LOUSSAPATZ_The Dawn - 2013-969-2-2

ԹԻՒ 969 ՇԱԲԱԹ, 2 ՓԵՏՐՈՒԱՐ 2013

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ԾԱՆՕԹԱՆԱԼ ՀԱՅ ԳԻՏՆԱԿԱՆՆԵՐՈՒ

Armenians in Science

Russian theoretical physics scientist of Armenian origin, known for his contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory and the author of several hundred

Karen Avetovich Ter-Martirosyan

28 September 1922 - 19 November 2005

articles in his area.

1

Կեցուածք՝

Հայաստանի Նախագահական Ընտրութիւններուն Առթիւ Մեթր Պարգեւ Դաւիթեան

Հայաստանի նախագահական ընտրութիւնները տեղի պիտի ունենան քանի մը շաբաթ ետք ։ Ամէն գուշակութիւն հաւանական կը նկատէ ներկայ նախագահ Սերժ Սարգսեանի վերընտրութիւնը, որուն ընտրութիւնը հինգ տարի առաջ, 2008 թուականի Փետրուար 19-ին, ընթացք տուաւ Մարտ 1-ի ցաւալի դէպքերուն։

Հետաքրքրական կը թուի ըլլալ այն պարագան, թէ 2008-ին ընդդիմադիր շարքերու մէջ եղող Հայաստանի Հնչակեան Կուսակցութիւնը, եւ որ մասնակցած էր այդ ցոյցերուն, ներկայիս զօրակից է Սարգսեանի վերընտրութեան։

Հնչակեան Կուսակցութեան Հայաստանի ղեկավարութիւնը վերջերս յայտարարեց, որ նկատի առնելով Սերժ Սարգսեանի եւ անոր կառավարութեան կողմէ իրականացուած որոշակի բարեփոխումները՝

Փտածութեան դէմ պայքարը, Մամլոյ ազատութեան բարձրացումը, Ընդդիմադիրներու նկատմամբ հալածանքներու դադրեցումը, Արտաքին քաղաքական ձեռքբերումները, Նախընտրական ծրագրի ընկերային բնոյթը, Ցեղասպանութեան հարցին մէջ պահանջատիրական կեցուածքը

եւ յայտարարութիւնները, Արցախի անվտանգութեան ապահովումը

եւ շահերու համալիր պաշտպանութիւնը,

կկը զօրակցի անոր վերընտրութեան, յոյս յայտնելով որ Սարգսեան վերացնէ

մենաշնորհները եւ պայքարի արտագաղթի պատճառներուն դէմ։

Վերոյիշեալ բարեփոխումները, որ բոլորս կ՚ուզենք իրականացած տեսնել, արդեօք

պէտք է հասկնալ որպէս կեցուա՞ծք, թէ՝ մաղթանք։

Արդեօ՞ք նախկին ընդդիմադիրը համոզուած է որ նշուած բարեփոխութիւնները, կամ

մենաշնորհութեան վերացումը, եւ կամ արտագաղթի պատճառներուն դէմ պայքարը, կարելի

է իրագործել միայն անոնց կողմէ` որոնք ստեղծեցին մեր հայրենիքի այսօրուայ խղճալի

բարեփոխութեան կարօտ վիճակը...։

Արդեօ՞ք ներկայ իշխանութիւնը իր բացարձակ տիրապետութեամբ կրցած է դադրեցնել

իր ընդդիմադիրներուն նկատմամբ հալածանքները եւ բարձրացնել մամուլի ազատութիւնը...։

Եւ որովհետեւ կը սիրենք լսել մեր ցեղասպանութեան հարցին մէջ Սերժ Սարգսեանի

պահանջատիրական յայտարարութիւնները, եւ կը սիրենք տեսնել անոր Արցախի

անվտանգութեան ապահովութիւնը երաշխաւորող անզիջող կեցուածքը, եւ կը գնահատենք

անոր մեր պանծալի ազգային բանակին տակաւ հզօրացման աշխատանքին բերած նպաստը,

կ՚ուզենք մենք ալ մաղթել որ վերընտրելի նախագահ Սարգսեանը իր նախագահութեան

յաջորդ շրջանին բարելաւէ մեր հայրենի ժողովուրդին կեանքի մակարդակը` որպէսզի

արտագաղթը նուազի, եւ խիստ պայքար տանի փտածութեան եւ կաշառակերութեան դէմ`

որպէսզի այդ տեսակի ամօթալի եւ հիւանդագին վարուելակերպը «բժշկուի»։

2

Նախագահական Թեկնածու Պարոյր Հայրիկեանի Վրայ Հրազէնային Կրակ Բացուած Է

Հինգշաբթի կէս գիշերին, Երեւանի կեդրոնական թաղերէն` Տպագրիչներու փողոցին վրայ, իր տան շքամուտքին մօտ, հրազէնային կրակի ենթարկուած է Հայաստանի Հանրապետութեան նախագահական պաշտօնին իր թեկնածութիւնը դրած, խորհրդային տարիներու քաղաքական բանտարկեալ, Ազգային ինքնորոշում միութիւն կուսակցութեան նախագահ Պարոյր Հայրիկեանը: Ուսին ստացած հրազէնային վնասուածքով

Պ. Հայրիկեան նշուած վայրէն տեղափոխուած է Սուրբ Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ հիւանդանոց:

Դէպքի վայր ժամանած են Հայաստանի Հանրապետութեան ոստիկանութեան պետ Վլադիմիր Գասպարեանն ու Երեւան քաղաքի վարչութեան պետ Ներսէս Նազարեանը:

!

ՄԱՐՄԱՐԱ 28-1-2013

14

Presidential Candidate Paruyr Hayrikian Wounded in Yerevan Shooting

YEREVAN — Paruyr Hayrikian a candidate in the current campaign for the presidency of Armenia Was shot in unclear circumstances late Thursday evening in Tpagrichner street, downtown Yerevan. The wound was not fatal and it is reported that he was shot in the shoulder.

Doctors at Yerevan’s Surp Grigor Lusavorich hospital said a gunshot wound sustained by him is

not life-threatening. “He suffered a gunshot injury to the right side of his rib cage,” said Gagik Manukian, a deputy director of the hospital. “It’s a skin injury and his lungs were not damaged. The patient’s condition is of medium gravity and he remains conscious.”

“There is no need for surgery for now,” added Manukian.

The shooting occurred at the entrance to an apartment block in the city center where Hayrikian lives with his family. According to his relatives, the veteran politician was returning home from the offices of his National Self-Determination Union (AIM) party. They said he had never heard of any death or violence threats addressed to Hayrikian. The Armenian police chief, Vladimir Gasparian said that an unknown gunman apparently fired two gunshots and one of them hit Hayrikian in the shoulder. He said the police will conduct a “meticulous” investigation to identify the shooter and his motives. “Doctors assured me that his life is not in danger,” Gasparian told journalists in the hospital. “Thank God, I personally spoke to Hayrikian.” A number of other politicians and senior government officials also visited Hayrikian at the hospital overnight. Among them were Prime Minister Tigran Sarkisian, parliament speaker Hovik Abrahamian as well as two major opposition presidential candidates, Raffi Hovannisian and Hrant Bagratian. Both Sarkisian and Abrahamian condemned the shooting as a blow to the Armenian government. “This crime is directed against our people and our state,” Abrahamian told reporters. “It’s a political crime and everything must be done to solve it.” Representatives of the Hayrikian campaign were also angered by what they described as an assassination attempt connected with Hayrikian’s participation in the presidential campaign. The shooting called into question the planned conduct of the forthcoming ballot in which President Serzh Sarkisian is seeking a second term in office. Under the Armenian constitution, a presidential election must be postponed by at least two weeks if one of the candidates faces “insurmountable obstacles.”

15

COVER PAGE

Karen Avetovich Ter-Martirosyan, who died on 19 November 2005, was an outstanding theoretician.

He spent most of his scientific career at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) in

Moscow, where during five decades, he made remarkable contributions to our understanding of high-energy

physics phenomena. He also created new trends in the theory of strong interactions, and founded the

Elementary Particle Physics chair of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the Laboratory of

Hadron Physics at ITEP.

Born in Tbilisi in armenian family, Karen graduated from Tbilisi State University in 1943 and, after two

years of teaching physics at the Tbilisi Railroad Institute, started postgraduate studies at the Leningrad

Physico-Technical Institute (now the A F Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St Petersburg). He completed his

candidate's (PhD) thesis under the supervision of Yakov Frenkel and in 1949 accepted a position in the Theory

Division, where he met Lev Landau. Their very active working relationship continued in Moscow, when

Karen moved in 1955 to join the Theory Division of ITEP led by Isaak Pomeranchuk. Two years later Karen

received the Doctor of Science (professor's) degree in theoretical physics.

In his scientific work, Karen frequently selected problems that others had not worked on and gave

correct, straightforward and useful solutions. He attacked each problem in his own way, which soon became

the standard way.

In 1952 he created a theory of the Coulomb excitation of atomic nuclei, which led to the discovery of

nonsphericity in certain heavy nuclei. In 1968, ha was awarded a State Prize for this study. Soon after, in

1952-54, he solved the quantum-mechanical three-body problem with a point-like interaction; the

Skornyakov-Ter- Martirosyan equation was later generalized by L Faddeev and became a major tool in

nuclear and atomic physics. In quantum field theory he formulated, together with I Dyatlov and V Sudakov,

the method of parquet equations for summing planar diagrams. This method, which seemed to be of a purely

academuc interest in 1957, subsequently found wide applications in analyzing the scalar sector of electroweak

theory.

Karen invested a tremendous amount of effort in the theory of high-energy hadron interactions. In the

1960s, together with Vladimir Gribov and Pomeranchuk, he developed the theory of branch points in the

complex angular-momentum plane. He also discovered processes with multi-reggeon kinematics and set down

the theoretical description of rising cross-sections. Together with A Migdal and A Polyakov he developed a

theory of critical and supercritical pomerons. In these investigations of high-energy interactions, a profound

theoretical understanding comes together with the analysis of the bulk of experimental data from the new big

accelerators, including the rise of total cross-sections. For self-consistency, theory had to comprise multi

particle processes as well, and Karen created a theory of the hadron multiplicity distribution at high energy.

In the 1980s Karen developed a model of quark-gluon string production and fragmentation, which became the basis for a realistic theory of particle production in hadron-hadron and hadron-nuclear collisions. It provided a high-precision description of all available experimental hadron-inclusive spectra and to this day remains the valid phenomenological theory of hadron interactions at high energy, naturally incorporating ideas in QCD.

Karen received his most recent honour in 1999 with the award of the Pomeranchuk Prize, and in 2000 he

was elected a corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences. B-meson physics and Standard Model

extensions were a recent major focus of his interest, and his last talk at the ITEP seminar, in 2005, concerned

neutrino physics.

A gifted teacher, Karen loved teaching and his students, to whom he was available no matter how busy he

was, loved him. Karen and M Voloshin co-authored the textbook Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle

Interactions, which remains a delight and inspiration to students and established theorists alike.

Never short on new insights, Karen did much to launch international contacts for Soviet physics. It was on

his initiative that the ITEP Theory Division began collaborations with Oxford and Orsay, and in the 1960s he

organized famous International Schools in Nor-Hamberd and Yerevan in Armenia.

Karen remained active and surrounded by talented young physicists until his last days. Perhaps his most

lasting legacy will be in the many scientists who struggled to meet his exacting standards and who now

populate elite research centres worldwide.

16

U.S. Ambassador John Heffern: Proper Conduct of Armenian Presidential Vote ‘Very Important’

YEREVAN -- The United States expects Armenia’s upcoming presidential election to be more democratic than the legislative polls held in May last year, U.S. Ambassador John Heffern said on Wednesday.

“Our hope is that these elections will become the new benchmark for [Armenian] elections in the future,” he told a news conference in Yerevan.

Heffern noted “improvements” that were reported by observers from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe during the May 2012 elections. But he said those polls were also marred by “serious problems” and, in particular, “credible” reports of vote buying and use of administrative resources.

“What the international community is looking for and hoping for -- and the [Armenian] president has committed to -- is improved elections over May, specifically in those two areas,” he said in reference to the February 18 presidential ballot.

The outgoing U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave a largely positive assessment of the Armenian parliamentary vote when she visited Yerevan in July. Clinton urged the Armenian government to “ensure that the next election is even better.”

President Serzh Sarkisian has since repeatedly promised that the 2013 ballot, in which he is seeking reelection, will be the most democratic in the country’s history. His political opponents dismiss these assurances, however.

Heffern said that the proper conduct of Armenian elections is “very important” to Washington and that he “talked a lot” about the matter during his recent meetings in the U.S. with representatives of the Armenian-American community.

The envoy stressed that Armenia’s democratization is a key U.S. policy goal in the region. He said Washington is trying to achieve it by promoting political and economic reforms in the country, assisting in its regional integration and “keeping Armenia focused on the West.”

“No country can be totally dependent on one border and one partner,” added Heffern. “All countries need options and that’s what we are trying to do: to help Armenia develop options so it can pick and choose what kind of partnership and cooperation it wants with other countries.”

Protest Against Anti-Armenian Crimes in Samatya

Turkish Human Rights Organization Calls

Attacks are of Racist Nature

ISTANBUL -- Residents, civil society groups and political party representatives gathered in the central square of Istanbul's Samatya neighborhood on Sunday to protest a number of attacks committed against elderly Armenian women in their homes over the past few months, one of which resulted in a death, with police failing to capture the assailants.

Organized by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and Turkey’s main Armenian organization, the march saw Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) deputies Ertugrul Kürkçü, Sabahat Tuncel and Sirri Süreyya Önder, former chair of the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) Ufuk Uras and Hrant Dink’s brother Orhan Dink participate.

“Don't touch my neighbor” and “I will not let you hurt my brothers and sisters” read some of the signs held by the protesters. The march drew support from members of Istanbul’s other minority communities, including Syriacs, Kurds and religious conservatives

The crowd also lay carnations in front of the apartment building of one of the victims, presumably that of Maritsa Küçük, who was brutally murdered in her apartment.

All the speakers condemned the police department and accused it of covering up the reality behind the attacks.

17

Five women were attacked in the past two months. Police say there is no ethnic targeting, claiming that only three of the women attacked were Armenian. But civil society groups insist that the events were no ordinary cases of robbery, as nothing valuable was taken from the houses of the attacked women. There were also claims that the attacks could have been perpetrated by construction mafia seeking to prevent elderly homeowners from holding up new constructions in the region.

However, the message in Sunday's march was clear, with most protesters saying they did not buy the police's interpretation of the events.

On Saturday, a group of 30 members of the Freedom and Democracy Party (ÖDP) protested the attacks in front of the Kocamustafapasa Train Station. ÖDP Istanbul provincial branch secretary Çiçek Çatalkaya in a speech she made here referred to the attacks as “racist and fascist,” and asserted that these were not isolated incidents. “We know that these attacks are not related to profit seekers from urban renewal projects. We know this because the blood that was shed on this land 100 years ago has still not dried,” Çatalkaya said, in reference to the 1915 massacre of Armenians in Turkey's Southeast.

The first attack in the past few months was on Nov. 1, 2012. A woman named Gönül A. was beaten by an intruder, and her valuables were stolen. On Nov. 28, Tuivat A. (87) was attacked inside her house. She lost one eye in the attack and her valuables were also taken. On Dec. 28, Maritsa Küçük (85) was brutally murdered in her house, where she lived alone. In the fifth attack, Sultan Aykar (80) was stabbed as she entered her house.

Turkish Human Rights Organization

Turkish Human Rights Organization (IHD) has published a report about the attacks on ethnic Armenians in Istanbul’ s Samatya district.

According to Istanbul-based Armenian-Turkish newspaper Agos, the report stresses that the attacks are of racist nature and demanded that police intensify its activity.

“The victims of the attacks are alike – they are old women of Armenian descent. It is obvious that the aim of the attack is not robbery. Old and weak women who may easily be “unarmed” beaten and subjected to violation,” the head of the organization Meral Cildir said.

One of the reporters present at the news conference said on the day of the attack on Sultan Aikar the local Greek church was stoned.

Cildir noted that as long as the word “Armenian” is used as a swearword in Turkey, the assaults against the country’s Armenians will continue.

The Istanbul-Armenian community keeps remaining concerned over the continuing violence against Armenians in the Samatya district.

Heydar Aliyev Statue Removed from

Mexico City Central Park

MEXICO CITY -- Statue of Azerbaijan’s ex-president Heydar Aliyev that has been erected along a main boulevard of the Mexican capital has been removed from the place in thAbout 400 riot police cordoned off the vicinity of Friendship Park on Paseo de la Reforma, Noticieros Televisa reported.

The place where the bronze statue will be permanently relocated is still unknown.

The monument was placed in a park the center of Mexico City last summer. Azerbaijani side reportedly spent about five millions for renovation of the park.

Earlier mayor of Mexico City Miguel Angel Mancera stated that the municipality would cover the removal expenses. The official cause of the

removal the city authorities say is the violation of construction norms. Mexico City’s municipality had set up a commission to consider the issue of removing the monument which

aroused indignation of capital’s residents. The Commission recommended the government to transfer the monument to another place. In response Azerbaijan

warned to stop investments in Mexico. On January 22 the municipality announced it would relocate the monument. They also decided to change the text on the plaque of the Khojalu memorial removing the word “genocide.”

18

Archbishop Nourhan Manoogian Elected New Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem

JERUSALEM -- The Grand Sacristan of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Archbishop Nourhan Manoogian has been elected the 97th Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem on Thursday. Archbishop Nourhan Manoogian received 17 votes. Acting Patriarch Archbishop Aris Shirvanian received 15 votes.

The patriarchal elections were held in two rounds. The first stage of the patriarchal elections launched in the hall of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem on January 23. Solely celibate members of the convent could partake in the patriarchal elections. Five candidates were chosen in the first stage of the elections by secret polling.

Archbishop Nurhan Manougian was born in Aleppo, Syria in 1948 and ordained in Jerusalem in 1971. His election must be approved by Israel and the Jordanian king.

In accordance with the Statute of the Jerusalem Convent (1882) 35 year old archimandrites and bishops can become patriarchal candidates. On January 25 an assembly dedicated to the issue of legislative reforms will be convoked in the patriarchate. The former patriarcha Rev. Archbishop Torkom Manougian had passed away at the age of 93 aftrer long illness.

Armenia, Azerbaijan Discuss Karabakh Flights With Mediators

PARIS (RFE/RL) -- The foreign ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan discussed Armenian plans to launch commercial flights to Nagorno-Karabakh when they met in the presence of international mediators in Paris on Monday.

A statement issued by the U.S., Russian and French co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group said “issues pertaining to civilian flights to and from the airport in Nagorno-Karabakh” were on the agenda of the talks aimed at breaking the deadlock in the Karabakh peace process. It did not give details of that discussion or report any agreements on the matter reached by Foreign Ministers Edward Nalbandian and Elmar Mammadyarov.

The Trend news agency quoted an Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry spokesman as saying that Mammadyarov reaffirmed official Baku’s position that any flight service between Armenia and Karabakh would be illegal until the end of “the occupation of Azerbaijani territories.”

The Armenian Foreign Ministry did not immediately comment on the Paris talks.

Earlier this month, Azerbaijan formally authorized its air force to shoot down any aircraft flying above Karabakh without Baku’s permission if there is “no precise information about civilian passengers on board.” Azerbaijani warplanes will have to force them to land at an Azerbaijani airport if they are known to transport civilians, according to that decision.

The Armenian side dismissed the fresh Azerbaijani threats, with Defense Minister Seyran Ohanian saying that his forces “will ensure the safety of planned flights by civilian aircraft.” A spokesman for the Karabakh Armenian leadership, for his part, warned that an attack on Armenian planes would be an act of war.

Not surprisingly, the international community has repeatedly expressed concern over the flight dispute, urging the conflicting parties to seek a “diplomatic solution.” The Minsk Group co-chairs said on Monday that they reminded Nalbandian and Mammadyarov of their earlier statements on the issue.

The mediators said in July that they “received renewed assurances from the sides that they will reject any threat or use of force against civil aircraft, pursue the matter through diplomatic steps, and refrain from politicizing the issue.”

The troika’s latest statement says that the Paris talks also touched upon an unpublicized “working proposal to advance the peace process” that was submitted to the parties last October. “The Foreign Ministers reiterated their support for a peaceful settlement and their determination to continue negotiations,” it adds. “The Ministers and the Co-Chairs agreed to a further discussion of the peace process in the coming weeks.”

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Armenian Jerusalem Symposium at Fresno State

FRESNO -- “Armenian Jerusalem: Past and Present” Topic of Armenian Studies Program Symposium, February 8, at Fresno State

A symposium, “Armenian Jerusalem: Past and Present,” organized by the Armenian Studies Program at Fresno State, in cooperation with Save the ArQ, will be held at 7:30 PM on Friday, February 8, 2013. The symposium will be held in the University Business Center, Alice Peters Auditorium, Room 191, on the Fresno State campus and is part of the Armenian Studies Program Spring 2013 Lecture Series. A hors d’oeuvres reception will be held from 6:30-7:30PM in the gallery next to the Auditorium. The lecture is funded in part by the Leon S. Peters Foundation.

Save the ArQ is a 501(c)3 organization dedicated to preserving the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem. The non-profit organization aims to create awareness of the significant religious, cultural, and historical presence of Armenians in Jerusalem and to encourage the revitalization of the Armenian Quarter in the Old City. The Armenian Quarter encompasses 1/6 of the Old City which the Armenians have inhabited since the 4th century.

Four papers will present various facets on the Holy City of Jerusalem, a place of great significance in Armenian history. Each of the papers focuses on an interesting aspect of the city, and the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem.

Tamar Boyadjian (UCLA) will present a paper on “Lament for the City: Jerusalem and the Armenians in the Medieval Period.” Her talk will discuss the relationship between the Armenians and the city of Jerusalem in the Middle Ages, focusing primarily on the period most commonly referred to as the early crusades, 1095-1191 A.D. Among the questions she will explore are: What was the Armenian presence in crusader Jerusalem, and what were the attitudes of the Armenians towards the European crusaders? What role did the Armenians of Jerusalem and surrounding principalities play in the crusades?

Barlow Der Mugrdechian (California State University, Fresno) will present a paper on “Armenian Jerusalem Through the Eyes of a Pilgrim.” His paper will be based on his personal experiences as a traveler to Jerusalem, since 1985. Why has Jerusalem occupied such an important space in the consciousness of Armenians? What has continued to attract Armenian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem?

Sergio La Porta (California State University, Fresno) will present “Negotiating the Sacred and the Secular: The Armenian Heritage in Jerusalem.” The Armenian presence in Jerusalem stretches back over hundreds of years. While much of the connection between Armenians and Jerusalem has been and continues to be religious in nature, and more specifically related to pilgrimage, there has also been a strong and significant secular dimension to Armenians in Jerusalem. His talk will highlight how the sacred and secular coexist in this unique environment.

Bedross Der Matossian (University of Nebraska-Lincoln) will present “Jerusalem in a Critical Period: Challenges Facing the New Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem.” The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem is one of the most important spiritual, cultural, and national centers for the Armenians around the globe and has faced enormous challenges in the course of its more than 1700 year history and has been able to overcome many types of adversities. However, the challenges in the 21st century have taken a new shape. The talk will identify the challenges facing the Patriarchate, the newly elected Armenian Patriarch, and the community, and will suggest pragmatic remedies to political, religious, social, and economic challenges and discuss the ways in which the Diaspora can bring its share in assisting the Patriarchate and the community.

The lecture is free and open to the public. For more information on the lecture please contact the Armenian Studies Program at 278-2669.

Armenia Fund Continues to Support

Syrian-Armenian Community

YEREVAN -- Hayastan All-Armenia Fund continues to provide vital assistance to the Syrian- Armenian community, which has suffered considerable losses since the start of the Syrian civil war.

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The fund launched its aid program for Syrian-Armenians in August 2012, by establishing special bank accounts through which donors worldwide can make contributions in support of the struggling community.

To date, with donations made through these bank accounts, the fund has underwritten the Aleppo- Yerevan-Aleppo air travels of Syrian-Armenians who seek refuge in Armenia, and carried out much needed medical and educational projects. Through the latter two types of initiatives, which were proposed by Armenia’s Ministry of Diaspora, the fund has sponsored emergency surgeries for two Syrian-Armenians, and continues to cover the annual tuitions of 69 Syrian-Armenian students who currently attend various colleges and universities in the homeland.

The following is the list of these institutions and their respective numbers of Syrian-Armenian students with scholarships from the Hayastan All-Armenia Fund:

1. State Engineering University of Armenia - 11 students 2. Yerevan State University - 16 students 3. Mkhitar Heratsi Yerevan State Medical University - nine students 4. Yerevan Mashtots University - one student 5. Yerevan State University of Architecture and Construction - 13 students 6. Armenian State University of Economics - one student 7. Khachatur Abovyan Armenian State Pedagogical University - two students 8. Yerevan State Humanitarian College - one student 9. European Regional Educational Academy - three students 10. Scientific Center of the National Academy of Sciences - two students 11. National Academy of Fine Arts - two students 12. French University in Armenia Foundation - one student 13. Komitas Yerevan State Conservatory - six students

14. Yerevan State Academy of Fine Arts - one student

Armenia up in World Press Freedom Index

PARIS -- Armenia has gone three positions up and currently ranks 74th in the 2013 World Press Freedom Index published by a French-based watchdog.

In the report of the Reporters Without Borders nongovernmental organization Armenia is grouped with Moldova (55), Kyrgyzstan (106) and Georgia (100) as it says despite differences position-wise, these countries have certain features in common. (A total of 179 countries were included in the index.)

“These countries enjoy broad media pluralism and a low level of state censorship, but they still face important challenges concerning media independence and the working environment of jounrlists. The latter are often in the firing line in highly polarized societies and treated as easy prey by a variety of pressure groups,” says the report. The report suggests Armenia has the best press freedom index in the region, while Azerbaijan ranks 156th, Turkey - 154th and Iran - 174th.

Georgian-Armenian Activist Vahagn Chakhalyan Released from Jail

Georgian- Armenian activist, leader of the United Javakhk Democratic Alliance Vahagn Chakhalyan has been released from prison after a Georgian court reconsidered his case.

Chakhalyan was arrested by Georgian authorities in July 2008. He was sentenced to ten years in prison under several counts of the Georgian penal code, including possession of arms, participation in disorders, organization of public disturbance, showing resistance to police and hooliganism. But the Armenian and his supporters have insisted all along that his imprisonment is politically motivated and is retribution for his activities. The activist’s release that has been hailed in Armenia comes on the heels of a visit by Georgian Prime Minister Bidzini Ivanishvili to Yerevan.

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Statement on Armenian Genocide

Monument in Pasadena

PASADENA -- History shows that the first Armenians to settle in Pasadena in 1889 were the Pashigian Brothers. One of these business minded brothers even became the Grand Marshall of the Rose Parade in 1915.

Later, in the aftermath of the 1915 Armenian Genocide, perpetrated upon our people in Western Armenia by the Ottoman Turks, more Armenians started to immigrate to the United States and settle in Pasadena.

Armenians never forgot the horrors of the Genocide and to commemorate its centennial anniversary, a community coalition was formed which included representatives from the Armenian political parties and cultural organizations.

The Armenian Community Coalition, to immortalize the memory of the Genocide victims, came up with the idea of building a memorial in Victory Park. This idea was widely accepted by the people and Pasadena Mayor Bill Bogaard. Design samples submitted by artists were on display in Victory Park at the Armenian Community Coalition’s Armenian Identity Festival in July of 2011.

Hence, a special committee was formed headed by retired judge Dikran Tevrizian, to properly pursue this important project. This committee included all the active organizations in the Armenian Community. As a first step, an ad was placed in the newspapers for design proposals, according to work order number 17.

Unfortunately, cooperation lacked in the committee and as a result, Chairman Dikran Tevrizian resigned. This was a great loss, after which, mistrust caused the remaining organizations to withdraw from the committee, including the Armenian Community Coalition.

Consulting with the City Council, The Armenian Community Coalition negates all the decisions taken with regards to the Memorial design during the meeting on November 2, 2011.

Accordingly, those who have specific designs with regards to the Memorial are asked to submit them by February 28, 2013 to the Armenian Community Coalition office at the following address:

2390 Cooley Place Pasadena, CA 91104 (626) 399-1799 Paccoalition@gmail.com We invite all the organizations to take part in this noble project and help us erect said Memorial

in time for the centennial anniversary. Please be aware that there might be individuals who could work against us.

We thank you in advance for all of your efforts and willingness to participate in a constructive manner.

Armenian Community Coalition of Pasadena

Gulbenkian Foundation Appoints New Director of the Armenian Communities Department

LISBON -- The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation announced the appointment of Dr. Razmik Panossian as the new Director of the Armenian Communities Department in Lisbon. He will assume the post on 1 February 2013.

Panossian holds a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics and Political Science, where he also taught. He has published widely on Armenian-related issues, including a critically acclaimed book on Armenian national identity. He has extensive experience in senior management, including the administration of multi-million dollar programmes, as well as the allocation and distribution of international development grants. For many years he served as the Director of Policy, Programmes and Planning at a Canadian governmental organisation based in Montreal. He has worked for the United Nations Development Programme. He is fluent in English, French and Armenian.

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“I am both thrilled and humbled by this appointment,” said Panossian. “This is one of the most important positions in the Armenian diaspora. I am looking forward to continuing the work of my predecessors and further strengthening and expanding the activities of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in a focused and systematic manner within Armenian communities around the world.”

Martin Essayan, the Trustee responsible for the Armenian Communities Department, and great grandson of Foundation founder Calouste Gulbenkian, said: “I am delighted that Dr. Panossian will be the new Director of the Armenian Communities Department. He comes with outstanding credentials for this role and brings the international, integrative perspective we need. The appointment followed a global search during which we were able to consider many excellent candidates.”

The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation is one of the top ten Foundations in Europe and one of the largest in the world with assets of €3 billion and annual spend of around €100 million. It operates in four areas defined in its statutes: Arts, Education, Science, and Social Welfare. It was founded by Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian, an Armenian businessman and art collector who became a British citizen, conducted much of his work in Britain and France, and finally settled in Portugal. The Foundation was established in Portugal in 1956, a year after his death.

The Armenian Communities Department dates back to the creation of the Foundation and was set up by the founder’s son-in-law Kevork Essayan. Since then the trustee in charge has always been a member of the founder’s family. The mission of the department is: “to create a viable future for the Armenian people in which their culture and language are preserved and valued”. Its work is inspired by the example of the founder who never forgot his Armenian roots but sought to engage with non Armenians and to bring different groups together.

ANI Annouced the Release of :

Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts:

WASHINGTON, DC -- As part of its ongoing program to promote teaching of genocide and human rights and the lessons of the Armenian Genocide, the Armenian National Institute (ANI) announced the release by Routledge publishers of the fourth edition of Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, by Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons, the genocide and human rights studies textbook widely used in college and high school courses. The fourth edition of Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts addresses examples of genocides perpetrated in the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. Each chapter of the book is written by a recognized expert in the field.

The chapter on the Armenian Genocide, which has appeared since the first edition of the publication, previously issued under the title Century of Genocide, is authored by ANI Director Dr. Rouben Adalian. For this new and expanded edition, the chapter was updated to reflect the growing scholarship on the subject.

The book is framed by an introductory essay that spells out definitional issues. To help readers learn about the similarities and differences among the various cases, each case is structured around specific leading questions. In every chapter authors address: Who

committed the genocide? How was the genocide committed? Why was the genocide committed? Who were the victims? What were the outstanding historical forces? What was the long-range impact? What were the responses? How do scholars interpret this genocide? How does learning about this genocide contribute to the field of study?

Dr. Maureen Hiebert from the University of Calgary, who specializes in genocide, government, politics, and international law, described the publication as: "A welcome new edition to an already influential series, Centuries of Genocide adds new cases spanning the nineteenth to the twenty-first century and the four corners of the globe. Each chapter offers up-to-date research and analysis by some of the leading scholars in the field on the causes, processes, and aftermath of genocide, along with searing first- person eyewitness accounts that starkly illustrate the human experience, and tragic cost, of genocidal violence."

Dr. Ervin Staub of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and author of Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict and Terrorism and The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence, comments: "In this deeply humane book, fired by the passion of the editors and authors to understand the roots of genocides so that we can prevent this scourge of humanity, eminent experts give

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up-to-date accounts of 15 genocides. The scholarship of the authors is outstanding, the chapters in the book highly readable and compelling. While most of the chapters are about genocides in the 20th century, the book now contains chapters about genocides in the 19th century and the first genocide in the 21st Century. The personal accounts included truly reach the heart."

Co-editor of Centuries of Genocide William S. Parsons, who is Chief of Staff for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, has devoted 30 years of his career to Holocaust education. In 1991, Parsons was invited to join the Museum's Education Committee to share his innovative ideas for teaching about prejudice and racism. He is also the co-author of the teachers' guide Facing History and Ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior.

Dr. Samuel Totten, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Professor of Curriculum and Instruction, has written extensively on teaching, preventing, intervening and documenting genocide. He is the author of Teaching About Genocide, Dictionary of Genocide, co-editor with Steven Jacobs of Pioneers of Genocide Studies, which included a contribution by Adalian, and was an associate editor with Adalian, Jacobs, and Eric Markusen of the Encyclopedia of Genocide under the chief editorship of Israel W Charny, Executive Director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem. Totten is also the co-founding editor of Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal published by the University of Toronto Press and the Zoryan Institute. During the summer of 2004, Totten served as one of the 24 investigators with the U.S. State Department's Atrocities Documentation Project, interviewing black African refugees along the Chad/Sudan border in order to collect data for the express purpose of ascertaining whether genocide had been perpetrated in Darfur.

Centuries of Genocide includes the following chapters: Introduction by Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons; The Genocide of California's Yana Indians by Ben Madley; Genocide in Australia by Colin Tatz; The Genocide of the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa, 1904-1907 by Dominik Schaller; The Armenian Genocide by Rouben Adalian; Soviet Man-made Famine in Ukraine by James E. Mace; The Holocaust: Jews, Gypsies, and the Handicapped by Donald L. Niewyk; Genocide in Bangladesh by Rounaq Jahan; Genocide in East Timor by James Dunn; The Cambodian Genocide, 1975-1979 by Ben Kiernan; Guatemala: Acts of Genocide and Scorched-Earth Counterinsurgency War by Susanne Jonas; The Anfal Operations in Iraqi Kurdistan by Michiel Leezenberg; The Nuba Mountains, Sudan by Alex De Waal; The 1994 Genocide of the Tutsi of Rwanda by Gerry Caplan; Genocidal Violence in the Former Yugoslavia: Bosnia Herzegovina by Martin Mennecke; and Genocide in Darfur, Sudan by Samuel T otten. As part of its continuing service to educators and to coincide with the release of Centuries of Genocide, ANI has expanded its Resource Guide and other sections of the Education component of the ANI website. Dozens of resources selected for their instructional value are listed for the benefit of students and teachers. Educators interested in teaching about the role of American humanitarianism and involvement in responding to the Armenian crisis can also benefit from the recently issued fact sheet summarizing The United States Record on the Armenian Genocide: A Proud Chapter in American History, prepared by the Armenian Assembly of America.

Turkey Should be Kept in the Dark On Armenian Genocide Centennial Plans

By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier

It is no secret that Armenian communities around the world are busy planning scores of projects for the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide on April 24, 2015.

It is also no secret that the Turkish government and its agents are closely monitoring all announced Armenian plans, so Ankara could prepare its counter-moves to the anticipated Armenian "Tsunami."

By publicizing their plans more than two years before the centennial, Armenians would be providing Turkish denialists valuable intelligence and sufficient lead-time to figure out how best to disrupt Armenian commemorative activities.

Armenians must realize that succeeding Turkish governments have had a long history of genocide denial. In fact, the crime of genocide and its cover up were designed simultaneously almost a century ago by the Young Turk regime. Furthermore, As a powerful state, Turkey is eager and willing to use its considerable resources to counter Armenian political initiatives around the globe. Ankara routinely pressures, threatens, and even blackmails all individuals, organizations, and states that acknowledge the facts of the Armenian Genocide.

A small example of such ominous developments occurred recently when a production team announced plans to make a major movie on the Armenian Genocide, based on Micheline Aharonian Marcom’s novel, "Three Apples Fell from Heaven." Sona Tatoyan, the film’s producer, gave an interview to a Turkish newspaper while visiting Istanbul last month, probably unaware that the Turkish media is notorious for distorting Armenian Genocide related topics. Ms. Tatoyan was fortunate that she was interviewed by Radikal, one of Turkey’s more reputable newspapers, known for its liberal views on the Armenian Genocide. Even then, there were some minor distortions in Radikal’s report. What made matters worse was the translation of the Tatoyan interview into English by a little known website called Al-Monitor, seriously distorting her views.

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For example, Ms. Tatoyan’s statement to Radikal, that the bones of genocide victims were protruding from the sands of the Syrian desert in Der Zor and Ras al-Ayn, was misrepresented by Al-Monitor as: "We were crushing skulls and tossing bones." Worse yet, Al-Monitor falsely quoted Ms. Tatoyan stating: "They [Armenians] should forget the genocide." In reality, she had said: "Making peace with Anatolia, with Turks, does not mean forgetting the genocide or condoning the politics of denial in Turkey."

Ms. Tatoyan was naturally upset by the distortions of her deeply held convictions on the Armenian Genocide. In a subsequent interview with Asbarez newspaper, she categorically denied having ever told Armenians to forget the genocide. "I have not made such a statement. How could I have? How could I have said anything like that in an interview about a film on the Armenian Genocide I am helping create?"

Since Al-Monitor’s article was in English, most non-Turkish speakers read the distorted version of Ms. Tatoyan’s interview, which was widely disseminated on the internet. Many readers were terribly disappointed by what they thought were her views on the Armenian Genocide. This is a serious blow to her efforts because making a major movie is a costly undertaking that requires a huge investment. When potential financial supporters are turned off, it could have a devastating impact on the future of her project.

However, Ms. Tatoyan remains deeply committed to her film. She realizes that "during the production of the film, there will be constant attempts to distract us, to take our attention away from our goal of producing a great historical epic film on the Armenian Genocide. The best way to counter such attempts is to stay focused on the film and produce it for the world to see. The film speaks for itself," she told Asbarez.

It is unclear if the distortions of Ms. Tatoyan’s interview resulted from poor translation or intentionally done to undermine a major movie on the Armenian Genocide. Nevertheless, between now and April 24, 2015, Armenians could encounter a multitude of sinister Turkish schemes to quash Armenian initiatives aiming to demand justice from Turkey.

Armenians should be alert and circumspect in publicizing their plans for the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. Very few details should be disclosed to the public during the planning stages of special events and projects. The Turkish government should be prevented from learning about planned Armenian activities as much as possible in order to deny Ankara advance knowledge and time to counter and undermine Armenian righteous demands on the centennial of one of the 20th century’s most heinous crimes against humanity!

Preventing the Coming U.S. Disaster in the Caucasus

David Boyajian, Belmont, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

The United States is risking a disastrous renewal of war in the Caucasus between Armenians and Azeris over the breakaway Armenian-populated Republic of Mountainous Karabagh (RMK, or Artsakh in ancient Armenian).

A new war between Azerbaijan and RMK (with its ally, Armenia) would undoubtedly destroy much of Azerbaijan’s energy industry. This includes key Azeri oil and gas pipelines which lie just a few miles north of RMK and snake through Georgia and Turkey.

Azerbaijan’s economy and corrupt government are massively dependent on oil and gas revenue and would be in deep trouble. The already conflict-ridden Caucasus -- recall the Abkhazia stalemate and 2008’s Russian- Georgian war over South Ossetia – would be hopelessly destabilized. U.S. policy, in particular, would lie in tatters.

Not surprisingly, Western energy giants such as BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, and Total (France) own huge stakes in Azerbaijan’s energy infrastructure.

As expected, the conflict’s mediators -- the U.S., Europe, and Russia -- have an insatiable greed for Azerbaijan’s substantial oil and gas deposits. Yet had they, especially the U.S., formally recognized RMK’s independence from Azerbaijan, the conflict would have been resolved years ago. Such recognition remains the only practical and just solution.

Azerbaijan would be unhappy, yes, but would continue to sell most of its oil and gas to the West. Azeris will never sell only to Russia. That would bind them too tightly to their former overlord.

Azeri Violence

The conflict in Mountainous Karabagh broke out in the late 1980’s just after its Armenian majority, long abused by Azerbaijan, peacefully declared its desire for union with Armenia.

Azerbaijan replied with murderous attacks against Karabagh civilians. Mobs hunted down and killed Armenians in the Azeri cities of Sumgait and Ganja. After the USSR dissolved in 1991, RMK held a referendum boycotted by Azeris. It voted for independence. Azerbaijan’s response was full-scale war.

Even with help from Turkish military officers and paramilitaries, and Afghan Mujahedin, Azerbaijan lost the war. A ceasefire was declared in 1994. Yet almost daily Azerbaijan threatens a new war and snipes across the contact line.

Pumped up with billions in oil and gas revenue, Azerbaijan’s $3 billion military budget dwarfs Armenia’s entire national budget. But Armenian troops are universally acknowledged to be better trained and to possess much greater esprit de corps because they are defending their ancient lands.

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But the U.S., Europe, and Russia might be coming to their senses. A few years ago, they proposed that RMK’s 100,000 mostly Armenian citizens decide its formal status in a referendum. In return, Armenians would hand over vast tracts of territory to Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan rejected this compromise. It insisted, unreasonably, that its entire population of nearly 10,000,000 must participate in such a referendum so as to outvote RMK’s 100,000 people.

How solid is RMK’s case for independence? Very.

RMK’s Best Case

On every measure – history, demographics, and sheer decency - RMK has as good a case as other nations, such as South Sudan, East Timor, and the republics and regions of the former Yugoslavia, that have recently been freed from their overlords.

During pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet times, Azeris have persecuted and murdered Mountainous Karabagh’s Christian Armenians.

Since 1994, RMK has been a functioning, democratic, de facto independent state.

Ancient Greek and Roman historians -- Strabo, Pliny the Elder, and others -- testify that Artsakh/Mountainous Karabagh was part of Armenia since before the time of Christ, and has always had an Armenian majority.

Only a thousand years later did Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes from Central Asia begin dribbling into the Caucasus. At no time, however, did they or Muslims constitute more than a fraction in Mountainous Karabagh itself. An 1823 Russian survey reported it to be 97% Armenian.

From 1918-20, Azeris – in a pan-Turkic alliance with Turkey – attacked and massacred thousands of Armenians in and around Karabagh. Shortly thereafter, Russian Bolsheviks -- allied with Kemalist Turkey at that time -- Sovietized the Caucasus.

Lt. Col. John C. Plowden, a British military representative in the Caucasus, reported in 1919 that Mountainous Karabagh is “the cradle of their [Armenians’] race ... Armenian in every particular and the strongest part of Armenia, both financially, militarily and socially.”

But in 1921, Stalin, the Soviet Commissar for Nationalities, gifted Mountainous Karabagh to Azerbaijan, probably to curry favor with Turkey. Karabagh was thereby artificially and physically severed from Armenia, mere miles to the west.

Azerbaijan deliberately neglected not only Karabagh’s economy and roads, but also its communication and transport links with Armenia. Law enforcement positions were filled with Azeris, even though they were a minority. Armenians protested to Moscow in vain.

An Azeri policy of depopulation caused 30% of Karabagh’s Armenian villages to disappear between 1926 and

1980.

Azeris were also brought in to shift the demographics. Moutainous Karabagh’s Armenian population dropped to 94% in 1921, 89% in 1926, 80% in 1970, and 76% in 1989.

Were RMK to fall under Azeri control again, it would inevitably suffer the same fate as Nakhichevan, another Armenian province that Stalin gifted to Azeris.

Nakhichevan Emptied Under Azeri rule over the past decades, Nakhichevan has been totally emptied of its Armenians.

One Azeri official has actually declared that "Armenians have never lived in Nakhichevan.” Since the existence of Armenian buildings, churches, and monuments disprove such absurd claims, Azeris have undertaken to deface or level them in Nakhichevan and elsewhere.

In 2005, for example, Azerbaijani servicemen used sledgehammers and machinery to completely destroy thousands of ancient Armenian Khachkars (intricately carved stone crosses) in a cemetery in the city of Julfa. The Azeris were caught in the act from across the border. The astonishing video is on the Web.

The destruction has been compared to the Taliban’s dynamiting of ancient Buddhist statues in Afghanistan. Azerbaijan has banned foreign observers and ambassadors from the site. Due to their falsifying others’ history and culture, we are compelled, sadly, to examine Azeris’ own roots.

The Invention of Azerbaijan

Most people are unaware that “Azerbaijan” was created as a country -- out of thin air -- in 1918, just after Russia’s Bolshevik Revolution.

The region’s Muslims had never been known as “Azeri,” an ethnicity that had never existed. Rather, they called themselves Turks, Tartars, or simply Muslims. Large numbers of Armenians, Georgians, and others also inhabited that same territory.

Prior to 1918, “Azarbayjan” referred merely to two provinces -- not a country -- in northwestern Persia (Iran). These were always located strictly to the south, below the Arax River, of the artificially-created Azerbaijan of 1918.

The so-called Azeris speak a Turkic language. But the word Azerbaijan is actually Persian, not Turkic. It is derived from the name Atropates, a Persian governor appointed by Alexander the Great around 327 BC.

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The Azeris probably chose the name “Azerbaijan” in 1918 to further their designs on Iran. Indeed, during and after WW 2, the Soviets tried unsuccessfully to carve out a “People’s Republic of Azarbayjan” in Iran’s northwest.

The Sordid U.S. State Department

The U.S. State Department’s policies toward Azerbaijan have a particularly sordid aspect involving personal gain and undue influence.

In 2010, for example, President Obama appointed Matt Bryza as interim American ambassador to Azerbaijan, despite Bryza’s questionable ties to Azeri officials. Not surprisingly, after a year in Baku, Bryza joined the Istanbul-based Turcas Petrol Corporation, a partner of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan (SOCAR).

The United States-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC) has always been crammed with former U.S. officials such as Vice President Dick Cheney, former Secretaries of State James A. Baker and Henry Kissinger, Richard Armitage, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Richard Perle, and Brent Scowcroft. They rub elbows with USACC fat cats from corporations that invest in Azerbaijan’s energy industry.

Israel, known for its influence on U.S. policy, and some Jewish American organizations, have allied themselves with Azerbaijan. 30% of Israel’s oil imports come from Azerbaijan. Israel is selling $1.6 billion dollars’ worth of advanced weapons, including drones, to Azerbaijan, which is threatening to use them against RMK.

The RMK conflict is not unsolvable. The facts are clear. Azerbaijan has no valid claim to RMK. Yet U.S. support of Azerbaijan may drag it into war.

America must take the lead and formally recognize RMK’s independence. Europe and Russia will follow. The alternative may be another U.S. war whose cost in blood and money we Americans cannot afford. Source http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com

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