LOUSSAPATZ 945 2012 07 28.

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ԹԻՒ 945 ՇԱԲԱԹ, 28 ՅՈՒԼԻՍ 2012

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ԾԱՆՕԹԱՆԱԼ ՀԱՅ ԳԻՏՆԱԿԱՆՆԵՐՈՒ

Armenians in Science

Raymond Vahan Damadian Born March 16, 1936, NY USA is an Armenian-American medical

practitioner and inventor of the first MRI (Magnetic Resonance) Scanning Machine.

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ԼՈՒՍԱԲԱՑԻ «ԱՐՁԱԿՈՒՐԴԸ» Տարեկան արձակուրդի բերումով «ԼՈՒՍԱԲԱՑ» լոյս չի տեսներ

Օգոստոսի առաջին երկու շաբաթներուն: Մեր յառաջիկայ թիւը լոյս կը տեսնէ Շաբաթ Օգոստոս 18ին:

ՎԱՐԴԱՆ ՂՈՒԿԱՍՅԱՆԸ ՊԱՏԵՐԱ՞ԶՄ Է ՍԿՍՈՒՄ Լրագիր 25.07.2012

Երկիրը սպասում է, թե ինչով կավարտվի Գյումրիի քաղաքապետի ընտրությունների հետ կապված պատմությունը: Վարդան Ղուկասյանը դիմում է գրել Հանրապետական կուսակցությունից դուրս գալու մասին՝ փաստացի պատերազմ հայտարարելով Սերժ Սարգսյանին: Այն, որ նա պատերազմի է պատրաստվում, վկայում է երկրից որդուն «տարհանելու» չստացված փորձը: Երեկ նրա որդուն՝ Սպարտակին, թույլ չեն տվել Գյումրիից Մոսկվա թռչել:Արդյո՞ք Ղուկասյանը պատերազմ կսկսի: Ելնելով նրա բարոյական սկզբունքներից, ամենայն հավանականությամբ՝

այո: Պատվի կեղծ կոդեքսը, որով ղեկավարվում են Գյումրիի որոշակի շրջանակներում, թույլ չի տալիս պարտություններ ու նահանջներ: Նույնիսկ ընտրություններում պարտությունը գնահատվում է որպես մահացու վիրավորանք՝ կյանքի գնով: Եվ պատահական չէ, որ այդ քաղաքում քաղաքականությունն ուղեկցվում է սպանություններով:Բացի այդ, Վարդան Ղուկասյանը նահանջելու տեղ էլ չունի: Նա գիտի, որ պաշտոնի կորստով կորցնում է նաեւ կյանքի ու սեփականության անձեռնմխելիությունը: Նրա հրաժարականից հետո ամենայն հավանականությամբ կհիշեն «հին մեղքերի» մասին, եւ նրան հազիվ թե հաջողվի խուսափել, առավել եւս, եթե պատերազմ հայտարարի:Այդ պատճառով, Ղուկասյանը դա ընդունում է որպես կյանքի ու մահու միջեւ ընտրություն: Եվ այժմ, երբ Սպարտակին թույլ չեն տվել հեռանալ երկրից, նրա հայրը պետք է որոշի՝ պատրաստ է արդյոք պատերազմ հայտարարել՝ նույնիսկ մերձավորների կյանքի գնով:Արդյոք որեւէ մեկին կհաջողվի բացատրել Վարդան Ղուկասյանին, որ իրականում նա դարձել է պատվի ու Աստծո խորհուրդների մասին իր պատկերացումների պատանդը, եւ ընտրություններում պարտությունը դեռեւս վերջը չէ, որ աշխարհը սահմանափակվում է ոչ թե քրեական միջավայրի պատվի կոդեքսով, որին նա պատկանում է, այլ կա նաեւ այլ բարոյականություն, նույնիսկ օրենքներ ու Սահմանադրություն, որին ենթարկվում է մարդկանց մեծամասնությունը:Եթե չհաջողվի, ապա գյումրեցիները պետք է անեն ամեն ինչ, որպեսզի ներգրավված չլինեն ուրիշի պատերազմում: Նաիրա Հայրումյան

«ՆԱԽԸՆՏՐԱԿԱՆ ԾՐԱԳԻՐ»` ԱՌԱՆՑ ԼԵՌՆԱՅԻՆ ՂԱՐԱԲԱՂԻ Ազգ 25.07.2012 Վ.Ա.

ԲԱՔՈՒ Իլհամ Ալիեւի պաշտոնական կայքէջում /www.president.az/ տեղադրվել է «Ադրբեջան- 2020. հայացք ապագային» վերնագրով մի ծավալուն փաստաթուղթ: Ըստ ամենայնի, դա կարելի է համարել գալիք հոկտեմբերին կայանալիք նախագահական ընտրությունների քարոզարշավի մեկնարկ: Այդ կերպ իշխանությունը փորձում է համոզել, որ «անցյալ դարի 90-ականների երկրորդ կեսին «համազգային մեծ առաջնորդ» (չակերտները մերն են- ) Հեյդար Ալիեւի շնորհիվ Ադրբեջանում հաղթահարվել է պետական համակարգի փլուզման սպառնալիքը, իսկ հետագա տարիներին արձանագրվել է առաջընթաց»: Դիտարժան է, որ բոլոր տվյալների համար մեկնակետ է վերցված 2003 թվականը, երբ Իլհամ Ալիեւը «ընտրվել է» նախագահի պաշտոնում: Դա հիշեցնում է խորհրդային վիճակագրությունը, երբ երկրի «անշեղ զարգացումը» փաստարկվում էր 1913-ի համեմատ արտադրված տրակտորների քանակով:

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Փաստաթուղթը ուշադրության է արժանի հատկապես նրանով, որ այնտեղ ոչ մի խոսք չկա ո՛չ ղարաբաղյան հակամարտության, ո՛չ, առհասարակ, Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի մասին: Դա հատկապես աչքի է զարնվում այն ֆոնի վրա, որ այնտեղ մի առանձին բաժին հատկացված է Ադրբեջանի «ռեգիոնալ համաչափ զարգացմանը»: Ընդ որում, կից մեկնաբանության մեջ ասված է, որ «ռազմավարական ծրագիրը պետք է դառնա կառավարության առաջիկա տարիների գործունեության հիմնական ուղեցույցը»:

Կարելի է, այսպիսով, ենթադրել, որ Իլհամ Ալիեւը, նպատակադրված լինելով առաջադրվել նախագահի թեկնածու եւ հասարակությանը ներկայանալով բավական ամբիցիոզ ծրագրերով, այդուհանդերձ շրջանցել է Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի խնդիրը: Դա նշանակում է, որ նրա ընկալմամբ խնդիրը մինչեւ 2020 թվականը չի կարգավորվելու կամ լուծվելու է ոչ ի նպաստ Ադրբեջանի: Հակառակ դեպքում ի՞նչն էր խանգարում, որ եռամսյակը մեկ կառավարության նիստը նախագահող եւ «Շուշիում Ադրբեջանի դրոշը փողփողալու» մասին հայտարարություններ անող Իլհամ Ալիեւը գոնե մի քանի ընդհանուր բնույթի ձեւակերպումներով ներկայացներ ԼՂ խնդրի կարգավորման իր տեսլականը:

Ի դեպ, սույն փաստաթուղթն արդեն իսկ արժանացել է «Հանրային պալատ» կոչվող ընդդիմադիր կառույցի սուր քննադաատությանը: Դիտարժան է, որ ընդդիմությունն էլ իր հերթին է շրջանցել ԼՂ հարցը եւ հիմնականում սեւեռվել տնտեսության դիվերսիֆիկացման, սոցիալական արդարության, մարդու իրավունքների եւ ժողովրդավարության հետ կապված հարցերի վրա: Ադրբեջանի նախկին վարչապետ Ֆանահ Հուսեյնովը «Հանրային պալատի» նիստում հայտարարել է, որ աշնանից պետք է ժողովրդավարական գործընթաց սկսել, որպեսզի «Իլհամ Ալիեւը երրորդ ժամկետով նախագահի թեկնածու չառաջադրվի»:

Կհաջողվի՞ «Հանրային պալատին» շարժել Ադրբեջանի ներքաղաքական կյանքի «ճահիճը», թե՞ ոչ, ցույց կտա ապագան: Ակնհայտ իրողություն է, սակայն, որ հարեւան երկրի թե՛ կառավարող, թե՛ ընդդիմադիր վերնախավը իր ապագա գործունեության առաջնահերթությունների մեջ ԼՂ խնդիրը չի տեսնում: Իսկ դա ինչ-որ բան նշանակում է:

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Վ. Ա.

Միացեալ Նահանգներու Կառավարութեան Երեք Մարմիններն Ալ Կը

Ճանչնան Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւնը ՅԱՐՈՒԹ ՍԱՍՈՒՆԵԱՆ «Քալիֆորնիա Քուրիըր» թերթի հրատարակիչ եւ խմբագիր

ԹԹէեւ ընթերցողները ընդհանրապէս իրազեկ են, որ Միացեալ Նահանգներու կառավարութեան գործադիր եւ օրէնսդիր մարմինները ճանչցած են Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւնը, բայց եւ այնպէս շատերը տեղեակ չեն, որ Միացեալ Նահանգներու դատական իշխանութիւնը, քանի մը առիթներով եւս, վերահաստատած է Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան փաստացիութիւնը: Իսկապէ՛ս, Միացեալ Նահանգներու կառավարութեան երեք մարմիններն ալ պաշտօնապէս հաստատած են, որ Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւնը իրական Ցեղասպանութիւն է:

Գործադիր մարմինը առաջին անգամ Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան անդրադարձաւ 1951 թուականին՝ Միացեալ Նահանգներու կառավարութեան կողմէ Արդարադատութեան միջազգային դատարան ներկայացուած առանցքային փաստաթուղթով։ Հոն կը նշուի. «Ցեղասպանութեան համաձայնագիրը արդիւնք է անմարդկային եւ բարբարոսական գործողութիւններու կիրարկման, որ կատարուած է որոշ երկիրներու մէջ մինչեւ Երկրորդ Համաշխարհային պատերազմը, եւ անոր ընթացքին, կրօնական, ցեղային եւ ազգային փոքրամասնութիւններու հետեւորդ խումբեր ենթարկուած են կանխամտածուած ոչնչացման սպառնալիքի եւ ոչնչացման: Ցեղասպանութեան

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երեւոյթը գոյութիւն ունեցած է մարդկային ամբողջ պատմութեան ընթացքին: Հռոմէացիներուն կողմէ քրիստոնեաներու հալածանքը, թուրքերուն կողմէ հայերու ջարդը, նացիներու կողմէ միլիոնաւոր հրեաներու եւ լեհերու կոտորածը ցեղասպանութեան յանցագործութեան վառ օրինակներ են»:

Գործադիր մարմինին կողմէ Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեանը երկրորդ անդրադարձը կատարած է նախագահ Ռանըլտ Ռիկընը՝ 1981 թուականի 22 Ապրիլին, թիւ 4838 նախագահական հռչակագիրով, ուր կը նշուի. «Անկէ առաջ պատահած Հայերու Ցեղասպանութեան նման, ու անոր հետեւած քամպոտիացիներու ցեղասպանութեան, ինչպէս նաեւ բազմաթիւ այլ ազգերու դէմ հալածանքներուն նման, Ողջակիզումի դասերը պէտք չէ երբեւիցէ մոռցուին»:

Իսկ Միացեալ Նահանգներու կառավարութեան օրէնսդիր մարմինը ընդունած է երկու որոշումներ, որոնք կը հաստատեն Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան պատմական փաստերը: Առաջին որոշումով, որ հաստատուած էր 8 Ապրիլ 1975ին՝ Միացեալ Նահանգներու Ներկայացուցիչներու տան կողմէ, 24 Ապրիլ 1975 թուականը նշուեցաւ իբրեւ «Յիշատակման օր՝ ցեղասպանութեան բոլոր զոհերու, յատկապէս՝ հայկական ծագումով անհատներու, որոնք 1915 թուականի ցեղասպանութեան զոհ դարձան»: Երկրորդ որոշումով, որ հաստատուած է 10 Սեպտեմբեր 1984ին՝ Միացեալ Նահանգներու ներկայացուցիչներու տան կողմէ, 24 Ապրիլ 1985 թուականը ճշդուեցաւ «Յիշատակման օր՝ ցեղասպանութեան բոլոր զոհերուն, յատկապէս՝ 1915-1923 թուականներուն Թուրքիոյ մէջ կատարուած մէկուկէս միլիոն հայ բնակչութեան ցեղասպանութեան զոհերուն»: Ներկայացուցիչներու Տունը նաեւ ընդունեց Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան վերաբերեալ երկու յաւելուած՝ 1996 եւ 2004 թուականներուն, արտաքին գործառնութիւններու յատկացման վճիռներով:

Այնուամենայնիւ, շատեր անտեղեակ են, որ Միացեալ Նահանգներու կառավարութեան երրորդ մարմինը՝ դատական իշխանութիւնը, առնուազն երեք դաշնակցային դատարաններու կողմէ Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան վերաբերեալ վճիռ կայացուցած է:

Դատական իշխանութեան կողմէ Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան վերաբերող առաջին անդրադարձը՝ 11 Օգոստոս 2010ին առաջին շրջանի վերաքննիչ դատարանի երեք դատաւորի կազմով միաձայնութեամբ ընդունուած վճիռն էր: Միացեալ Նահանգներու գերագոյն դատարանի նախկին դատաւոր Տէյվիտ Սաութըրի կողմէ գրուած որոշումին մէջ, դատարանը մերժեց ամերիկեան- թրքական խումբի պահանջը այն մասին, որ Մեսեչուսեցի կրթութեան հարցերով յանձնաժողովին կողմէ հրապարակուած ուսումնական ուղեցոյցին մէջ, որ բացայայտօրէն կը վերաբերի Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան, պէտք է ներառուէր «ցեղասպանութեան հակադրուող» յղումներ:

Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան վերաբերեալ երկրորդ դատական գործը 26 Յունուար 2011ին դաշնակցային դատաւոր Քոլին Քոլըր-Քոթելիի՝ Ուաշինկթընի մէջ Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան թանգարանի եւ յուշարձանի գործով վճիռն էր: Իր որոշման ներածական պարբերութեան մէջ դատաւոր Քոլըր-Քոթելի մէջբերեց Ատոլֆ Հիթլըրի սոսկալի բառերը. «Ո՞վ, ի վերջոյ, այսօր կը խօսի հայերու ոչնչացման մասին»: Ան բացատրեց, որ Հիթլըր նկատի ունէր «Համաշխարհային Ա. պատերազմի ժամանակ իրենց պատմական հողերուն վրայ ապրող հայկական բնակչութիւնը ոչնչացնելու նպատակով Օսմանեան Թուրքիոյ կառավարութեան ի գործ դրած բաւական յաջող ջանքերը, որոնք այսօր յայտնի են որպէս Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն»: Դատաւորը տողատակի կը նշէ, որ «Դատարանին կողմէ «ցեղասպանութիւն» եզրին օգտագործումը նպատակ չունի որեւէ կարծիք արտայայտել այդ պիտակի պատշաճութեան մասին»:

Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան վերաբերեալ դատական երրորդ յղումը կատարուած է 3 Մայիս 2012ին, երեք դատաւորի կազմով հանդէս եկող ութերորդ շրջանի վերաքննիչ դատարանին կողմէ, երբ անիկա մերժեց Ամերիկայի թրքական հաշախմբման հայցը՝ ընդդէմ Մինըսոթա նահանգին: Դատաւորները, միաձայնութեամբ, ուղղակի եւ առանց որակումներու անդրադարձան Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան՝ զայն նկարագրելով որպէս «Համաշխարհային Ա. պատերազմի ժամանակ թուրքերուն կողմէ կատարուած հայերու ցեղասպանութիւն»:

Միացեալ Նահանգներու կառավարութեան երեք անկախ մարմիններն ալ, վերահաստատելով Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան փաստը՝ Միացեալ Նահանգները կը դնեն իր արդարացի տեղը՝ շարքին մէջ

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այդ առաքինի ազգերուն, որոնք ճանչցած են Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւնը: Փաստօրէն, բազմաթիւ առումներով, Միացեալ Նահանգները Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւնը ճանչնալու հարցին մէջ ունի շատ աւելի համապարփակ դիրքորոշում, քան բազմաթիւ այլ երկիրներ, որոնք այս հարցին վերաբերեալ օրէնսդրական որոշում ընդունած են պարզապէս:

Front Page

Raymond Vahan Damadian

(Born March 16, 1936, NY USA) is an Armenian-American medical practitioner and inventor of the first MR (Magnetic Resonance) Scanning Machine.

His research into sodium and potassium in living cells led him to his first experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which caused him to first propose the MR body scanner in 1969. Damadian discovered that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) because of their relaxation times. Damadian was the first to perform a full body scan of a human being in 1977 to diagnose cancer.

Damadian invented an apparatus and method to use NMR safely and accurately to scan the human body, a method now well known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Awards and honors

Damadian received a National Medal of Technology in 1988 and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1989. His original MRI full-body scanner was given to the Smithsonian Institution in the 1980s and is now on loan and on display at the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Ohio.

In 2001, the Lemelson-MIT Prize Program bestowed its $100,000 Lifetime Achievement Award on Damadian as "the man who invented the MRI scanner." The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia gave its recognition of Damadian's work on MRI with the Bower Award in Business Leadership. He was named the Knights of Vartan 2003 "Man of the Year." In September 2003, he was honored with the Innovation Award in Bioscience from

The Nobel Prize controversy

In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield for their discoveries related to MRI. Although Nobel rules allow for the award to be shared by up to three recipients, Damadian was not given the prize. The controversy over who played what part in the development of the MRI had gone on for years prior to the Nobel announcement, and many in the scientific community felt that the Nobel had not been awarded for the MRI for so long due to debate over Damadian's role in its development.

Damadian said that credit should go to "me, and then Lauterbur," and Lauterbur felt that only he should get credit. In 1997 the National Academy of Sciences commissioned a timeline of MRI milestones, and four of the 12 in an initial draft were attributed to Damadian. At the final publication in 2001, longer than any other publication in the series had ever been taken, none of the milestones were attributed to Damadian. The text said that Damadian's methods had "not proved clinically reliable in detecting or diagnosing cancer."

After Damadian's lawyers sent the NAS a threatening letter, the text on the NAS website was revised, but not to Damadian's satisfaction. Damadian said in 2002, "If I had not been born, would MRI have existed? I don't think so. If Lauterbur had not been born? I would have gotten there. Eventually."

The New York Times wrote:

The issue has been the subject of a dispute between Dr. Damadian and Dr. Lauterbur and has been known for years in academic circles, with some fearing that the Nobel committee would steer clear of magnetic resonance imaging altogether because of the Swedes' supposed distaste for controversial

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discoveries. Dr. Lauterbur, 74, is not in good health, and the committee may have decided that its prize, which cannot be given posthumously, needed to be awarded for the discovery now or never."

Fonar Corporation

In 1978, Damadian formed his own company, Fonar (which stood for "field focused nuclear magnetic resonance"), for the production of MRI scanners, and in 1980, he produced the first commercial one. Damadian's "focused field" technology proved less effective than Lauterbur's gradient approach. His scanner, named "Indomitable," failed to sell. Fonar eventually abandoned Damadian's technique in favour of the methods adopted by Lauterbur and Mansfield. Damadian and Fonar enforced the royalties on patents held by Damadian. They settled with many large companies, but a case against General Electric went to the Federal Circuit, which upheld a $129 million ruling against GE for violation of Damadian's patents. Damadian says that the judgment money has all been put back into Fonar for research and development purposes.

DNA Study Busts Myth that One Million Appalachians are of Turkish Descent

By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier

For decades, Turkish pseudo-historians and propagandists have made bizarre claims about Turks being the ancestors of various ethnic groups around the world, including Native Americans, African-Americans, and the strangest of all -- Melungeons -- a little-known group of dark-skinned residents of Appalachia.

To counter Armenian political activities in Washington, the Turkish government regularly reaches out to anyone who could be co-opted with all-expense paid trips, special gifts, and other financial inducements, including funding studies and conferences on the alleged Turkish origin of Melungeons. Even though these one million Appalachians do not carry much political clout in Congress, Ankara is interested in claiming them to be of Turkish descent, hoping to strengthen its political and economic clout in the United States.

The Turkish initiative faced one ‘minor’ problem: there was no evidence that Melungeons were descendants of Turks. This issue was easily resolved when the Turkish government provided a “research grant” to a Melungeon named N. Brent Kennedy. In April 1995, he flew to Istanbul and wrote a book alleging that hundreds of captured Ottoman sailors were dumped on the shores of North Carolina by Sir Francis Drake in the 16th century!

Kennedy compiled a long list of “amazing” similarities between Turks and Melungeons, such as eating beef and mashed potatoes, the habit of hugging each other, Appalachian quilts having Ottoman designs, Anatolian folk dancers performing square dance, and Turkish music sounding like bluegrass! He discovered that the Turkish word “neyaygara” sounds like Niagara, “dilhah yer” is pronounced Delaware, “tenasuh” means Tennessee, “kan tok” is Kentucky, and “allah bamya” is Alabama!

Kennedy further stated that Turkish scholars have “long believed that a connection existed between themselves and eastern seaboard American Indians, based on both physical appearance and shared words and customs.” He gathered these “important facts” from Turkish “historians” during his meetings at Marmara University in Istanbul. “Several hundred Ottoman sailors could exert a powerful genetic, cultural, and linguistic influence on the sixteenth-century Native American Tribes into which they married,” Kennedy confidently concluded.

Appalachians, however, were infuriated by the distortion of Melungeons’ ethnic origin and exploitation of their history. Historian and award-winning journalist Tim Hashaw of Houston, Texas, sent a letter asking me to “investigate the tawdry connection between the ATAA (Assembly of Turkish American Associations) and the Melungeon Heritage Association.” Hashaw asserted that “Melungeons are an obscure tri-racial (white, black, and American Indian) community in Appalachia -- Virginia and Tennessee. We are not now, nor have we ever been, Turkish. Yet, Melungeons are being wrongly exploited by Turkish associations to deny the Armenian Genocide and to support questionable Turkish agendas in Washington DC.”

Hashaw revealed in his letter that Turkey “sent gifts such as water fountains (cesme) to those who deny the Armenian Genocide. They have said in the press that they expect our support in Washington DC. I kept asking myself: why is the very influential Turkic World Research Foundation bothering to pay for airfare to send waves of

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humble Appalachian hill folk from the US to Turkey? We are not a large or affluent people. Why do the President and Prime Minister of Turkey give personal interviews to Melungeons from Appalachia when they visit? Why are the ATAA and the Istanbul Alumni group paying to send Melungeons to New York in order to honor them in recognition for their services to Turkey?”

Hashaw’s published works regarding the ethnic origins of the Melungeons were validated by a new DNA study published in the Journal of Genetic Genealogy which disproved the “wild claims” that Melungeons are descendants of Turkish slaves. Instead, the research indicated that they were the offspring of “sub-Saharan African men and white women of northern or central European origin.” Shortly after release of this study, the red-faced leader of a Turkish-American group gave his followers the bad news: “Appalachia’s Melungeons are not Turks”!

Despite the incontestable DNA evidence, incorrigible Turkish propagandists may not be deterred by scientific studies. They will continue to claim that just about everyone on Planet Earth somehow originated from Turks! As Tim Hashaw mockingly wrote:

“Abraham Lincoln was a Turk! Elvis Presley was a Turk! American Indians are Turks! Obama's mama was a Turk! Melungeons were born in the country of the Hatfields and McCoys. The blood feud is in our DNA. The Turks do not know yet, but they will regret bribing greedy ignorant people to deny the Armenian Genocide.”

US House of Representatives Defeats

Turkey Biased Legislation WASHINGTON, DC -- The House of Representatives defeated, on a bipartisan basis, an ill-

conceived measure that singled out Turkey for preferential treatment to engage in economic development projects on tribal lands in the United States. H. R. 2362, the Indian Tribal Trade and Investment Demonstration Project Act, was brought to the floor for a vote under the suspension of the rules, which requires a two-thirds majority for passage. The measure was defeated 222- 160, falling short of the 255 votes needed.

Representatives Doc Hastings (R-WA), Tom Cole (R-OK), Virginia Foxx (R-NC), James Moran (D-VA), Dan Boren (D-OK) along with Delegate Eni Faleomavaega (D-AS) spoke in favor of the Bill, while Representatives Frank Pallone, Jr. (D-NJ), Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) and John Sarbanes (D- MD) led the charge against the legislation.

During the debate, Bill Sponsor Cole noted that he was approached by the Turkish Coalition of America about the legislation. According to campaign contribution records, Representative Cole has received $6,000 in Turkish PAC money this cycle while Representative Foxx received $10,000. Representative Cole argued that H.R. 2362 does not grant Turkey preferential treatment.

Armenian Caucus Co-Chair Pallone, who indicated his support for "efforts to bring economic prosperity to Indian Country," voiced his strong opposition to the Bill: "To put it quite simply, there is no good reason for passage of this legislation. In fact, there are a whole host of reasons why this legislation should fail today." Citing a litany of concerns, including Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide and "illegal occupation of Northern Cyprus," Representative Pallone urged his colleagues to vote against it.

Hellenic Caucus Co-Chair Maloney called the Bill unnecessary given that Congress has already adopted a more comprehensive measure, the HEARTH Act (H.R. 205). Further Representative Maloney recognized the opposition of the Ranking Members of the House Natural Resources and Foreign Affairs Committees, Representatives Edward Markey (D-MA) and Howard Berman (D-CA), respectively, and also raised concerns about Turkey's human rights record and restrictions on religious freedom.

Representative John Sarbanes closed the debate for opponents of the Bill stating he did not believe that providing preferential treatment to one country, Turkey, can be "justified." Echoing the sentiments of Representatives Pallone and Maloney, Sarbanes raised concerns about Turkey's increasingly hostile actions to U.S. allies, including Israel, Cyprus and Armenia and called for a recorded vote. Sarbanes also cited that two years ago, while serving as a member of the United

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Nations Security Council, Turkey voted against sanctions on Iran to thwart its nuclear weapons program. In addition to speaking on the House floor, Representative Sarbanes spearheaded a Dear Colleague along with Representative Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) as did Representatives Berman, Gary Ackerman (D-NY), Eliot Engel (D-NY), and Shelley Berkley (D-NV); Representative Edward Markey; Representative Pallone; Representatives Sarbanes; Maloney, Pallone, and Nikki Tsongas (D-MA); and Representative Brad Sherman (D-CA).

Bako Sahakian Re-Elected President of Karabakh

STEPANAKERT — Preliminary results show the Incumbent president of Nagorno Karabakh Republic Bako Sahakian, has won the presidential election staged on Thursday. The results show Sahakian winning by 47,085 votes (66.7 percent).

Runner up General Vitali Balasanian got 22, 966 votes (32.5 percent). Arkadi Soghomyan received 0.8 percent or 594 votes.

The voting turnout reached over 73 percent. All in all, 72,833 people out of the country’s 98,909 registered voters casted their ballots.

The voting process was overseen by more than 60 monitors from Russia, Armenia the United States and other countries.

Azerbaijan has condemned the poll as “illegitimate” and warned of repercussions against foreigners who came to the territory to observe the voting.

Despite the fact that Baku and Ankara made rather critical statements that they do not recognize the elections, the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group have issued a statement on the conduct of the presidential elections, acknowledging the need for the country’s authorities to try to organize democratically the public life of their population with such a procedure. They note, however, that none of their countries

recognizes Nagorno-Karabakh as an independent and sovereign state. The co-chairs stress that the procedures of July 19 in no way prejudge the final legal status of

Nagorno-Karabakh or the outcome of the ongoing negotiations to bring a lasting and peaceful settlement to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

New Victory on the Path of Building a Legal State

On Monday President-elect Bako Sahakian issued a statement in connection with the July 19 Presidential elections, calling it a new victory on the path of building a legal state. The message reads, in part:

“Dear compatriots,

The 5th presidential elections in the Nagorno Karabakh Republic have become fait accompli. These elections marked a new victory on the path of building a legal state and realizing our national aspirations. They are another manifestation of the nation’s high civil stance and wisdom. The people of Artsakh once again reconfirmed their adherence to international norms and standards, their irreversible determination to build a free, independent and fair state.

I express deep gratitude to citizens of Artsakh for participating in the elections, to my supporters who entrusted high confidence in me as well as those who voted for the other presidential candidates. For me there is no greater and binding power than my nation’s confidence in and responsibility for our country’s future. We are ready and resolute in carving this future.

I also express my gratitude to international observers who have arrived in our country for monitoring the elections and qualified it as corresponding to international standards, free, fair and

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transparent. Their opinions, evaluations and recommendations are of utmost importance for the development of our state and its democratic institutions.

During the last five years much work has been done in our country, nevertheless, a lot still has to be done. We will be consistent in solving the existing problems, eliminating drawbacks and shortcomings. Everything possible will be done to develop and strengthen our state, raise the fighting efficiency of the Defense Army, increase the living standards of our people, expand and deepen the Armenia-Artsakh-Diaspora trinity. I am confident that with joint efforts we will be able to accomplish our national goals and aspirations and record new victories.

Let us keep working for the sake of Artsakh, for the sake of our future.”

Russian State Duma Speaker Discusses Bilateral Relations Pays Tribute to Armenian Genocide Victims in Yerevan

YEREVAN -- The speaker of the Russian State Duma, Sergei Naryshkin, promoted a deeper economic and political integration of Russia and other former Soviet republics during an official visit to Armenia on Tuesday.

Naryshkin said he “spoke a lot” about what he described as “the Eurasian project” advanced by Moscow at his meetings in Yerevan with President Serzh Sarkisian and other senior Armenian officials.

“The leadership of the Republic of Armenia is attentively monitoring the development of that Eurasian project and is seeking to determine its

place in this project, realizing that the Eurasian economic area is a format for the development of economic relations,” he told journalists after the talks.

Naryshkin, who served as the Kremlin chief of staff before taking over Russia’s lower house of parliament last December, appeared to refer the idea of a Russian-led “Eurasian Union” of former Soviet republics put forward by President Vladimir Putin last year. Putin said it would be built around the existing customs union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.

Naryshkin said trade among the three nations soared by 30 percent last year thanks to the customs union. That increase shows that the efforts to set up a “common economic space” in the former Soviet Union are already bearing fruit, he said.

The Armenian government has explicitly ruled out membership in the customs union, arguing that Armenia has no common border with any of its member states. This stance is construed by some analyst as an indication of Yerevan’s lukewarm attitude towards the deeper Eurasian Union.

Official Armenian sources made no specific mention of the union in press releases on the Duma speaker’s meetings with President Serzh Sarkisian, Prime Minister Tigran Sarkisian and parliament speaker Hovik Abrahamian. President Sarkisian was cited as saying that his administration is committed to further deepening “allied” relations with Russia because they are “the cornerstone of Armenia’s security.”

Speaking at a joint news conference with Abrahamian, Naryshkin praised the growing volume of Russian-Armenian trade and emphasized the fact that Russia is Armenia’s leading trading partner and foreign investor. He also noted “with satisfaction” that he received assurances that the Armenian parliament will ratify this autumn a free trade agreement that was signed by Russia, Armenia and six other ex-Soviet states in Saint Petersburg last October.

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Sergei Naryshkin and his delegation visited the Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex accompanied by Vice President of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia Edward Sharmazanov.

Naryshkin laid a wreath at the memorial to the Armenian Genocide victims after which the members of the delegation put flowers at the Eternal Fire and honored the memory of the innocent victims with a minute of silence. Members of the Russian delegation visited the Armenian Genocide Museum where they got acquainted with the temporary exhibition titled “Book as a witness of the Genocide” dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the Armenian printing and proclamation of Yerevan as 2012 World Book Capital City by UNESCO. Afterwards Chairman of the State Duma of the Russian Federation left a note in the Commemoration Book.

Academic Conference to Mark 125th Anniversary of the SDHP BURBANK, CA -- To mark the 125th anniversary of the Social Democratic Hunchakian Party (SDHP), a conference featuring world-renowned scholars will take place on Oct. 27 at Woodbury

University in Burbank, CA. The event is co-sponsored by the Richard G. Hovannisian

Chair in Modern Armenian History at the University of California, Los Angeles; the Armenian Research Center at the University of Michigan-Dearborn; the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research, and Woodbury University.

Scholars who have already committed to participate in - and present papers at - this conference include Prof. Richard Hovannisian, Dr. Gerard Libaridian,Prof. Ara Dostourian, Dr. Ara

Sanjian, Prof. Vartan Matiossian, Dr. Garabet Moumdjian, Dr. Hratch Tchilingirian, Dr. Vahram Shemmassian, Rev. Dr. Able Manougian and historian Aram Arkun.

The co-sponsors and organizers have issuing a call for papers in anticipation of additional submissions from researchers in the United States, and also from around the world. All proposals will be peer- reviewed by an ad hoc committee of experts in the field. The authors, whose abstracts are accepted, will be notified by e-mail by August 31, 2012.

The co-sponsors hope that this conference will thus break new ground in study of the political, intellectual and social history of the Armenian people from the end of the nineteenth century to the present. For more information on submission requirements, deadlines and other details, please visit www.SDHP125.org

More Armenians Flee Syria

Amid Fighting in Aleppo YEREVAN -- Ethnic Armenians continued to flee Syria on Wednesday as heavy fighting

intensified in Aleppo, the country’s second largest city and economic and cultural center of its 80,000-strong Armenian community.

About 170 of them arrived in Yerevan on board a Syrian Air aircraft early Wednesday morning. The plane flew back to Aleppo shortly afterwards as Syrian government troops reportedly massed around the city partly controlled by rebels.

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“When we reached the airport the situation was very chaotic. There was gunfire,” said Tsovinar Khangikian, an Armenian woman from Aleppo who arrived at Yerevan’s Zvartnots airport together with her sister and their children.

“Until now things were fine. There were some problems around [Aleppo] but things were quiet in the city,” she told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am) before bursting into tears.

“We have fled shelling,” said Khangikian’s tearful sister. “We have come here to take some rest and then return and carry on with our life.”

Both women said they left their husbands behind to look after their properties in Aleppo.

Speaking on camera, other Aleppo Armenians painted less dramatic pictures of the crisis in Syria. “We are having hard but not catastrophic times,” said one man. “Our army is strong.”

Officials from the Armenian Ministry of Diaspora were for the first time on hand to give the arriving Syrian information booklets and asking them to fill out questionnaires on their personal data and the length and purpose of their stay in Armenia.

About 100 other Syrian nationals, virtually all of them ethnic Armenian, boarded Syrian Air’s return flight to Aleppo despite the apparently worsening situation in and around the city. About half of them were young people who travelled to Armenia two weeks ago to participate in a festival organized by the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU).

Margarit Avetian, another returning passenger, left Syria early this month to receive Armenian citizenship. “The situation seems to be a bit worse than it was before we came to Armenia,” she told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am).

Avetian got her Armenian passport after what she described as a bureaucratic hassle in Yerevan. “The bottom line is that I got it. I’m pleased and proud to have a passport,” she said, adding that she and her relatives are increasingly contemplating a permanent move to Armenia.

According to immigration authorities in Yerevan, some 6,000 Syrian Armenians have applied for Armenian citizenship since the start of a popular uprising against President Bashar Al-Assad’s regime in early 2011. Some of them are thought to have already taken refuge in their ancestral homeland. There is no government data on the number of such persons, though.

The Armenian government is being increasingly accused by domestic opposition and other groups of providing little assistance to Syria’s Armenian community and especially its members relocating to Armenia. Government officials reject the criticism.

Armenian Opposition Youth Activists Sentenced to Prison Terms YEREVAN — Four young activists of the Armenian National Congress (ANC) who clashed with police last year were sentenced on Friday to between two and six years in prison on what the opposition alliance considers politically

motivated charges. A district court in Yerevan found them

guilty of assault and hooliganism, handing down verdicts demanded by the prosecutors. Tigran Arakelian, a leader of the ANC’s youth wing, received the longest prison sentence for what

the Armenian police say was a key role in an August 2011 incident in downtown Yerevan. Arakelian and several other Armenian National Congress activists clashed with police officers in disputed circumstances. They were arrested on the spot and accused of attacking officers

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maintaining public order in the city center. They strongly denied the police claims, saying that they were beaten up and detained after the policemen tried to arbitrarily search another man.

All of the activists except Arakelian were set free pending investigation in the following days. One of them, Artak Karapetian, was sentenced to three years, while two others, Sarkis Gevorgian and Davit Kiramijian, were jailed for two years on Friday. The three men will go to jail if the prison sentences are upheld by higher courts. Their lawyers said they will appeal the guilty verdicts.

The defendants reacted angrily to the rulings read out by Gagik Poghosian, the judge in the trial. “You will be put on trial,” Arakelian shouted at Poghosian before being led away by police guards.

Several dozen opposition members present at the court proceedings shared the anger, staging an impromptu demonstration outside the court building. “This means there are still political prisoners in Armenia,” one protester said.

Activists’ lawyer Stepan Voskanian told reporters they would appeal the decision.

Pasadena Committee Seeking Design for Armenian GenocidMemorial

PASADENA -- The Pasadena Armenian Genocide Memorial Committee is seeking qualified candidates to submit memorial design proposals for the architectural design of the Armenian Genocide Memorial to be proposed in Memorial Park in the City of Pasadena, California.

The City of Pasadena was incorporated in 1886 and is renowned for its history and architecture, art and culture, science and technology and noted educational institutions. Host to the annual Tournament of Roses parade and home of the Rose Bowl, Pasadena is considered to be the premiere city in the San Gabriel Valley.

The City of Pasadena has established a Public Park and Recreational Facility Park Monument Policy which outlines the City’s regulations and guidelines for monuments and memorials

on the City’s park lands. Memorial Park, previously known as the Library Park, the prospective future home of the

Armenian Genocide memorial, is located at 85 E. Holly Street, at the south-east corner of Raymond Avenue and Walnut Street in the City of Pasadena. The park is approximately 5 and 1⁄4 acres in size and contains various memorials, an amphitheater, play equipment, an expansive open area and restroom facilities.

A Request for Proposal(RFP) detailing the City’s policies and guidelines for the proposed project, design specifications and submittal requirements is available to those interested in submitting a memorial design. Please contact Shoghig Yepremian to obtain copies of these documents.

Additional inquires should be directed to: Shoghig Yepremian at yepremianconsulting@msn.com, (626) 351-8251, or Noreen Sullivan at noreenpsullivan@aol.com, (626) 975-8522. The Pasadena Armenian Genocide Memorial Committee is a 501(c)3 tax-exempt non-profit organization.

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Armenian Government Vows

Sweeping Judicial Reforms YEREVAN -- Armenians will stop complaining about a lack of justice in their country as a

result of sweeping reforms of the judicial and law-enforcement system planned by the government, Justice Minister Hrayr Tovmasian said on Tuesday.

Tovmasian referred to a four-year reform plan that was drafted by his ministry and approved by President Serzh Sarkisian last month. It envisages wide-ranging changes in the work of courts and law-enforcement bodies as well as legislative initiatives such as the adoption of a new Criminal Code.

“I don’t know if I will be minister then, but I can assure you that as a result of the implementation of this program you will be asking totally different questions in four years from now,” Tovmasian told journalists after presenting the document at a public discussion in Yerevan. He declared that Armenians will stop having “doubts, concerns and complaints” about judicial independence and overall administration of justice.

The Armenian judiciary and security apparatus have repeatedly undergone structural changes since the mid-1990s. Public trust in them remains low, however, with the police and other security services continuing to abuse human rights and courts rarely making decisions opposed by the government and prosecutors. Only about 2 percent of individuals charged with various crimes in Armenia were acquitted last year.

“There is a lack of justice in Armenia. The courts, including the Constitutional Court, are not independent,” Felix Tokhian, a Constitutional Court judge, publicly stated earlier this month. Tokhian complained in particular that Armenian judges challenging the authorities run the risk of arbitrary dismissal.

The reform plan presented by Tovmasian calls for the introduction of more objective criteria for evaluating the performance of the judges. The Justice Council, a state body overseeing the judiciary, has been accused by many lawyers of arbitrarily punishing judges.

“I can’t say that our courts are the most just courts in the world,” said Tovmasian. “But we have taken many, many steps that are not visible at the moment.”

Turkey’s Human Rights Hypocrisy

By Taner Akcam NY Times

A NEW political order is emerging in the Middle East, and Turkey aspires to be its leader by taking a stand against authoritarian regimes. Earlier this week, Turkey’s prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, went so far as to denounce the Syrian government’s continuing massacres of civilians as “attempted genocide.”

Turkey’s desire to champion human rights in the region is a welcome development, but Mr. Erdogan’s condemnation of Syria is remarkably hypocritical. As long as Turkey continues to deny crimes committed against non-Turks in the early 1900s, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire, its calls for

freedom, justice and humanitarian values will ring false. Turkey’s attempt to cultivate an image as the global protector of Muslim rights is

compromised by a legacy of ethnic cleansing and genocide against Christians and terror against Arabs and Kurds. Memories of these crimes are very much alive throughout former Ottoman

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territories. And Turkey cannot serve as a democratic model until it acknowledges that brutal violence, population transfers and genocide underlie the modern Turkish state.

Using documents from the Ottoman government archives in Istanbul, which were once classified as top secret, I have sought to pull back the veil on Turkey’s century of denial. These documents clearly demonstrate that Ottoman demographic policy from 1913 to 1918 was genocidal. Indeed, the phrase “crimes against humanity” was coined as a legal term and first used on May 24, 1915, in response to the genocide against Armenians and other Christian civilians.

Britain, France and Russia initially defined Ottoman atrocities as “crimes against Christianity” but later substituted “humanity” after considering the negative reaction that such a specific term could elicit from Muslims in their colonies.

Today, Mr. Erdogan is seeking to be a global spokesman for Muslim values. In June 2011, he told thousands gathered to celebrate the landslide victory of his Justice and Development Party, known as the A.K.P.: “Sarajevo won today as much as Istanbul; Beirut won as much as Izmir; Damascus won as much as Ankara. Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin, the West Bank, Jerusalem and Gaza won as much as Diyarbakir.”

Speaking in support of oppressed Muslims has earned him popularity. But if Mr. Erdogan aspires to defend freedom and democracy in the region, he must also address the legitimate fears of Christians in the Middle East. Just as the European powers opted for universalism in 1915 by denouncing “crimes against humanity,” Mr. Erdogan must move beyond his narrow focus on “crimes against Muslims.” All oppressed peoples deserve protection.

It isn’t a coincidence that many Christians and other minorities in Syria support Bashar al- Assad’s Baath Party; they are willing to sacrifice freedom for security. While Turkish rhetoric appeals to the Sunni Muslim majority’s demand for freedom in Syria, it does not relieve Syrian Christians’ anxiety about their future. On the contrary, Syrian Christians listening to Mr. Erdogan and his denialist rhetoric are reminded of 1915, and that makes Turkey look very much like a security threat to them.

Confronting the past is closely linked to security, stability and democracy in the Middle East. Persistent denial of historical injustices not only impedes democratization but also hampers stable relations between different ethnic and religious groups.

This is particularly true in former Ottoman lands, where people view one another in the cloaks of their ancestors. In addition to the reverberations of the Armenian genocide, mass crimes against Kurds and Alevis in Turkey, violence against Kurds and Arabs in Iraq, and Christian- Muslim tensions in Syria and Lebanon continue to poison contemporary politics.

The popularity of the A.K.P. in Turkey and the Muslim world affords Mr. Erdogan an opportunity to usher in an era of tolerance. By acknowledging the genocide against Christians and crimes against other groups, the Turks can become leaders in the realm of human rights. But Turkey’s efforts to paint itself as a beacon of freedom and democracy will fail so long as Turkey refuses to atone for Ottoman sins.

Moral purists and hard-nosed realists mistakenly believe that pursuing justice and national interests are mutually exclusive. But acknowledging historical wrongs is not a zero-sum game.

In the Middle East, the past is the present. And truth and reconciliation are integral to establishing a new, stable regional order founded on respect for human rights and dignity. Turkey should lead by example.

Taner Akcam, a professor of history at Clark University, is the author of “The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire.”

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AGBU Sayat Nova International Composition Competition Submissions now Being Accepted for the

2012 AGBU Sayat Nova International Composition Competition

Competition Offers Emerging Artists Financial Support and International Exposure

Musicians around the world are now being invited to participate in the AGBU Sayat Nova International Composition Competition for the chance to win up to 2,500€ and showcase their work under an international spotlight.

The Sayat Nova International Composition Competition, now in its second edition, has three main objectives: to discover new talent, provide emerging artists with financial support, and record and distribute their work to a broad audience. For composers, it presents the

perfect opportunity to raise their profile while paying tribute to the celebrated troubadour. The 2012 Sayat Nova International Composition Competition, which marks the 300-year anniversary of the birth of the composer, is calling for submissions from young musicians in every corner of the globe. Participants need not be of Armenian descent; submissions from all artists who are interested in creating Armenian-influenced music are being considered. As Christian Erbslöh-Papazian, a pianist and musicologist who initiated the competition comments, “As an artist, blending classical music, which has mostly been documented on paper, with traditional music, which has long been transmitted orally, is most difficult, yet incredibly rewarding. By utilizing both the classical and the traditional, we can create the musical heritage of tomorrow.” To that end, participants are asked to create a composition for a chamber ensemble that incorporates six instruments, including the duduk, the traditional woodwind instrument that can be traced back centuries in Armenian culture. Submitted work must also contain one quotation, spoken or sung, from a text of Sayat Nova in Armenian or translated into a Western language (i.e. English, German, French, Italian, Spanish or Russian). The winning pieces will be recorded and produced at a special concert on the occasion of the tercentenary of the birth of Sayat Nova, an anniversary celebration with which UNESCO is associated. The concert will be held at the

prestigious Parisian venue Salle Cortot in December 2012. When the competition was first introduced in 2006, it proved to be a laboratory of creativity

that helped launch the career of its winners. Numerous submissions were received, and each was reviewed anonymously by a panel of anonymous expert judges, which included internationally renowned figures in the field of music and composition. The third prize was awarded to Argentinian composer Hernan Dario Palmieri, second place to Grégoire Lorieux, a native of France, and the winner was Armenian-born Artur Akshelyan. Since then, each has risen to new heights in their respective careers, carving a space for themselves in the international music scene and attracting a diverse body of listeners. Building on his experience with the AGBU competition, Palmieri went on to receive prizes in the Galperin Iascha Composition Competition (Argentina, 2007) and the Gustav Mahler Kompositionspreis Competition (Austria, 2007), while Lorieux is now teaching at IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique), one of the world's most important research centers dedicated to musical creation and scientific research. For his part, Akshelyan saw his winning piece, the string quartet “Im Memoriam,” performed at the AGBU 2006 centennial celebrations in Paris before he continued to receive numerous international honors including first prize in the Geneva International Music Competition (2011) and the Kiefer-Hablitzel Composition Award (Bern, 2012).

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This year’s participants will have the opportunity to follow in each of those winners’ footsteps and establish themselves on the international stage.

The deadline for submission is no later than September 1, 2012.

Participants will be considered for three prizes of 2,500€, 1,500€ and 1,000€. For more information and a complete list of rules and regulations, please visit http://sayatnova.agbueurope.org or email Zarouhi Odabashian at zodabashian@agbueurope.org.

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