN-TURKISH FRIENDSHIP APPLIED TO EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

YEREVAN, SEPTEMBER 14, ARMENPRESS -- Famous Turkish sculptor Mehmet Aksoi who is the author of dismantled “Friendship monument” applied to European Court of Human Rights.

“Friendship monument” which was thought by the sculptor to be a symbol of friendship between Armenia and Turkey was dismantled in 2010 because Turkish PM Erdogan called it “grotesque” in 2009 during his visit to Kars. Erdoga visited Kars in October, 2009 after singing protocols on establishing re- lations between Armenia and Turkey.

“Armenpress” reports that during interview with “Haberler” Mehmet Aksoi said that the judicial process against illegal dismantling of the monument has not finished yet. “Turkish courts today are not free and impartial. How can a piece of art be called “grotesque”? It is an obvious abuse. This monument has been being built for three years. The sense of the monument is friendship with Armenia. But Erdogan destroyed it. It means that Erdogan who wishes piece was against it. We applied to all kind of Turkish courts which was like a comedy theatre. Now we will aplly to European Court of Human Rights. I do not do anything bad,” said Aksoi.

Turkish sculptor earlier had announced that according to Turkish legislation withour permission of the author nobody can dismantle art creation.

“Friendship monument” in Kars was erected in 2007. It was seen also from the territory of Armenia.

EU MINISTER RECEIVES HEAD OF THE ARMENIAN PATRIARCHATE IN TURKEY

HURRIYET DAILY NEWS -- The Turkish Minister of EU Affairs Egemen Bağış received in Istanbul on Sept. 14 the acting head of the Armenian Patriarchate in Turkey, Aram Ateşyan, who conducted last week the ceremonies of the annual Divine Liturgy at the Akdamar Armenian Church in the eastern province of Van.

Ateşyan, who was delegated the office following the withdrawal of Archbishop Mesrob Mutafyan from his du- ties in 2008 due to illness, told reporters that in the last 10 years minorities have witnessed big changes in the positive direction.

“We have obtained more religious freedom. The properties, the assets that have been confiscated were re- turned... I came to say that within the large space opened for our schools and worship places, we are not secondary citizens anymore and will not be such in the future,” Ateşyan said, expressing his happiness at making an offi- cial visit to his hometown Silvan in the southeastern Diyarbakır province last week.

The acting head of the Armenian Patriarchate in Turkey, Aram Ateşyan (L) describe the informal meeting with Minister of EU Affairs Egemen Bağış as a 'friendship visit.' AA photo

“I had left Silvan with tears. I have returned with a smile,” he said.

For his part, Bağış explained that he met Ateşyan for the first time three years ago during a visit to Akdamar with the ambassadors of the EU member countries. “I had called Mr. [Ateşyan] and requested him to kindly assign someone as I did not want to say the wrong things when ambassadors asked questions during the visit. ‘If my coun- try’s minister accompanies personally foreign ambassadors, then I will come myself,’ he had said,” Bağış told re- porters.

Bağış said that he wanted to hear about Ateşyan’s official trip to his homeland. “He has witnessed the changes in the region. I was very touched when he said that he left there with tears, but returned with joy,” he added.

During his trip in southeastern Turkey, Ateşyan conducted a mass at Diyarbakır’s Surp Giragos Church, at- tended by Mayor Osman Baydemir and the famous writer of Armenian origin, Mıgırdıç Margosyan.

The whole region was inhabited by a large Armenian community before the massacres and deportations of 1915.

HRANT DINK AWARD CEREMONY HELD IN ISTANBUL

NEWS.am -- The Hrant Dink Award, which the international Hrant Dink Foundation presents every year since the death of Hrant Dink, was presented this year, too.

The award ceremony was held on Sunday evening in Istanbul, informs Agos Armenian bilingual weekly of Is- tanbul.

Renowned Istanbul-Armenian rock musician Hayko Cepkin delivered opening remarks at the event.

At the end of the event, the panel of judges, who were from Turkey and also invited from abroad, announced this year’s recipients of the Hrant Dink Award. They are the Saturday Mothers of Turkey—human rights defenders who have been gathering every weekend since 1995 to demand information on their loved ones who disappeared in 1990s—, and Serbian human rights activist Nataša Kandić.

To note, the annual Hrant Dink Award is presented to courageous public activists, or journalists, who fight for human rights and freedom of speech.

Hrant Dink was the founder and chief editor of Istanbul’s Agos Armenian bilingual weekly, who was gunned down in 2007 in front of his office building.

DINK MURDER TRIAL RESTARTS AMID FAMILY’S PROTEST COURT RULES FOR ARREST OF KEY SUSPECT

ISTANBUL -- The trial into the murder of Armenian-Turkish journalist Hrant Dink restarted in Istanbul on Wednesday following an overturn of the first verdict as the victim’s family protested the trial, the Hurriyet Daily News reports.

“As the Dink family, we will no more be tools to the state mechanisms that have been mocking us and we will not attend the hearings of the retrial,” the Dink family said in a letter ahead of today’s hearing. “The crime coalition that is called the sate recommitted the murder in every hearing, every day while it showed itself as if seeking for justice. That coalition is the crime gang itself that planned the murder and then covered it up,” the family’s letter read.

In today’s hearing, the court issued an arrest warrant for Erhan Tuncel, a former police informant and suspect in the murder case who was released after the first verdict.

Tuncel is seen as a key in linking the murder to the state institutions as members of the Police Department in the Black Sea province of Trabzon, the suspects’ hometown, have been accused of failing to relay intelligence provided by Tuncel to the Trabzon Gendarmerie Command in a report prepared by Turkey’s State Supervisory Council (DDK).

“We are currently much further behind of the starting point of the trial,” Dink family lawyer Fethiye Çetin told re- porters during a press conference on Sept. 13, arguing that in the initial trial the indictment already defined the organiza- tion as “terrorist” while in the retrial, this aspect of the case would be reviewed.

Çetin, who published this month a book about the unknown facts of the case (“Utanç Duyuyorum: Hrant Dink Cinayetinin Yarg?s?,” “I Feel Ashamed: The Judgment of the Hrant Dink Murder”) explained that the Supreme Court had defined the motive of the organization as “political” rather than “terrorist” in its verdict that led to the retrial of the case.

Dink, the renowned editor-in-chief of Agos, was shot in front of his office in Istanbul on Jan. 19, 2007.

The triggerman, Ogün Samast, 17-years-old at the time of the murder, and Yasin Hayal, who was charged of being the instigator of the assassination, were convicted of the murder. However, a high criminal court dismissed charges relat- ed to “armed terrorist organization.” The Supreme Court of Appeals verdict defined the acts of all suspects in the case under “an organization formed to commit crime” according to Turkish Penal Code Article 220.

“According to the Supreme Court, this organization was established in 2004 by Yasin Hayal. It comprises Erhan Tuncel, Ersin Yolcu, Ahmet I.skender and Ogün Samast, whom they use as the triggerman of the murder. [...] However it is defined as only established with a political motive, to punish Hrant Dink,” Çetin said. For a murder to be considered a “terrorist act,” it would have to be committed with a clear aim against the state of the public order, according to the Turkish Penal Code.

“The Supreme Court has made a mistake in its definition of the nature and the aim of the organization,” Çetin said, adding that it could take the court many years of trial to rule on the “terror organization” aspect.

TURKEY’S PRESSURE ON ALAWITES CLEAR MESSAGE TO BASHAR ASSAD

NEWS.am -- Amid tense relations with Syria, Turkey is trying to use violence against the citizens of its coun- try based on their religious affiliation, turkologist Ruben Melkonyan said.

The rights of Alawites have been violated in Turkey for centuries. They experienced pressure up to genocides and ethnic cleansings.

“The current policy of the Turkish authorities against Alawites has two meanings. First of Alawites have re- cently been very active. They often hold protest actions. On the other hand, it may also include an external mes- sage,” Melkonyan told Armenian News-NEWS.am.

Turkey considers the Alawites as the agents of Assad and Syria, and it is for this reason that they are being persecuted, he explained.

“Thus, Turkey is sending a message to Syrian President Assad,” he concluded.

Clashes with police in Alawi-populated district of Ankara continue for the sixth day. The reason of clashes is an intention to build a Sunni mosque and an Alawi house (djemevi) at one site.

U.S. AND TURKEY AGREED ON SOUTH CAUCASUS

Lragir.am -- Relations between the Unit- ed States and Turkey have shifted to a new mode that supposes new rules, and Turkey must observe nonintervention in political and armed conflicts in the South Caucasus, not pretend to the role of “conductor” of the re- gion, not to try to play the role of close ally and partner of Azerbaijan, not to take part in the settlement of conflicts based on some al- ternative schemes.

Turkey must try to normalize relations with Armenia and continue the previous pro- cess of relations. At the same time, the aspect which attracts attention is noticed – the Amer-

icans approve intervention of Turkey in Abkhazia, its strengthening foothold in this region. However, Turkey must forget about intervention in the Karabakh issue. The impression is that the South Cau- casian region is one of the priorities where agreements between the United States and Turkey differ strikingly, and, in fact, it is possible to juxtapose the interests of the United States and Turkey on regional policy in regard to this

region. Earlier it was believed that the regions surrounding Turkey differ by their problems and importance, and the

United States and Turkey may achieve agreement on some of them and may not achieve agreement on others, or yet agreements on different regions have a different character.

Judging by materials collected in Beirut, it is hardly acceptable to draw such a conclusion but experts on the Near East are prone to assess “new relations” between the United States and Turkey though incomplete but univer- sal. In other words, experts think that agreement has been achieved on the full cycle of regional issues.

Turkey and the United States have achieved important agreements, a lot of problems have been overcome, but this does not mean that their relations have been normalized.

Nevertheless, the United States and Turkey do not hurry to resolve all the problems because that does not only bring positive aspects but also necessitates commitments. Experts highlight that these agreements are universal and touch upon all the regions although there may be unsettled issues.

Turkey participates in the development of anti-missile systems, navy ports and aerodromes to implement the new objectives in regard to the Near East. The United States provides comprehensive assistance to Turkey and sup- ports supply of military equipment, modernization of the fleet, air force, air defense, modernization of the equip- ment of the Turkish special troops.

The objective of cancelling the Kurdish national movements has a special role in the regions between the the United States and Turkey. Experts think that I have underestimated the threat of the Kurdish factor to Turkey’s se- curity. The Turkish-American relations depend heavily on the position of the United States on this issue. The Unit- ed States and Turkey have agreed that the Americans will provide comprehensive assistance to Turkey to suppress the national Kurdish movement not only within the borders of Turkey. At the same time, Turkey cannot pretend to a serious political role in Iraqi Kurdistan. This point is the basic stipulation of the agreements between the United States and Turkey on other issues.

The Balkans are a secondary priority but there the Americans insist on limiting Turkish influence in Bosnia and Albania, mostly Muslim states, offering them a model of moderate political Islam.

The United States agreed that earlier they conducted a wrong policy on limiting Turkey’s role in Central Asia and will not raise difficulties but will support Turkey’s efforts to strengthen its foothold in this region.

At the same time, such influence must be aimed against strengthening the influence of China and Russia but it cannot be a claim to the resolution of strategic and defense objectives.

On the whole, the South Caucasus and Central Asia are an area of strategic interests of the United States, and no unexpected processes initiated by their ally Turkey should occur.

LEADING EXPERT'S FINAL WORDS ON TURKEY'S

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE GENOCIDE

By Harut Sassounian,

Publisher, The California Courier

With the approaching Centennial of the Armenian Genocide, there has been growing public interest in taking

legal action against Turkey in international courts.

One of the leading experts in this field was Dr. Yuri Barseghov, Professor of International Law, who wrote

scores of pioneering books and articles on Armenian claims. Shortly before his death in 2008, Prof. Barseghov of

Moscow outlined the basis for legal action against Turkey in an article titled: "Ways and Means of Assigning Re-

sponsibility for the Armenian Genocide."

Dr. Barseghov maintained that in 1920, "the Ottoman Empire admitted its responsibility for committing this

crime" by signing the Treaty of Sevres, which unfortunately was not ratified due to the reluctance of the Allied

Powers to pressure Turkey. Since then, despite the recognition of the Armenian Genocide by dozens of countries

and international organizations, Prof. Barseghov believed that such acknowledgments "will not solve the problem

of [Turkish] responsibility."

Prof. Barseghov contended that "since Turkey stubbornly continues to refuse recognizing that it committed

this crime, it is still necessary to solve the question of responsibility for the Armenian Genocide through competent

international bodies by making such decisions mandatory for both parties [Armenia and Turkey]."

Dr. Barseghov did not believe that the United Nations is a practical vehicle for the resolution of the Armenian

Genocide issue, since it is a highly politicized body. "Decisions of the General Assembly are not mandatory," while

the major powers, such as the United States and Great Britain, enjoy the privilege of veto power in the Security

Council blocking any action against Turkey.

The problem of initiating litigation under the statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is that both Ar-

menia and Turkey have to agree in advance to abide by the decisions of the Court. Neither country has so far "rec-

ognized the obligatory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice." Since Turkey most probably would not

agree to submit itself to such jurisdiction, Dr. Barseghov suggested that the Republic of Armenia as a sovereign

state take advantage of "the unique opportunity" of filing a unilateral case against Turkey on its responsibility for

the Armenian Genocide, "under Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide."

Dr. Barseghov expressed regret that no response was received from the Armenian government after the Arme-

nian Institute of International Law and Political Science of the Union of Armenians of Russia -- which he directed -

- several years ago submitted a study on this subject to Pres. Robert Kocharian and Foreign Minister Vartan

Oskanian.

Dr. Barseghov explained that "in order to start a case by this judicial procedure [Article IX], the Government

of Armenia has to formulate its position on the questions of interpretation, application or implementation of the

Convention on this basis on the question of responsibility of the Turkish state for the committed crime."

Prof. Barseghov warned Armenian officials that "there exists a provision in International Law which is con-

firmed by the International Court of Justice in other cases: if a state has the opportunity to submit a dispute but does

not take such action, it would mean that the state accepts the existing situation.”

Dr. Barseghov allayed possible Armenian concerns that the ICJ may object to filing such a case due to ques-

tions regarding the retroactivity of the Genocide Convention. He expressed his firm belief that the Convention ap-

plies to the Armenian Genocide even though it preceded the Convention. He noted that the ICJ in its Advisory

Opinion of 1951 stated: "the principles inherited by the Convention on Genocide, unlike the treaty obligations es-

tablished in it, were already part of common international law by the time these awful crimes were committed."

Prof. Barseghov pointed out that arguments supporting the Convention’s retroactivity were put forward by the

ICJ which has “twice given competent, exhaustive explanations on the fundamental basic questions of the applica-

bility of the Convention including also its retroactivity." Based on these rulings, Prof. Barseghov concluded: "the

Convention applies also to crimes committed in the past whose consequences have not been eliminated."

As announced during a recent conference in Yerevan, the Armenian government has formed a task force to

prepare the legal file for a case to be brought against Turkey in international courts. The expert advice of Prof.

Barseghov and other specialists should ensure that the lawsuit is properly prepared and presented to obtain long

overdue justice for Armenian Genocide victims.

SYRIA: NEARLY HALF REBEL FIGHTERS ARE JIHADISTS

OR HARDLINE ISLAMISTS, SAYS IHS JANE'S REPORT

Nearly half the rebel fighters in Syria are now aligned to jihadist or hardline Islamist groups according to a new analysis of factions in the country's civil war.

By Ben Farmer, Defence Correspondent, and Ruth Sherlock in Beirut, 15 Sep 2013

Opposition forces battling Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria now number around 100,000 fighters, but after more than two years of fighting they are fragmented into as many as 1,000 bands.

The new study by IHS Jane's, a defence consultancy, estimates there are around 10,000 jihadists - who would include foreign fighters - fighting for powerful factions linked to al-Qaeda..

Another 30,000 to 35,000 are hardline Islamists who share much of the outlook of the jihadists, but are fo- cused purely on the Syrian war rather than a wider international struggle.

There are also at least a further 30,000 moderates belonging to groups that have an Islamic character, meaning only a small minority of the rebels are linked to secular or purely nationalist groups.

The stark assessment, to be published later this week, accords with the view of Western diplomats estimate that less than one third of the opposition forces are "palatable" to Britain, while American envoys put the figure even lower.

Fears that the rebellion against the Assad regime is being increasingly dominated by extremists has fuelled concerns in the West over supplying weaponry that will fall into hostile hands. These fears contributed to unease in the US and elsewhere over military intervention in Syria.

Charles Lister, author of the analysis, said: "The insurgency is now dominated by groups which have at least an Islamist viewpoint on the conflict. The idea that it is mostly secular groups leading the opposition is just not borne out."

The study is based on intelligence estimates and interviews with activists and militants. The lengthy fighting has seen the emergence of hundreds of separate rebel bands, each operating in small pockets of the country, which are usually loyal to larger factions.

Two factions linked to al-Qaeda, Jabhat al-Nusra and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) - also know as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shams (ISIS) - have come to dominate among the more extremist fighters, Mr Lister said. influence has risen significantly in the

past year. "Because of the Islam-

ist make up of such a large proportion of the opposi- tion, the fear is that if the West doesn't play its cards right, it will end up pushing these people away from the people we are backing," he said. "If the West looks as though it is not interested in removing Assad, moderate Islamists are also likely to be pushed further towards extremists."

Though still a minority in number, ISIL has be-

come more prominent in rebel-held parts of Syria in recent months. Members in

northern Syria have sought to assert their dominance over the local population and over the more moderate rebel Free Syrian Army (FSA).

The aim of moderate rebel fighters is the overthrow of their country's authoritarian dictator, but jihadist groups want to transform Syria into a hard-line Islamic state within a regional Islamic "caliphate".

These competing visions have caused rancour which last week erupted into fighting between ISIL and two of the larger moderate rebel factions.

A statement posted online by Islamists announced the launch of an ISIL military offensive in the eastern dis- trict of Aleppo which it called "Cleansing Evil". "We will target regime collaborators, shabiha [pro-Assad militias], and those who blatantly attacked the Islamic state," it added, naming the Farouq and Nasr factions.

Al-Qaeda has assassinated several FSA rebel commanders in northern Latakia province in recent weeks, and locals say they fear this is part of a jihadist campaign to gain complete control of the territory.

As well as being better armed and tougher fighters, ISIL and Jabhat al-Nusra have taken control of much of the income-generating resources in the north of the country, including oil, gas and grain.

This has given them significant economic clout, allowing them to "win hearts and minds" by providing food for the local population in a way that other rebel groups cannot.

ISIS has also begun a programme of "indoctrination" of civilians in rebel-held areas, trying to educate Syria's traditionally moderate Sunni Muslims into a more hard-line interpretation of Islam.

In early September, the group distributed black backpacks with the words "Islamic State of Iraq" stamped on them. They also now control schools in Aleppo where young boys are reportedly taught to sing jihadist anthems.

"It seems it is some sort of a long-term plan to brainwash the children and recruit potential fighters," said Elie Wehbe, a Lebanese journalists who is conducting research into these activities.

Rebels from Jabhat al-Nusra at Taftanaz air base, Idlib, in 2011 (AP)

DIPLOMACY KEY FOR SYRIA’S RELIGIOUS MINORITIES By Representative Adam B. Schiff

As Syria’s civil war continues to rage in the heart of the Levant, no population is more vulnerable than Syria’s religious minorities, including over a hundred thousand Armenians living in the country. Their safety is depend- ent on a negotiated end to the fighting, and is a central reason that I vigorous- ly support efforts to find a diplomatic solution to the immediate crisis stem- ming from the horrific gas attack by government forces on August 21. In the United Nations process now underway, lies the hope that the United States and Russia can initiate talks to bring about an end to the wider war.

From the beginning of the Syrian civil war, I have been monitoring closely the impact of the fighting and the disintegration of Syrian society on the country’s Christian minority, which is one of the oldest in the world. Ar- menian Christians, many of whose grandparents and great-grandparents set- tled in Syria to escape the Armenian Genocide almost a century ago are in particular jeopardy – caught between a regime that has protected Christian communities but used the most appalling violence against its own people, and an opposition that is populated in part by Islamic extremists bent on annihilat- ing religious minorities.

As my staff and I have worked to try to obtain immigration visas for the family members of constituents who are living through the horror of this war, I have come to understand in the most personal terms the anxiety that so many in the Armenian diaspora feel as the events unfold in Syria. I, too, fear what could happen if the Syrian re- gime collapses precipitously, and have recoiled at reports of rebel attacks on Christian villages. The prospect of American-supplied weapons falling into extremist hands, and then being used against Syrian Christians and later against the west, is at the heart of my steadfast and public opposition to providing lethal arms to the rebels.

I have also expressed grave concerns over America acting unilaterally against the Syrian regime in response to the recent grisly poison gas attack that left more than 1,400 Syrian civilians dead, including over 400 children. I know that the Armenian-American community shares these worries, as I have heard from many hundreds of you in recent days urging the President and Congress to refrain from military strikes designed to punish the Assad regime for its use of chemical weapons. The community has appealed for a diplomatic solution instead, and I support this effort unequivocally.

I am encouraged by the announcement of a framework diplomatic solution after three days of negotiation be- tween Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, under which the Syrian regime would give a full accounting of its stockpiles of chemical weapons, and put them under international monitoring, to be followed by the destruction of these weapons in the first half of 2014. The framework, which is to be formalized in a U.N. Security Council resolution this week, will be difficult to implement in the middle of a war zone, but we must spare no effort in trying to accomplish the task. As I said in a recent meeting with Secretary Kerry, National Security Advisor Susan Rice, Secretary Chuck Hagel and General Martin Dempsey, only this path holds the prom- ise of permanently placing these weapons out of use – something a military strike cannot accomplish.

The United States should use this new diplomatic channel to explore widening the negotiations to try to end the civil war and begin transition to a post-Assad government that would guarantee all of Syria’s people a chance at a better future. Both Secretary Kerry and his Russian counterpart have voiced hope that the current effort could act as a catalyst for broader peace talks.

Even as we work to find a diplomatic solution to the crisis, I remain focused on the humanitarian catastrophe that has engulfed Syria – with more than 2 million refugees having fled the country and millions more internally displaced. As a member of the Appropriations committee that funds our international affairs budget, I have been pushing for greater humanitarian support of Syria's civilians. I also spearheaded a bipartisan request to the Secre- tary of Homeland Security joined by over seventy of my House colleagues on behalf of the families of thousands of Syrian refugees who live here in the United States urging that these refugees be granted humanitarian parole so that they can be reunited with their loved ones in the U.S. These refugees already have approved immigration petitions and should be immediately reunited with their families, many of whom live in our community.

During this crisis, the feedback from my Armenian constituents – many of whom have lived in the region and have family there now – has been invaluable in forming a complete understanding of the horrors of the conflict and

the challenges to ending it. As I continue to work with Administration officials to address the security, diplomatic, and humanitarian aspects of this crisis, I will be ever mindful of the perilous state of Syria's Christians and their safety will remain a paramount concern.

Representative Adam Schiff represents California's 28th District in the U.S. House of Representatives, and serves on the House Intelligence Committee and Appropriations Committees.

ANALYSIS: ‘UNPRECEDENTED’ EVENTS IN AND AROUND TURKEY LIKELY TO INCREASE RE-GIONAL TURBULENCE

By Naira Hayrumyan ArmeniaNow correspondent

Some unprecedented events are taking place in Turkey that potentially can have significant consequences for the entire region in general and neighboring Armenia, in particular.

The global analytical community has long called Turkey one of the main actors of the international operation in Syria. Moreover, in the light of this conflict, leading experts say that a struggle has begun in Turkey between the Alawites and the Islamists – parallel to the movement of the Kurds who recently suspended the process of with- drawal of militants abroad.

In addition, the Kurds held a strike yesterday in the province of Van, demanding to be allowed to teach their children at schools in Kurdish. All Kurdish children yesterday boycotted school classes.

The Armenian issue has become topical as well. Diyarbakir (Tigranakert) recently saw the inauguration of a monument to the victims of the Genocide of Armenians and Assyrians. The unprecedented monument was opened by the Mayor of Diyarbakir, Abdullah Demirtas. “We, the Kurds, apologize to the Armenians and Assyrians for the actions by our ancestors in 1915. We will continue to fight for compensation to the murdered,” said Demirtas.

The Turkish media have been publishing more and more materials that acknowledge that today’s Turkey is not only a country of Turks, but also other native peoples, like Armenians and Greeks.

Suddenly, a retrial resumed in the case of Hrant Dink, a prominent Turkish Armenian journalist and human rights advocate, who was assassinated in 2007. An Istanbul court issued a warrant for the arrest of Erhan Tuncel, a former police informer and a key suspect in the Dink murder case who may link some government agencies to the murder plot, according to Hürriyet Daily News.

Another event of no less significance has taken place in Egypt, which, after the overthrow of President Mo- hamed Morsi last summer, may become the first Muslim country in the world to recognize the genocide of Armeni- ans in Turkey. According to European newspapers, this event may occur after the unprecedented step of Egyptian lawyer, director of the Institute of the People’s Front in Egypt Muhammad Saad Khairallah, who presented a legal claim regarding this matter.

The hearing in this case will begin in the Cairo Court on November 5. The announcement was made during a televised debate that was followed by millions of Egyptian viewers.

Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan is more and more often called a loser in the world press. It is noted that Erdogan’s policies have led to the isolation of Turkey and an increased likelihood of its fragmentation or federalization. Turkey is still actively involved in all relevant processes taking place in the world, but experts say that civil disturbances that do not subside in this country may one day turn Turkey into the next flashpoint.

This seems especially true against the backdrop of relations between the West and Iran that have become no- ticeably warmer of late: European countries have lifted the earlier imposed sanctioned against a number of Iranian banks, there are reports that a historic meeting between the presidents of the United States and Iran may take place at the forthcoming session of the United Nations in New York. Earlier, the presidents of the two estranged nations exchanged messages.

Against this background, the isolation of Turkey and its regional ally Azerbaijan is becoming more evident. Both countries have already taken a defensive position, trying to keep at least what they already have.

This increases the degree of aggressiveness of these two countries. Azerbaijan, for example, stated yesterday that it will not withdraw snipers from the line of contact near Nagorno-Karabakh until the end of the war. But such withdrawal is a demand of the international community.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TO HOST PROFESSOR BALAKIAN’S TALK ON TRAVELING TO TURKEY

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ( Taleen Babayan) -- Professor Peter Balakian will deliver a talk titled, “Terror and Taboo: Going to Turkey,” on Wednesday evening, September 25, 2013 at Columbia University’s Faculty House.

Hosted by the University Seminar on Cultural Memory, Professor Balakian, who is the Rebar Professor of the Humanities at Colgate University and the Visiting Ordjanian Professor of Armenian Studies at Columbia Universi- ty, will discuss the complications and difficulties of returning to the place of his father’s birth and his family origin, Istanbul, which was Constantinople when his family left as refugees of the Armenian Genocide in 1922.

“In my family, the Armenian past in Turkey was a fraught and repressed issue,” said Balakian, the author of Black Dog of Fate and The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response. “The word Turkey evoked a haunted place. How does one ap-

proach this lost place with this weight of history?” In the decades following the Armenian Genocide, where 1.5 million Armenians perished at the hands of the

Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish government has actively pursued a worldwide cam- paign to deny the massacres of 1915. As a poet, memoirist and scholar, Balakian’s work has immersed him into the history of the genocide and its aftermath.

“Peter Balakian is one of the foremost writers on the memory and transmission of the Armenian genocide to younger generations,” said Marianne Hirsch, co-director of the University Seminar on Cultural Memory, which hosts discussions of return and discovery of memory on sites of past atrocity. “We are eager to hear how his first visit to Turkey and his confrontation with the history of his ancestors has inflected his inherited memories of the Armenian Genocide.”

Professor Balakian’s talk, “Terror and Taboo: Going to Turkey,” will take place on Wednesday, September 25, 2013 from 6 pm -9 pm at the Faculty House, located at 64 Morningside Drive in New York. This event is free and open to the public.

PROMINENT ARMENIAN-AMERICAN BENEFACTOR GERARD CAFESJIAN PASSES AWAY

Gerard Cafesjian, a prominent Armenian benefactor, has died, aged 88. This information was confirmed to ArmeniaNow by the Cafesjian Center for the Arts based in Yerevan.

Cafesjian was a businessman and philanthropist who founded the Cafesjian Family Foundation (CFF), the Cafesjian Museum Foundation (CMF) and the Cafesjian Center for the Arts.

Cafesjian was born April 26, 1925 in the Bensonhurst neighbor- hood of Brooklyn, New York. His parents had come to the United States preceding the Armenian Genocide by the Turks. He began his career as a legal editor with West Publishing, rising through the ranks to the position of executive vice president, overseeing sales, marketing, customer ser- vice, public relations, all Westlaw office training and development. At West, he also conceived of and started the West Legal Directory and a well-known program, “Art and the Law”, which earned him and West numerous awards.

Mr. Cafesjian retired from West Publishing when it was sold to Thompson Publishing in 1996.

In subsequent years he established the Cafesjian Family Foundation. Through that Foundation he devoted mil- lions of dollars to Armenia on relief projects including renewable energy, headed a TV station, ran a newspaper, contributed to the clearing of land mines by specially trained dogs, founded a bank, insurance company, and sup-

plied the resources for many other projects. If any of the projects were to prove successful, the profits were to re- main in Armenia for further development.

Cafesjian received accolades and recognition from both the United States and Armenia institutions, including the Ellis Island Award in 2000.

The benefactor completely renovated the Cascade site in downtown Yerevan. Following a major reconstruc- tion, the Cascade became the site of the Cafesjian Center for the Arts that opened in 2009. The Museum enjoys a world-class sculpture garden, which is now the most prominent meeting place in Armenia. Over one million people have visited the Center since its opening.

ARMENIAN COMMUNITY CELEBRATES Alan Cochrane, Times & Transcript Staff

Members of Atlantic Canada's Armenian community will share and celebrate their rich heritage and tragic history during the fifth Moncton Armenian Festival next month, as they pay tribute to world-renowned Armenian singer Charles Aznavour.

The Armenian Festival is held every two years and has grown to become a beacon for persons of Armenian descent from Atlantic Cana- da and elsewhere, says organizer Sylvia Kasparian, Professor of Lin- guistics at Université de Moncton, a native of Paris who now lives in Moncton.

"We have a Maritime association because there are not that many in Moncton; we're only seven or 10 families. But since I started this festival, it has become very strong in Moncton and brings people from all over the Maritimes, from places like Fredericton and Moncton, and so now the centre of it is here in Moncton."

Kasparian held a news conference at Moncton City Hall announc- ing details of the festival. This year's theme will be a tribute to Charles Aznavour, a French singer of Armenian descent who has earned ac- claim all over the world in a career that has spanned 70 years. The fes- tival will include music, dance, poetry, films and a concert paying trib- ute to Aznavour at the Capitol Theatre on Oct. 10.

Kasparian said the festival dates back to 2005, when local people of Armenian descent wanted to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the 1915 genocide. "I realized that few people here knew about Armenia or the genocide. We had about 80 people at the first event, and when it was finished, people started asking about the next one, so we started planning."

Armenia is a small country located in the highlands near Mount Ararat, where Noah's Ark is said to have come to rest. The country traces its history back more than 3,000 years and has some of the world's oldest churches and ancient architecture. But the dark chapter in history is the Armenian genocide of 1915, where up to a million people were killed by the Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey).

She said the festival is a chance for anyone to learn about the unique culture and history.

The festival will open on Thursday, Oct. 3, at 6 p.m. at the Aberdeen Cultural Centre with an evening of per- formances. A series of films featuring Charles Aznavour will be screened on Friday, Oct. 4, at 7 p.m. at the Jeanne- de-Valois amphitheatre at l'Université de Moncton. A display of books, records and photos of Aznavour will be open to the public at Champlain Library at UdeM from Sept. 30 to Oct. 14.

The highlight of the festival will be the tribute concert to Aznavour at the Capitol Theatre on Thursday, Oct. 10. Performers at the concert will include Mari-Jo Thério, Sandra Le Couter, Lina Boudreau, Michel Carpentier and Serge Bédrossian, who performs in 10 languages. Moncton's Les Jeunes Chanteurs d'Acadie, directed by Nadine Hébert, and 16-year-old Maxime Robichaud of Dieppe will also be part of the evening. The concert will begin at 8 p.m. Tickets are available at the Capitol box office for $28 (adults) and $18 (students).

HARUTYUN KHACHATRYAN AWARDED POSTHUMOUSLY BY RAOUL WALLENBERG FOUNDATION FOR HELPING JEWS IN NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP

YEREV AN -- Armenian Harutyun Khachatryan, who was honored in the Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum in Jeru- salem as a Righteous Among the Nations, was posthumously awarded by the Interna- tional Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. The award on his behalf was received by his fam- ily.

Khachatryan, a military doctor with the Soviet Red Army, was taken prisoner during World War II. In the concentration camp where he was kept by the Nazis he helped many Jews as a physician.

In a moving ceremony that took place at the Presidencial Palace in Yerevan, Arme- nia, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation (IRWF) bestowed the Raoul Wallenberg Centennial Medal to Armenian Holocaust Rescuer, Dr. Harutyun Kha- chatryan. The medal was presented to Anna Khachatrian, on behalf of her grandfather, by Baruch Tenembaum, founder of the IRWF and Artiom Chernamoryan, a prominent IRWF volunteer.

“For the last two years, our organization is led by my good friend, Mr Eduardo Eurnekian, a prominent Ar- gentinean entrepreneur of Armenian descent. We feel blessed to have him on board because he has instilled in us what I would define as “the Armenian spirit”. A combination of the highest values of human solidarity and relent- less initiative, which are so typical to the Armenian people.” said Tenembaum.

“The Wallenberg Foundation will continue its relentless work with the aim of discovering the awe-inspiring stories of more Armenian rescuers. We are honored and proud to bestow the Raoul Wallenberg Centennial Medal to President Sergh Sargsyan, who as head of state of the Republic of Armenia stands here representing all the Ar- menian heroes those who were already recognized, and those who are still anonymous.”, said Danny Rainer, IRWF Vicepresident.

Harutyun Kachatryan was born on April 5, 1915 in Karakhan-Beklu village of Nakhidjevan. He moved to Ye- revan in 1934 and pursued his medical studies a the Yerevan State Medical Institute. He joined the Soviet Army as a physician in 1939. In August 1941 he was captured by the Nazis and taken prisoner near the city of Velikie Luki. In this prisoner camp, serving as a physician he met and treated a wounded Jewish inmate, Josef Kogan, saving his life.

Khachatryan returned to Armenia in 1946 and worked from 1946-49 as a chief physician at Ashtarak Regional Hospital. He was sentenced to death in 1949, having been accused of betraying his homeland. The sentence was later changed to 25 years in prison. From 1949 to 1956, he served his sentence in in Norilsk, Siberia. He was re- leased in 1956 and restored to his position in 1960.

He worked as a doctor at the Yerevan N17 policlinic from 1956 to 1984. In 1983 he had a long-awaited reun- ion with his military colleagues and friends.

A letter that Josef Moses Kogan sent to the State Security Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- lics reveals how this Armenian hero, Dr. Harutyun Khachatryan, saved the life of Mr. Kogan. Kogan tells the whole story in this letter describing how many times the Armenians, and Dr. Khachatryan in particular, saved his life. Kogan was captured by the Germans near the city of Velikie Luki at the end of August, 1941, wounded in the right leg and unconsious, and was moved to the concentration camp of the same name.

Dr. Harutyun Khachatryan treated him and he was able to walk again, but later the Jewish war prisoner be- came infected with spotted typhus. In spite of quarantine and an order not to communicate with dying patients, Khachatryan continued to visit him, bringing food and medication.

Dr. Kachatryan (right), Josef Kogan (middle)

The war prisoners were regularly transported to various concentration camps; from Velikie Luki to Polotsk, from Polotsk to Borisovo, from Borisovo to Beniaminovo (Poland). Beniaminovo was not the only place in Poland where there were Soviet war prisoners; they were transported from Beniaminovo to Demblin, from Demblin to Pulavi.

For the past two years, the IRWF has been actively searching for Armenian rescuers and that is how the fa- mous Armenian singer, Anna Kachatryan, contacted Mr. Artiom Chernamorian, a volunteer of the IRWF and pro- vided him with historical information about the feats of his late grandfather – Dr. Harutyun Kachatryan

For his protection, Dr. Khachatryan had arranged for Josef Kogan to stay with Armenian prisoners and go by the name of Michael Markosyan (Misha Markosyan). However, an unknown person betrayed him to the Com- manders of the Borisovo camp.

In his book entitled “Missing people,” journalist Michael Hakobyan describes an episode when an Armenian war prisoner (later the Commander of the first Soviet Partisan Detachment of France,) Alexandr Ghazaryan, was called to the headquarters of the Borisovo camp by the Nazis with Markosyan (Kogan) as interpreter. Ghazaryan was interrogated under suspicion that he was a Jew. Then the Armenian was released, followed by Markosyan.

Later Kogan wrote in a letter: “In the concentration camp of the city of Pulavi, an unknown person spread ru- mors about my background and the Germans formed a medical committee to determine my nationality. It seemed inevitable that I would be sentenced to death, but, at the last moment, just before I was to present myself to the Nazi doctors, the only non-German doctor of this Committee managed to get out of the room by risking his life and stopped me in the corridor, and informed me that someone had betrayed me”.

Through the efforts of the Armenian war prisoners who had founded Anti-fascist Underground Patriotic Or- ganization in the Beniaminovo camp in 1942, Kogan was able to hide and the same night his escape was arranged.

More than 17 years later, through a letter from Lieutenant Colonel Alexandr Ghazaryan, he found out that again, because of betrayal, the Armenians who had arranged his escape appeared had been held prisoner in the same fascist concentration camp.

One of the founding members of the anti-fascist Underground Patriotic Organization, Vahan Vardanyan, de- scribed in detail his memories the escape of Kogan: “Before the medical committee, we decided to arrange his es- cape during one of our organization meetings. We gave him a weapon and bullets. He managed to jump over the wall and run away. The Germans found out everything the next day, most likely through the same informer. Steph- an Yaghdjyan was exonerated and we, the ten remaining, were judged as German militaries. We were considered to be Vermacht soldiers. We were sentenced to various years of imprisonment; I have forgotten exactly how many. Karapetyan sentenced to be executed for a supposed connection with the partisans.

Doctor Harutyun Khachatryan died on November 23, 1985 at the age of 70. As for Kogan, nothing further is known of him following Khachatryan's death.

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