LOUSSAPATZ_The Dawn 947_2012_08_25

ԹԻՒ 944 ՇԱԲԱԹ, 25 ՕԳՈՍՏՈՍ 2012

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ԾԱՆՕԹԱՆԱԼ ՀԱՅ ԳԻՏՆԱԿԱՆՆԵՐՈՒ

Armenians in Science

Viktor Ambartsumyan and Grigor Gurzadyan

Grigor Gurzadyan (Armenian: Գրիգոր Գուրզադյան) is an Armenian astronomer, and pioneer of space astronomy

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oð ́ ø2ôàôÂo2Ü ÜàÊ21⁄4 öÜîèoÈàôò 2ôoÈÆÆÜ ÀÜ ̧àôÜ2Î âoê

2ðØ3⁄4Ü 2è2øoÈo2Ü

2ßË3ñÑ3Ñéã3Ï ß3ÝëáÝÛ¿ Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÁ ú·áëïáëÇ 16-ÇÝ ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ 2Ë3ÉóË3 ù3Õ3- ùáõÙ ¦è3μ3ç å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý 3Ùñáó-Ûáõß3Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñÇ μ3óÙ3Ý 3ñ3ñáÕáõû3ÝÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»É »õ Ñ3- Ù»ñ· ¿ ïáõ»Éa ß3ï É3õ ï»Õ»3Ï ÉÇÝ»Éáí 1ñ3 ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý áñáß ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñÇ 1Å·áÑáõ- ÃÇõÝÇó, 3Ý·3Ù Çñ»Ý Ñ3ëó¿3·ñáõ3Í Ý3Ë31⁄2·áõß3Ï3Ý Ý3Ù3ÏÇó:

21⁄2Ý3õáõñÇÝ Ûáñ1áñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ 3Û1 ÙÇçáó3éÙ3ÝÁ ãÙ3ëÝ3Ïó»É Û3ïÏ3å¿ë 3ÛÝ å3ï×3éáí, áñ Ñ3Ï3é3Ï Ûáõß3Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñÇ ï3ñ3ÍùáõÙ Ù1⁄2ÏÇÃÇ, ëÇÝ3·á·Ç »õ áõÕÕ3÷3é ùñÇëïáÝ¿3Ï3Ý »Ï»Õ»óáõ í»ñ3Ýáñá·Ù3ÝÁ, íñ3ó3Ï3Ý ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ 3ãù3ÃáÕ »Ý 3ñ»É ÝáÛÝ ï3ñ3ÍùáõÙ ·ïÝáõáÕ Ñ3Û- Ï3Ï3Ý Ï3ÃáÉÇÏ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ, áñÝ 3õ»ñáõ»É ¿ ·ñ»Ã¿ 3ÙμáÕçáõû3Ùμ: oõ ù3ÝÇ áñ Ûáõß3Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñÇ í»ñ3Ýáñá·Ù3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñáõÙ Ý»ñ1ñáõÙÝ»ñ ¿ Ï3ï3ñ»É Ý3»õ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý, Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÙÇ ß3ñù Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ 3ÛÝ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2ÙáõÝùÝ »Ý Û3ÛïÝáõÙ, áñ Ñ3Û31⁄2·Ç 3ßË3ñÑ3Ñéã3Ï ß3ÝëáÝÛ¿Ý ãå¿ïù ¿ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóÇ ÙÇ Ûáõß3Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñÇ μ3óÙ3Ý 3ñ3ñáÕáõû3Ý, áñÝ áõÕÕáõ3Í ¿ ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3- ÝÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ»ñùÙ3ÝÁ:

2ÛÝ, áñ ¦è3μ3ÃáõÙ§ ·ïÝáõáÕ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ï3ÃáÉÇÏ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ñ ÇëÏ3å¿ë íñ3ó3Ï3Ý ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ í3ñ3Í, ¿ÃÝÇÏ ÷áùñ3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ Û3ïÏ3å¿ë Ñ3Û»ñÇ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ áõ Ùß3- ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ Å3é3Ý·áõû3Ý Çõñ3óÙ3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý 1⁄2áÑÁ ÉÇÝ»É, áã áù Ñ»ñù»É ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ: ê3 áã 3é3çÇÝ »õ íëï3Ñ3μ3ñ áã ¿É í»ñçÇÝ 1¿åùÁ ã¿: ê3Ï3ÛÝ 13 Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÇ Ù»ÕùÁ ã¿:

¦è3μ3Ãǧ í»ñ3Ýáñá·Ù3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÝ ëÏë»É »Ý ·ñ»Ã¿ 2007-Çó: 2010-ÇÝ 3ñ1¿Ý ÇëÏ 3Ñ31⁄23Ý·»ñ ÑÝã»óÇÝ, áñ ù3Ý1Ù3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñ »Ý Ï3ï3ñõáõÙ 12-ñ1 13ñáí Ãáõ3·ñáõáÕ Ñ3Û- Ï3Ï3Ý 3Û1 »Ï»Õ»óáõa Ï3ÃáÕÇÏ¿ oñ»õÙ3Ý êáõñμ Ê3ãÇ ï3ñ3ÍùáõÙ: 2Ñ31⁄23Ý·»ñÇ ÇëÏáõÃÇõÝÝ ëïáõ·»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí 3Ý·3Ù 2Ë3ÉóË3 ¿ñ ·áñÍáõÕáõ»É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ùß3ÏáÛÃÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõ- û3ÝÝ 3éÁÝûñ å3ïÙ3Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ Å3é3Ý·áõû3Ý ·Çï3Ñ»ï31⁄2áï3Ï3Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ ïÝûñ¿ÝÁ, áí Ñ3ëï3ï»É ¿ñ, áñ »Ï»Õ»óáõ ·áÛáõÃÇõÝÝ ÇëÏ3å¿ë íï3Ý·áõ3Í ¿:

ê3Ï3ÛÝ 1ñ3ÝÇó Û»ïáÛ 3Ûë ûÙ3Ý ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýñ3å¿ë ÷3Ïáõ»ó: 2Ý·3Ù 2011Ã. 3Ùñ3ÝÁa 2Ù»- Ý3ÛÝ Ñ3Ûáó Ï3ÃáÕÇÏáë ¶3ñ»·ÇÝ 2-ñ1Ça ìñ3ëï3Ý Ï3ï3ñ3Í ÙÇç»Ï»Õ»ó3Ï3Ý »õ Ñáíáõ3å»ï3- Ï3Ý í»óûñ»3Û 3ÛóÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ, 3ÛÝ ÷3ëï3óÇ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÝÝ»ñÇ 3é3ñÏ3Û ã13ñÓ3õ, ÿ»õ 3Ùñá- óáõÙ í»ñ3Ï3Ý·ÝáÕ3Ï3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÝ 3Û1 å3ÑÇÝ ¿É ÁÝÃ3ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ: Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÏáÕÙÁ ÷3ë- ï3óÇ 3Ý·áñÍáõÃÇõÝ ¿ óáõó3μ»ñ»É ëïáÛ· 2Ë3ÉóË3ÛÇ ¦è3μ3ç Ûáõß3Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñáõÙ ·ïÝáõáÕ 3Û1 »Ï»Õ»óáõ 3õ»ñÙ3Ý ÷3ëïÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ:

oõ »ñμ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ áõ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ »Ý ÝÙ3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝù 1ñë»õáñáõÙ, ¦è3μ3- Ãǧ μ3óÙ3ÝÁ »ÉáÛà áõÝ»Ý3Éáõó »õ Çñ 3Ýáõ3Ùμ 3ëïÕÇ 1⁄2»ï»ÕÙ3Ý å3ïáõÇó 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÇ Ññ3Å3ñ- áõ»ÉÁ 3éÝáõ31⁄2Ý Ë»É3ÙÇï ã¿ñ Ï3ñáÕ ÉÇÝ»É, áñáíÑ»ï»õ Ù»ñÅÙ3Ý áã ÙÇ ïñ3Ù3μ3Ý3Ï3Ý μ3ó3ï- ñáõÃÇõÝ ïáõ»3É 1¿åùáõÙ ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ ãáõÝÇ: 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÁ ã¿ñ Ï3ñáÕ Çñ íñ3Û í»ñóÝ»É ÙÇ μ»é, áñÝ 3é3çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ñ Ý»ï»É Çñ áõë»ñÇó:

2ÝÏ3Ë Ýñ3ÝÇóa ÇÝã Ù»Ãá1Ý»ñáí ¿ ìñ3ëï3ÝÁ í»ñ3Ýáñá·»É 3Û1 å3ïÙ3Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ, ÛÇ- ñ3õÇ ÑÇ3Ý3ÉÇ Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñÁ, 3ÛÝ ËáñÑñ13ÝßáõÙ ¿ ÷áËÁÙμéÝáõÙ »õ Ñ3Ý1áõñÅáÕ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ, ÇÝãÇ íÏ3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ »ñ»ù ÏñûÝÇa ÇëÉ3ÙÇ, ùñÇëïáÝ»áõû3Ý »õ Ûáõ13Û3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ñá·»õáñ 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÁ ÝáÛÝ Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñáõÙ ÙÇ3Å3Ù3Ý3Ï Ù¿Ïï»Õ»Éáõ ÇñáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿:

21⁄2Ý3õáõñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÝÙ3Ý ËáñÑáõñ1 å3ñáõÝ3ÏáÕ Ûáõß3Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñÇ μ3óÙ3ÝÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»ÉÁ Ù»ñÅ»ÉÁ ã¿ñ Ï3ñáÕ ãÁÝÏ3Éáõ»É áñå¿ë Ý»ÕÙÇï 31⁄2·3ÛÝ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý 1ñë»õáñáõÙ, ÇÝãÇ ë3ÑÙ3Ý- Ý»ñÇó Ý3 ÙÇßï 1áõñë ¿ »Õ»É: ÀÝ1Ñ3Ï3é3ÏÁ, »Ã¿ Ýñ3 ù3ÛÉÝ 3Ý·3Ù 1Çï3ñÏ»Ýù ÝáÛÝ 31⁄2·3ÛÝ3- Ï3Ýáõû3Ý åñÇ1⁄2Ù3Ûáí, 3å3 Çñ Ý»ñÏ3Ûáõû3Ùμ áõ »ÉáÛÃáí 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÁ å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë Ñ3õ3ëïáõÙ ¿, áñ ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3ÝÁ ÿ ¿ÃÝÇÏ Ï3éáõóáõ3Íùáí, ÿ å3ïÙ3×3ñï3ñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý ÝÏ3ñ3·ñáí »õ ÿ 3ßË3ñÑ3·ñûñ¿Ý áõ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ýûñ¿Ý Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ¿: ê3Ï3ÛÝ ËÝ1ÇñÝ Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÙ 13 ã¿:

¦è3μ3ÃÁ§ ÑÇ3Ý3ÉÇ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõ3Í μÇ1⁄2Ý»ë Ý3Ë3·ÇÍ ¿a ÙÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ å3ïÙ3Ù- ß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÁ å3Ñå3Ý»Éáõ »õ Ù3ïáõó»Éáõ, ÙÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó 1ñ3Ýó Ñ»ÝùÇ íñ3Û ïáõñÇ1⁄2ÙÁ 1⁄23ñ·3óÝ»Éáõ 3éáõÙáí:

Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÁ Ù»Õù ãáõÝÇ, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ÝÙ3Ý Ù3ëßï3μ3ÛÇÝ Ý3Ë3·Í»ñ 3ÝóÏ3óÝ»- Éáõ áã ó3ÝÏáõÃÇõÝ, áã ¿É Ï3ñáÕáõÃÇõÝ ãÏ3Û: Ü3 Ù»Õù ãáõÝÇ, áñ Ù»ñáÝù 3Ý·3Ù áõÝ»ó3ÍÁ ã»Ý Ï3- ñáÕ3ÝáõÙ å3Ñå3Ý»É »õ ÁÝ1áõÝ3Ï »Ý ëï»ÕÍ»É ÙÇ3ÛÝ ëï3Ùáùë ÉóÝ»Éáõ ûμÇ»ÏïÝ»ñ, áñ 3Ý·3Ù »Õ3Í ùÇã ÿ ß3ï Ý»ñÏ3Û3Ý3ÉÇ 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñÁ Ë»Õ1»É »Ý »ÝÃ3Ï3éáõóáõ3ÍùÝ»ñÇ Ë3Ûï3é3Ï 3Ý- Ï3ï3ñáõû3Ùμ, 1ñ3Ýó Ý»ñëÝ áõ ßáõñçÁ 3Õμ3ÝáóÝ»ñ 13ñÓÝ»Éáí, »ñμ»ÙÝ áõÕÕ3ÏÇ ·3õ3é3Ï3Ý ÍÇÍ3Õ»ÉÇ »õñ3Ýáñá·áõÙÝ»ñáí:

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Ü3 Ù»Õù ãáõÝÇ, áñ ¦è3μ3ÃÁ§ áã ÿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ¿ í»ñ3ÍÝõáõÙ, áñ 3Ûëï»Õ »ñ·Ç, 3ÛÉ Ñ3- ñ»õ3Ý »ñÏñáõÙ, áñï»Õ »Ý ·ïÝõáõÙ Çñ 3ñÙ3ïÝ»ñÁ: oõ Ñ»Ýó ¦è3μ3Ãǧ í»ñ3Ï3Ý·ÝáõÙÝ ¿ ëïÇ- åáõÙ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñ»Éáõ, áñ 3Ýó3Í 20 ï3ñáõÙ ÝÙ3Ý Ù3ëßï3μ3ÛÇÝ áã ÙÇ Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõÃÇõÝ Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝáõÙ ãÇ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óí»É:  ̧3 3ÛÝ 1¿åùáõÙ, »ñμ 1⁄2μûë3ßñçáõÃÇõÝÁ 3Ûëûñ ¿É Ñ3Ù3ñõáõÙ ¿ ïÝï»- ëáõû3Ý 3é3çÝ3Ñ»ñÃ, é31⁄2Ù3í3ñ3Ï3Ý áõÕÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÁ:

21⁄2Ý3õáõñÇÝ ùÝÝ313ïáÕÝ»ñÁ ÉéáõÙ »Ý 3Ûë 3Ù¿ÝÇ Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμa ÷áñÓ»Éáí Ýñ3Ý 13ñÓ- Ý»É ë»÷3Ï3Ý »ñÏñÇ Ã»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï3Ù3Û Ã¿ 3Ï3Ù3Û ùûÕ3ñÏ»Éáõ, 1ñ3 Ñ3Ù3ñ Çñ»Ýó áõÝ»ó3Í å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ ÃûÃ3÷»Éáõ ÙÇçáóÁ, ù3õáõû3Ý ÝáË31⁄2Á: ØÇßï ¿É 3õ»ÉÇ Ñ»ßï ¿ 1ñ3Ýó 1ñëáõÙ ÷Ýïé»É, ù3Ý ÇÝù1 ùá Ý»ñëáõÙ: ¦Ðoîø§

øàâ2ðo2ÜÆ ÎÔ1⁄4ÆÜ

Ð2ÚÎ 2ð2Øo2Ü

Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ù3ÙáõÉáõÙ ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ññ3å3ñ3Ïáõ»óÇÝ, Áëï áñáÝó ÐÐ »ñÏñáñ1 Ý3Ë3·3Ñ èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ ÏÕ1⁄2Ç ¿ ·Ý»É ÚáõÝ3ëï3ÝáõÙ, áñï»Õ 3ÝóÏ3óÝáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ 3Ù3é3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ý·ÇëïÁ: âÇ μ3ó3éõáõÙ, áñ øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ 1ñ3Ýáí ó3ÝÏ3ó»É ¿ Ñ3Ù3ñÅ¿ù 3ñÓ3·3Ý·»É 2ñ»õÙï»3Ý 3é3ç3- ï3ñ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ, áñáÝù ÚáõÝ3ëï3ÝÇÝ ×·Ý3Å3ÙÇó 1áõñë ·3Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ 3é3ç3ñÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ í3×3- é»É Çñ Ñ31⁄23ñ3õáñ ÏÕ1⁄2ÇÝ»ñÁ:

1⁄4áõ·3Ñ»é, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ÁÝÃ3óùÇ Ù¿ç ¿ øáã3ñ»3ÝÇÝ í»ñ313ñÓÝ»Éáõ ¦31⁄2·áíÇ ËÝ1ñ»Éáõ§ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3ó: Ü3Ë3Ó»éÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ÛÇßáõÙ »Ý Ýñ3 ûñûù ¦»ñ3Ý»ÉÇ Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÝ»ñÁ§ »õ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÙ, áñ ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ý3 Ï3ñáÕ ¿ »ñÏÇñÁ Ñ3Ý»É ×·Ý3Å3ÙÇó:

¦21⁄2·áíÇ ËÝ1ñ»Éáõ§ Ù»Ãá13μ3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÙÇç3í3ÛñáõÙ Ýáñ ã¿: 2é3çÇÝÝ 3Û1 3éáõ- Ùáí ÐÎÎ Ý3ËÏÇÝ 3é3çÇÝ ù3ñïáõÕ3ñ Î3ñ¿Ý  ̧»ÙÇñ×»3ÝÝ ¿ñ, áñÇ í»ñ313ñÓÁ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝ μ3õ3Ï3Ý Û3ÕÃ3Ï3Ý ëï3óáõ»ó: Ü3 ÷3ëï3óÇ Û3Õûó øáã3ñ»3ÝÇÝa Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ÁÝïñáõ- û3ÝÁ, ÇëÏ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõû3ÝÁ Ð3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ñ»ï í»ñóñ»ó Ù»- Í3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ ÐáÏï»Ùμ»ñÇ 27-Çó Û»ïáÛ 3Ûë Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ ÷áËáõ»ó:

oñÏñáñ1Á È»õáÝ î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÝ ¿ñ, áñÇ í»ñ313ñÓÁ 3ÏïÇõ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ÝáÛÝå¿ë ÷3ëï3óÇ Û3ÕÃ3Ï3Ý ëï3óáõ»ó, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý Ïáßï ù3ÛÉ»ñÝ áõ î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÇ 3Ýí×- é3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ Ç ãÇù 13ñÓñÇÝ 3Û1 Û3ÕÃ3Ï3Ý í»ñ313ñÓÁ: î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÁ í»ñ3Íáõ»ó ¦ß3ñù3- ÛÇÝ ÁÝ11ÇÙ31Çñǧ, ÇëÏ øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó, áñ Ýñ3Ý »ñ»ù 3Ý·3Ù Û3ÕÃ»É ¿:

ö3ëï3óÇ, øáã3ñ»3ÝÝ ¦31⁄2·áíÇ ËÝ1ñ»Éáõ§ Ù»Ãá13μ3Ýáõû3Ý »ñÏáõ ¦÷áñÓ§ áõÝÇ: oñÏáõ 1¿åùáõÙ ¿É ÷3ëï3óÇ Ý3 13ñÓ3õ ¦Û3ÕÃáÕ§: 2Ûë ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó, Ñ»ï3ùñùÇñ ¿, áñ Ý3 Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÙ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ ¦ï»Õ3õáñáõ»É§  ̧»ÙÇñ×»3ÝÇ áõ î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÇ ¦ï»ÕáõÙ§: лï3ùñùÇñ ¿ Ýñ3Ýáí, áñ Ý3 3ÝÓ3Ùμ ¿ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ»É, áñ Ù3Ý3õ3Ý1 Ñ3Û3ëï3Ý»3Ý Çñ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ¦í»ñ313ñÓÁ§ »õ ¦31⁄2·áíÇ ËÝ1ñ»Éݧ Ç í»ñçáÛ Û3Ý·»óÝáõÙ »Ý μ3ñ1 áõ íï3Ý·3õáñ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÝ»ñÇ:

ØÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó, ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ¿, áñ áõÝ»Ý3Éáí ¦31⁄2·áíÇ ËÝ1ñ»Éáõ§ ÷áñÓÁ, øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ Ùï3ÍáõÙ ¿, áñ ÇÝùÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ Ëáõë3÷»É 3Û1 Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÝ»ñÇó »õ ë3ÑáõÝ í»ñóÝ»É ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ:  ̧ñ3 Ñ3Ù3ñ Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ Ï3Ý μáÉáñ Ý3Ë31ñ»3ÉÝ»ñÁ. öáõÃÇÝÁ èáõë3ëï3ÝáõÙ í»ñ313ñÓ3õ, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 13ßïÝ 3Ù3Û3ó3Í ¿, ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇÝ 3Û1å¿ë ¿É ãÇ Û3çáÕáõ»É Ï3éáõó»É ë»÷3- Ï3Ý ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý áõ ïÝï»ë3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·: Àëï 3Ù»Ý3ÛÝÇ, ·ñ»Ã¿ ÝáÛÝ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÝ ¿, ÇÝã 1997 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ, »ñμ í3ñã3å»ï Ýß3Ý3Ïáõ»Éáõó Û»ïáÛ øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ ëÏë»ó 3ëïÇ×3Ý3μ3ñ Çñ Ó»é- ùÁ í»ñóÝ»É »ñÏñÇ Ï3é3í3ñÙ3Ý ÉÍ3ÏÝ»ñÁ:

ØÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó, ë3Ï3ÛÝ, Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÙ Ýñ3 í3ñã3å»ï 13éÝ3Éáõ Íñ3·ñ»ñÁ Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ ï3å3É- áõ»É »Ý, ÇëÏ 3é3Ýó å»ï3Ï3Ý-ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý ÉÍ3ÏÝ»ñÇ øáã3ñ»3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ã3÷31⁄23Ýó μ3ñ1 ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ:  ̧3 ¿ óáÛó ï3ÉÇë Ýñ3 ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ï3ñÇ»ñ3ÛÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÁ ÿ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕáõÙ, ÿ Ð3Û3ëï3- ÝáõÙ: Àëï 3Û1Ù, ¦Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ 3ç3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ§, áñÇÝ øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ »ñμ»ù ¿É Éáõñç ãÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»É, 13é- ÝáõÙ ¿ 3ÝÇÙ3ëï ÙÇ 1»Ïáñ, ù3ÝÇ áñ áã áù, Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ, ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ Éáõñç ÁÝ1áõÝ»É, áñ øáã3ñ»3ÝÇÝ ¦Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ 3ç3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ§ ËÇëï 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï ¿:

Î3Û Ç Ñ3ñÏ¿  ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ, áñÁ Ø3ÛÇëÇ 6-Ç ÁÝïñáõû3Ý 3ñ1ÇõÝùáõÙ Í3Ýñ3ÏßÇé Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÃÇõÝ 3å3Ñáí»ó ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝáõÙ, »õ Ï3Û ÐÐÎ-Ý, áñÝ ÇÝã áñ å3ÑÇ, ÇÝãå¿ë »Õ»É ¿ μ31⁄2- ÙÇóë, Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÷áË»É Çñ ×3Ùμ3ñÁ »õ Ñ3ñ»É Ýñ3Ý, áí Çñ»Ý 3õ»ÉÇ É3õ ¦ÏÁ Ï»ñ3Ïñǧ: Æñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ, Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ Ï3Û ÙÇïáõÙ, áñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ Ù3ñ1⁄2»ñáõÙ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ Û3ÝÓÝáõÙ ¿  ́ÐÎ-ÇÝ: Î3Û Ý3»õ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ ·áñÍûÝÁ, áñÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ ãÏáñóÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ å3ïñ3ëï ¿ ó3ÝÏ3ó3Í ù3ÛÉÇ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ, 3Ûë 3Ù¿ÝÁ, »Ã¿ ÇÝã áñ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 3ñ1ÇõÝù ¿ ïáõ»É, 3å3 Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÙ 1Åáõ3ñ ¿ 3ë»É, ÿ ÇÝã Ñ»ï»õ3ÝùÝ»ñÇ áõ í»ñçÝ3ñ1ÇõÝùÇ ÏÁ Û3Ý·»óÝÇ:

3

Þ3ï μ3Ý ¿ ÷áËáõ»É ÿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ, ÿ 3ßË3ñÑáõÙ, »õ Ï3Û 3Û1 ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ3- Ù3ñÅ¿ù ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ËÝ1Çñ: ØÇ3ÛÝ 3Û1 1¿åùáõÙ ¿ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ Ëáõë3÷»É óÝóáõÙÝ»ñÇó áõ 3Ýó3ÝÏ3ÉÇ 1⁄23ñ·3óáõÙÝ»ñÇó: ê3Ï3ÛÝ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 13ëÇ ·áñÍ»É3Ï»ñåÁ óáÛó ¿ ï3ÉÇë, áñ 3ÛÝ μ3õ3Ï3Ý Ñ»éáõ ¿ Ýáñ ÇñáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñÅ¿ù ÉÇÝ»Éáõóa 1ñ3ÝÇó μËáÕ Ñ»ï»õ3ÝùÝ»ñáí:

2Û1 ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó, 3⁄4·»Û»3Ý ÍáíÇ ÏÕ1⁄2ÇÝ Ó»éù ¿ μ»ñáõÙ ËÇëï ËáñÑñ13Ýß3Ï3Ý Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÃÇõÝ: ¦Èð2¶Æð§

Ð2Ú2êî2Ü ÎÀ Ðoðø3⁄4 Æð2ÜÆ  ̧3⁄4Ø ä2îÄ2ØÆæàòÜoðÀ Þðæ2ÜòoÈàô

Üä2î2Îàì Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü  ̧ð2Ø2îàôÜoðÀ ú¶î2¶àðÌoÈàô Ø2êÆÜ

îoÔoÎàôÂÆôÜÜoðÀ

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý 1ñ3Ù3ïáõÝÁ ú·áëïáë 21-ÇÝ 3ñÓ3·3Ý·3Í ¿ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý »õ Çñ3Ý3Ï3Ý 1ñ3Ù3ïÝ3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·»ñáõ Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïóáõû3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É §èáÛÃÁñ1⁄2§ ·áñÍ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý ÝáÛÝ ûñÁ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3Í Ûû1áõ3ÍÇÝ, áñ Ïÿ3Ý1ñ313éÝ3Û Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝÇ »õ Æñ3ÝÇ 1ñ3Ù3ïáõÝ»ñáõÝ ÙÇç»õ Ï3åÇÝ: ¦Æñ3Ý ÏÁ Ý3ÛÇ 1¿åÇ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý‘ ßñç3Ýó»Éáõ 1ñ3Ù3ïÝ3ÛÇÝ å3ïÅ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÁ§ í»ñÝ3·ÇñÁ ÏñáÕ Ûû1áõ3ÍÁ ÏÁ ·ñ¿, áñ ¦Æñ3Ý Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõÃÇõÝ ÏÁ óáõó3μ»ñ¿ Ñ3ñ»õ3Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ‘ 3.3 ÙÇÉÇáÝ μÝ3Ïãáõû3Ùμ 3Û1 É»éÝ3ÛÇÝ »ñÏñÇ Ñ3Ý1¿å, 3ÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3Ñ3ïáõ3ÍÇÝ, »ñμ 3ñ»õÙï»3Ý å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ »õ Ñ»ï3Ëáõ1⁄23Ï3Ý Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ 1⁄2ûñ3óÝ»Ý Â»Ññ3ÝÇ ßñç3÷3ÏáõÙÁ‘ ÷áñÓ»Éáí Ë»Õ1»É »ñÏñÇ ÙÇçáõÏ3ÛÇÝ Íñ3·ñ»ñÁ§:

¦2ÛëåÇëÇ Ñ3ñ»õ3ÝÁ, Ý3ËÏÇÝ ÊáñÑñ13ÛÇÝ ÙÇáõûݿÝ, áñ 3é»õïñ3ÛÇÝ Ï3å»ñáí

Ï3åáõ3Í ¿ Æñ3ÝÇ Ñ»ï »õ Ï’3ßË3ïÇ ë»ñï Ï3å»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É oõñáå3Ï3Ý ÙÇáõû3Ý Ñ»ï, ÏñÝ3Û Â»Ññ3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ 1Çõñ3óÝ»É ûï3ñ»ñÏñ»3Û Û3×3Ëáñ1Ý»ñ¿Ý ëï3óáõáÕ »õ 3ÝáÝó Ï3ï3- ñáõáÕ í×3ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ã3ùóÝ»Éáõ »õ Æñ3ÝÇ ÙÇçáõÏ3ÛÇÝ »õ ÑñÃÇé3ÛÇÝ Íñ3·ÇñÝ»ñÁ Ï3ÝË»É ÷áñÓáÕ 2ñ»õÙï»3Ý Ñ»ï3Ëáõ1⁄23Ï3Ý Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ë3μ»Éáõ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÁ: Ð3Û å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñÁ ÏÁ Ñ»ñù»Ý Æñ3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 3åûñÇÝÇ 1ñ3Ù3ïÝ3ÛÇÝ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý3Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÁ: Ð3Ï3é3Ï 3Ýáñ‘ 3Ù»ñÇÏ»3Ý å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñÁ å3ñμ»ñ3μ3ñ Çñ»Ýó Ñ3Û ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñáõÝ ÏÁ ëå3éÝ3Ý Ëëï3óÝ»É ýÇÝ3Ýë3Ï3Ý í»ñ3ÑëÏáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ§,- Áëáõ3Í ¿ Ûû1áõ3ÍÇÝ Ù¿ç:

¦èáÛÃÁñ1⁄2§ Ý3»õ ÏÁ Ýß¿, áñ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ×ß·ñÇï 1ñ3Ù3ïáõÝ»ñáõ 3ÝáõÝÝ»ñ, Ù3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë ¦23Ïμ3 Îñ»1Çï 2·ñÇÏáɧ 1ñ3Ù3ïáõÝÁ, áñáõÝ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ Çñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÏáÕÙÁ Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñ ÏÁ óáõó3μ»ñ¿: Ð3Ï3é3Ï 3Ýáñ, Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÏáÕÙÁ Ñ»ñù3Í ¿ñ ÝÙ3Ý Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõÃÇõÝ Ï3Ù Ï3- å»ñ áõÝ»Ý3ÉÁ:

¦èáÛÃÁñ1⁄2§-Ç Ûû1áõ3Í3·ÇñÁ Ý3»õ 3ÏÝ3ñÏ3Í ¿, áñ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÇÝ ÝáÛÝ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÇ Ù¿ç ¿ñ, ÇÝã áñ ¿ Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ:

¦2010-ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý 3å3Ñáí ¿ñ Æñ3ÝÇ 1ñ3Ù3ïáõÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ 3Ù»ñÇÏ»3Ý ×ÝßáõÙÝ»ñáõ Ñ»ï»õ3Ýùáí ëïÇåáõ3Í »Õ3õ Ë1⁄2»Éáõ Ï3å»ñÁ »Ññ3ÝÇ Ñ»ï: 2ñ»õÙáõïùÇ åÝ1Ù3Ùμ‘ Ãñù3Ï3Ý 1ñ3Ù3ïáõÝ»ñÁ 3ÛÅÙ 3õ»ÉÇ 1⁄2·áÛß »Ý Çñ3ÝóÇ Û3×3Ëáñ1Ý»ñáõ Ñ»ï 3ßË3ï»Éáõ Å3Ù3- Ý3ϧ,- Áëáõ3Í ¿ Ûû1áõ3ÍÇ Ù¿ç:

Úû1áõ3Í3·ÇñÁ ÏÁ ÛÇß»óÝ¿ áñ, 2ØÜ-Ç Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ Çñ3Ý3Ï3Ý 1ñ3- Ù3ïáõÝ»ñáõ å3ïÅ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É, Ýáñ ã»Ý. 3Û1 Ù3ëÇÝ ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ »Õ3Í »Ý Ý3»õ ¦àõÇùÇÉÇùëǧ Ññ3å3ñ3Ïáõ3Í ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕûñáõÝ Ù¿ç:

2Ûë 3éÝãáõû3Ùμ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý  ̧ñ3Ù3ï3Ý Ñ3Õáñ13·ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç Ï’ÁëáõÇ.

¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý ï3ñ3ÍùáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ μáÉáñ μ3ÝÏ»ñÁ, ·ïÝáõ»Éáí λ1ñáÝ3- Ï3Ý μ3ÝÏÇ í»ñ3ÑëÏáÕáõû3Ý Ý»ñùáÛ, ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý ûñ¿ÝùÝ»ñÇ, λ1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý μ3ÝÏÇ ÝáñÙ3ïÇõ »õ μ3ÝÏ»ñÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý 3Ïï»ñÇ ßñç3Ý3Ï3Ý»ñáõÙ:

¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý Ï»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý μ3ÝÏÝ 3é3çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ å3ñï31ñáõÙ ¿ μ3Ý- Ï»ñÇÝ »õ 3ÛÉ ýÇÝ3Ýë3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»É μáÉáñ ·áñÍ3ñùÝ»ñÇ Ù3Ýñ3- Ù3ëÝ áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáõÃÇõÝ‘ ÃáÛÉ ãï3Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý ÏáÕÙÇó ÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉÇ ãÑ3- Ù3ñáõáÕ ·áñÍ3éÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ3õáõÙÁ:

¦¦Ø»ÉÉ3à μ3Ýϧ ö ́À-Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ 1»é»õë 1996Ã.-Çó, μ3ÝÏÇ Û3×3Ëáñ1Ý»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3ÝáõÙ Æñ3Ý-Ñ3Û3ëï3Ý 3é»õïñ3ßñç3Ý3éáõû3Ý Ù¿ç Ý»ñ·ñ3õáõ3Í ÷áùñ »õ ÙÇçÇÝ Ó»é- Ý3ñÏ3ï¿ñ»ñ »Ý, 1⁄2μûë3ßñçÇÏÝ»ñ, áõë3ÝáÕÝ»ñ:  ́3ÝÏÇ ·áñÍ3éáÛÃÝ»ñÁ »õ 3ÏïÇõÝ»ñÇ Ù»ÍáõÃÇõÝÁ í»ñçÇÝ 3-4 ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ ÏïñáõÏ Ýáõ31⁄2»É »Ý (μ3ÝÏÇ 3ÏïÇõÝ»ñÁ 2010Ã.-Ç  ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñÇ 31-Çó ÙÇÝã»õ 2012Ã.-Ç ÚáõÉÇëÇ 1-Á ÁÝÏ3Í Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3Ñ3ïáõÍáõÙ Ýáõ31⁄2»É »Ý 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý 2 3Ý·3Ù‘ 88 ÙÉÝ 2ØÜ 1áÉ3ñÇó Ï31⁄2Ù»Éáí 40 ÙÉÝ 2ØÜ 1áÉ3ñ). μ3ÝÏÁ ãáõÝÇ áñ»õ¿ ÃÕÃ3Ïó3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ßÇõ ÇÝã-

4

å¿ë »õñáå3Ï3Ý »õ 3Ù»ñÇÏ»3Ý μ3ÝÏ»ñÇ, 3ÛÝå¿ë ¿É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ μ3ÝÏ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:

¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ μ3ÝÏ»ñÁ, ãáõÝ»Ý ÃÕÃ3Ïó3ÛÇÝ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñ Ý3»õ Æñ3ÝáõÙ ·ñ3Ýóáõ3Í μ3ÝÏ»ñÇ Ï3Ù ýÇÝ3Ýë3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:

¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ3Ï3Ý μ3ÝÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáõ ¿ Ëëï3·áÛÝë Ñ»ï»õ»É Ñ3Û3ëï3Ý»3Ý μáÉáñ ýÇÝ3Ýë3Ï3Ý Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñÇ »õ Ýñ3Ýó Û3×3Ëáñ1Ý»ñÇ í3ñù3·ÍÇÝ »õ Çñ3Ï3- Ý3óáõáÕ ·áñÍ3éáÛÃÝ»ñÇÝ‘ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý ýÇÝ3Ýë3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Á 1⁄2»ñÍ å3- Ñ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ï3ÛáõÝáõû3ÝÁ íï3Ý·áÕ ó3ÝÏ3ó3Í »ñ»õáÛÃÝ»ñÇó§:

òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü  ́2Ü2ÒoôÀ ÎðÜ2Ú  ̧2ðÒo2È øÜÜàôÆÈ

üð2Üê2ÚÆ Ø3⁄4æ

üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍáó Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ Èáñ3Ý ü3åÇõë Û3ÛïÝ»ó, ÿ ãÇ μ3ó3é»ñ, áñ ö3ñÇ1⁄2Ç Ù¿ç 13ñÓ»3É ùÝÝáõÇ Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý áõñ3óáõÙÁ ùñ¿3Ï3Ý3óÝ»Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ ûñÇÝ3- ·ÇÍ ÙÁ í3õ»ñ3óÝ»Éáõ Ñ3ñóÁ:

ÂáõñùÇáÛ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍáó Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ 2ÑÙ¿ï î3õáõïûÕÉáõÇ Ñ»ï 2Ý·3ñ3ÛÇ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»- ó3Í Ù3ÙÉáÛ 3ëáõÉÇëÇ ÙÁ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ ü3åÇõë å3ï3ëË3Ý3Í ¿ Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏáõÝ 3ÛÝ Ñ3ñóáõ- ÙÇÝ, ÿ üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ Ù¿ç Çμñ»õ ÿ ÏÁ ËûëáõÇ 3ÛÝ Ù3ëÇÝ, áñ ÝÙ3Ý ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍ 3ÛÉ»õë åÇïÇ ãÝ»ñÏ3- Û3óáõÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý, Ñ3Ï3é3Ï 3Ýáñ, áñ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ üñ3Ýëáõ3 ÐáÉ3Ýï Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿ñ, ÿ μ3- Ý3Ó»õÁ åÇïÇ í»ñ313éÝ3Û ûñ3Ï3ñ·:

Æμñ»õ å3ï3ëË3Ý, Èáñ3Ý ü3åÇõë Ý3Ë ÛÇß»óáõó, áñ Ý3ËÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý ßñç3ÝÇÝ ÝÙ3Ý Û3Ûï3- ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ï3ï3ñ3Í »Ý ÿ? ÜÇùáÉ3 ê3ñùá1⁄2ÇÝ »õ ÿ ÐáÉ3ÝïÁ, 3å3 3õ»Éóáõó. ¦ÎÁ Ñ3õ3- ï3Ù, áñ ÏÁ ·ïÝáõÇÝ ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝù 1⁄2áõñÏ »Ý 1⁄2·3ó3Ï3Ýáõûݿ§‘ ãÑ»ñù»Éáí Ýáñ ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÇ ÙÁ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÁ:

üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÝ áõ Ì»ñ3ÏáÛïÁ í3õ»ñ3óáõó3Í ¿ÇÝ ó»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ, Ý»ñ3é- »3É‘ Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý ÅËïáõÙÁ ùñ¿3Ï3Ý3óÝáÕ ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍ ÙÁ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 3Ýó3Í 29 ö»ïñ- áõ3ñÇÝ, üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ ê3ÑÙ3Ý31ñ3Ï3Ý ËáñÑáõñ1Á ûñÇÝ3·ÇÍÁ áã ë3ÑÙ3Ý31ñ3Ï3Ý ÝÏ3ï3Í ¿ñ:

ê ̧ÐÎ Îo ̧ðàÜ2Î2Ü ì2ðâàôÂo2Ü 2Ü ̧2ØÜoðàô Ð2Ü ̧ÆäàôØÜoðÀ

Ò3Ë¿Ý 3ça ì3ñã3å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3Ý, ê»1ñ3Ï 2׿ٻ3Ý »õ ì31⁄2·¿Ý ¶3ÉÃ3·×»3Ý

û3Ý Ó»éÝ3ñÏ3Í ù3ÛÉ»ñÁ:

oðoô2ÜÆ Ø3⁄4æ

ú·áëïáë 17-ÇÝ Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝÇ ì3ñã3å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3Ý Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ áõ- Ý»ó3õ êáóÇ3É  ̧»ÙáÏñ3ï ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý í3ñãáõû3Ý 3ï»Ý3å»ï ê»1ñ3Ï 2×»Ù- »3ÝÇ »õ 1Çõ3ÝÇ 3Ý13Ù ì31⁄2·¿Ý ¶3ÉÃ3·×»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï:

Ð3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý ÁÝÃ3ó- ùÇÝ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõ»ó3õ Û3ïÏ3- å¿ë êáõñÇ3Û¿Ý Ð3Û3ëï3Ý ï»Õ3÷áËáõ3Í Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ 3éÝãáõáÕ Ñ3ñó»ñÁ: îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3Ý 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ3õ êáõñÇáÛ Ù¿ç ïÇñáÕ Çñ3íÇ- ×3ÏÇÝ »õ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó 3ÛÝ- ï»ÕÇ Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇ 3Ýí- ï3Ý·áõû3Ý 3å3ÑáíÙ3Ý Ñ»ï Ï3åáõ3Í Ï3é3í3ñáõ-

5

ê ̧ÐÎ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó ·áÑáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ Û3ÛïÝ»óÇÝ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇÝ û·ï3Ï3ñ ÁÉÉ3Éáõ ·Íáí ÐÐ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý Ó»éÝ3ñÏ3Í ù3ÛÉ»ñáõÝ 3éÝãáõû3Ùμ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ å3ïñ3ë- ï3Ï3ÙáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»óÇÝ Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïó»Éáõ ·áñÍ31ÇñÇ Ñ»ïa ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ ÉáõÍ»Éáõ Ñ3ñóáí:

ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý å3ïáõÇñ3Ïáõû3Ý 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÁ 3Ûó»É»óÇÝ Ý3»õ ê÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ú3Ïáμ»3ÝÇÝ:

Ð3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõ»ó3Ý êáõñÇáÛ Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇÝ 3éÝãáõáÕ Ñ3ñó»ñÁ: Ü3Ë3ñ3ñ Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý áÕçáõÝ»Éáí ÑÇõñ»ñÁ, Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ëï»ÕÍáõ3Í

¿ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÑÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñáí 1⁄2μ3ÕáÕ 3ßË3ï3Ýù3ÛÇÝ ËáõÙμ: Ø3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ »Õ3õ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñáõ ÏñÃ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñáõÝ: àñáßáõ»-

ó3õ Ñ3Ù3ï»Õ ëï»ÕÍ»É 3ßË3ï3Ýù3ÛÇÝ ËáõÙμ‘ Ï31⁄2Ùáõ3Í Ý3»õ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñ¿, áñ åÇïÇ 1⁄2μ3ÕÇ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç ·ïÝáõáÕ 1åñáó3Ñ3ë3Ï ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñáõ ÏñÃáõû3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåÙ3Ùμ:

ê ̧ÐΠλ1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõû3Ý 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó ·áÑáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ Û3ÛïÝ»óÇÝ ê÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý‘ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ ÉáõÍ»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí Ó»éÝ3ñÏáõ3Í ù3ÛÉ»ñáõÝ 3éÝãáõû3Ùμ »õ å3ïñ3ëï3Ï3ÙáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»óÇÝa ë3ï3ñ»Éáõ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ:

ÀÝÏ»ñÝ»ñ 2׿ٻ3ÝÝ áõ ¶3ÉÃ3·×»3ÝÁ 3Ûó»É»óÇÝ Ý3»õ Ð3Ýù3õ3ÝÇ Ù¿ç ·ïÝáõáÕ ëáõñÇ3- Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñáõ ×3Ùμ3ñÝ»ñÁ:

ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý 3ç3Ïóáõû3Ùμ Ð3Ýù3õ3ÝÇ Ù3ÝÏ3Ï3Ý ×3Ù- μ3ñÝ»ñ ï»Õ3÷áËáõ3Í »Ý Ð3É¿å¿Ý »õ  ̧3Ù3ëÏáë¿Ý Ñ3ñÇõñ3õáñ Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ña å3ï»ñ31⁄2Ù3- Ï3Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ã3ï»ñ3μ»Ù¿Ý 1⁄2Çñ»Ýù Ñ3Ý»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí:

ê ̧ÐΠλ1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõû3Ý 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÁ »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñáõ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóÝ»ñáõ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ ÛáÛë Û3ÛïÝ»óÇÝ, áñ ßáõïáí êáõñÇáÛ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ ÏÁ Ñ3Ý13ñïÇ »õ »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÁ Ï3ñ»ÉÇáõÃÇõÝ ÏÿáõÝ»- Ý3Ý ÙÇ3Ý3Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñáõÝ:

§ ́ðÆî2Ü2Î2Ü 2ôÆ2àôÔÆÜoð¦-À  ̧2 ̧2ðoòÜàôØ 3⁄4 âàôoðÂÜoðÀ

oðoô2Ü

¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ3ñóÙ3ÝÝ Ç å3ï3ëË3Ý, ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý ÉáÝ1áÝ»3Ý ·ñ3ë»Ý- »3ÏÇó ÷áË3Ýó»óÇÝ, áñ 3õÇ3ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÇõÝÁ áñáᯐ ¿ 2012-Ç Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ ÐáÏï»Ùμ»ñÇó 1313ñ»ó- Ý»É Çñ Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 1¿åÇ oñ»õ3Ý‘ ó3Íñ »Ï3Ùï3μ»ñáõû3Ý å3ï×3éáí:

ì»ñçÇÝ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ï3ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ ¦ ́ñÇï3Ý3Ï3Ý 3õÇ3áõÕÇÝ»ñ§-Ç ÇÝùÝ3ÃÇéÝ»ñÁ Ð3Û3ë- ï3Ý ã»Ý »Ï»É, ÷áË3ñ¿ÝÁ 1¿åÇ oñ»õ3Ý ¿ÇÝ ÃéãáõÙ μñÇï3Ý3Ï3Ý Ù¿Ï 3ÛÉ‘ BMI ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý ÇÝùÝ3ÃÇéÝ»ñÁ: ì»ñç»ñë BMI-Á í3×3éáõ»ó ¦ ́ñÇï3Ý3Ï3Ý 3õÇ3áõÕÇÝ»ñÇݧ, áñÝ ¿É áñáß»ó, áñ 1¿åÇ oñ»õ3Ý ãáõ»ñûñÁ »Ï3Ùï3μ»ñ ã»Ý:

¦2ÙÇëï31 ïáõñ§ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý ïÝûñ¿Ý Þáõß3ÝÝ3 213Ù»3ÝÇ Ï3ñÍÇùáí, áñáßÙ3Ý å3ï- ×3é Ï3ñáÕ »Ý ÉÇÝ»É Ý3»õ û13Ý3õ3Ï3Û3ÝáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ μ3ñÓñ í3ñÓ3í×3ñÝ»ñÁ, ÙÇÝã1»é ¦2ñÙ»Ý- Ç3 ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ û13Ý3õ3Ï3Û3ÝÝ»ñ§ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ Ï3å»ñÇ å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõ ¶¿áñ· 2μñ3Ñ3Ù»3ÝÁ ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ íëï3Ñ»óñ»ó, áñ û13Ý3õ3Ï3Û3ÝÇ í3ñÓ3í×3ñÝ»ñÁ ã»Ý Ï3ñáÕ ÝÙ3Ý áñáßÙ3Ý å3ï×3é ÉÇÝ»É: Ü3 3ë3ó, áñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý Ñ»ï μ3Ý3Ïóáõû3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ÝÙ3Ý Ñ3ñó ãÇ μ3ñÓñ3óáõ»É:

î3ñ3Í3ßñç3ÝáõÙ ¦ ́ñÇï3Ý3Ï3Ý 3õÇ3áõÕÇÝ»ñÁ§ Çñ Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 1313ñ»óÝáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ: öáË3ñ¿ÝÁ 1¿åÇ ÂμÇÉÇëÇ »õ ä3ùáõ ãáõ»ñÃÝ»ñÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ïáõ»Éáõ »Ý:

Î3é3í3ñáõû3ÝÝ 3éÁÝûñ ù3Õ3õÇ3óÇ3ÛÇ ·ÉË3õáñ í3ñãáõû3Ý û13ÛÇÝ ÷áË31áõÙÝ»ñÇ Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3Ý í3ñãáõû3Ý å»ï Ðñ3Ý1 ØÇñ1⁄2á»3ÝÇ Ëûëùáí, 3Ûë áñáßÙ3Ý å3ï×3éÁ Ù»ñ »ñÏÇñÁ ã¿:

¦Ø»Ýù 3Ù¿Ý Ï»ñå ÷áñÓ»óÇÝù ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3ÝÁ å3Ñ»É ßáõÏ3ÛáõÙ, ÙÇÝã1»é å3ï×3éÁ 3õÇ3ÁÝ- Ï»ñáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ 1¿åÇ oñ»õ3Ý ãáõ»ñÃÝ»ñÇ áã »Ï3Ùï3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ñ§, - Ýß»ó Ý3:

2ê2È2-Æ 1⁄4¶àôÞ2òàôØÀ Ú2ÚîÜàôoÈ 3⁄4 Âàôðø2Î2Ü Ø2ØàôÈÆ

àôÞ2 ̧ðàôÂo2Ü ÎoÜîðàÜàôØ

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 21⁄23ï3·ñáõû3Ý Ð3Û ¶3ÕïÝÇ  ́3Ý3ÏÇ (2ê2È2) Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ, êÇñÇ3- Ñ3Ûáõû3Ý »õ ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3ÝÇ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ý»ñÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ áïÝÓ·áõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï3- å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ, É3ÛÝ 3ñÓ3·3Ýù ¿ ·ï»É Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý Éñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõÙ:

6

ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ μáÉáñ Û3ÛïÝÇ Éñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÁ ûñáõ3Û ·ÉË3õáñ Éáõñ»ñÇ ß3ñùáõÙ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óñ»É »Ý 2ê2È2-Ç ï3ñ3Í3Í Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ: àñáß Éñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ 3ÙμáÕçáõû3Ùμ, ÇëÏ áñáß- Ý»ñÝ ¿Éa ÏÇë3ï »Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óñ»É Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõû3Ý ï»ùëïÁ:

Èñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõÙ 2ê2È2-Ç Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõû3Ý ï3Ï ÁÝûñóáÕÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý Ù»ÏÝ3- μ3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3åáõ3Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ëË3É 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ»ï:

Ü»ñÏ3Û3óÝáõÙ »Ýù ¦ØÇÉÉÇ¿Ãǧ ÁÝûñóáÕÝ»ñÇó ÙÇ ù3ÝÇëÇ Ù»ÏÝ3μ3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ¦1⁄4ñû ËÝ1Çñ Ñ3ñ»õ3ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ»ï»õ3Ýùáí 3é3Ýó ËÝ1ñÇ Ñ3ñ»õ3Ý ãÙÝ3ó§, ¦ú, ÇÝã Ññ3ß3ÉÇ ¿, Ù»ñ ÃßÝ3ÙÇÝ»ñÝ ûñ-ûñÇ 3õ»É3ÝáõÙ »Ý§, ¦ØÇ3ÛÝ 2ê2È2-Ý ¿ñ å3Ï3ë, Ý3 ¿É Û3ÛïÝáõ»ó§: Üß»Ýù, áñ 2ê2È2-Ç ï3ñ3Í3Í Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç Ýᯐ ¿. ¦êÇñÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇ 3Ýí- ï3Ý·áõÃÇõÝÝ áõ 3Ý1áññÁ ëå3éÝ3óáÕ Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý áñ»õ¿ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý 3ñÏ3Í3ËÝ1ñáõÃÇõÝ, áõÕ- Õ3ÏÇ Ï3Ù 3ÝáõÕÕ3ÏÇ áñ»õ¿ áïÝÓ·áõÃÇõÝ Ñ3Ý1Çå»Éáõ ¿ Ù»ñ Ñ3Ù3ñÅ¿ù Ñ3Ï31⁄21»óáõû3ÝÁ§:

ÈÔÐ 2ÚòoÈàÔ 1⁄4 ́úê2ÞðæÆÎÜoðÆ ÐàêøÜ 2ÖàôØ 3⁄2ñó3ËÇ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý å»ÕáõÙÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÁ, áñ ÏÁ ·ñ3õ¿ ûï3ñ 1⁄2μûë3ßñçÇÏÝ»ñáõ áõß31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ

22012 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ ú·áëïáëÇ 21-Ç 1ñáõ- û3Ùμ ÈÔÐ »Ý 3Ûó»É»É 10 Ñ31⁄23ñ 667 3ñï3ë3Ñ- Ù3ÝóÇ 1⁄2μûë3ßñçÇÏÝ»ñ, 3Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï3óÝáõÙ »Ý ÈÔÐ 2¶Ü Ù3ÙáõÉÇ Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÇó, Û3õ»É»- Éáí, ÿ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý ÑÇõå3ïáë3Ï3Ý Í3é3Ûáõ- û3Ý ïñ3Ù31ñ3Í ïáõ- »3ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ, 2012Ã-Ç ÚáõÉÇëÇÝ Ñ3Ýñ3- å»ïáõÃÇõÝ »Ý 3Ûó»É»É 3 Ñ31⁄23ñ 723 Ù3ñ1 (2011 Ã. ÚáõÉÇëÇ 2 Ñ31⁄2. 165 Ù3ñ- 1áõ ÷áË3ñ¿Ý), ÇëÏ ú·áë- ïáëÇ 1-Çó ÙÇÝã»õ 21-Ý ÁÝ- Ï3Í Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3Ñ3ïáõ3- ÍáõÙ‘ 3 Ñ31⁄2. 124 Ù3ñ1 (2011Ã. ú·áëïáëÇ 2 Ñ31⁄2. 870 Ù3ñ1áõ ÷áË3ñ¿Ý):

2012 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ 3é3- çÇÝ ÏÇë3Ù»3ÏáõÙ ÈÔÐ »Ý 3Ûó»É»É 3 Ñ31⁄23ñ 820 3ñï3ë3ÑÙ3Ý»3Ý ù3Õ3ù3óÇÝ»ñ, ÇÝãÁ 874- áí Ï3Ù 29,6%-áí ·»ñ31⁄23ÝóáõÙ ¿ 2011 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ ÝáÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3ßñç3ÝÇ óáõó3ÝÇßÁ: oÿ 2011 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ 10-Ñ31⁄23ñ»ñáñ1 ûï3ñ»ñÏñ»3Û 3Ûó»ÉáõÝ ÈÔÐ ë3ÑÙ3ÝÁ Ñ3ï»É ¿ ÐáÏï»Ùμ»-

ñÇÝ, 3å3 ÁÝÃ3óÇÏ ï3ñáõÙ‘ ú·áëïáëÇ ëÏ1⁄2μÇÝ: ÈÔÐ 2¶ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý ÷áË3ÝóÙ3Ùμ, ï3ñ¿óï3ñÇ 3×áõÙ ¿ 2ñó3Ë 3Ûó»ÉáÕ 1⁄2μû-

ë3ßñçÇÏÝ»ñÇ ÑáëùÁ 3ßË3ñÑÇ μáÉáñ Ù3Ûñó3Ù3ùÝ»ñÇó, ãÝ3Û3Í 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ëï»ÕÍáõáÕ ËáãÁÝ1áïÝ»ñÇÝ:

¦ä3ï3Ñ3Ï3Ý ã¿, áñ »ñÏñ3Ù3ëÝ 3õ»ÉÇ áõ 3õ»ÉÇ Û3×3Ë ¿ ÁÝ·ñÏõáõÙ 3ßË3ñÑÇ 3Ù»Ý3·- ñ3õÇã 1⁄2μûë3ßñç3ÛÇÝ í3Ûñ»ñÇ í3ñÏ3ÝÇßÝ»ñáõÙ: 2Ûëï»Õ ûï3ñ»ñÏñ3óÇÝ»ñÇÝ Ññ3åáõñáõÙ »Ý å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý ÑÇÝ3õáõñó Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñÁ, ×áË μÝáõÃÇõÝÁ, μÝ3å3Ñå3Ý3Ï3Ý 3éáÕç ÙÇç3- í3ÛñÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ μÝ3ÏÇãÝ»ñÇ μ3ñ»3ó3Ï3Ù »õ ÑÇõñ3ë¿ñ í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝùÁ§,- 3ëáõ3Í ¿ ÈÔÐ 2¶Ü Ñ3Õáñ13·ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç:

7

ÂàôðøÆ2ÚàôØ ÆÞÊàÔ Îàôê2ÎòàôÂÆôÜàôØ Ð2Ú-Âàôðø2Î2Ü

2ðÒ2Ü2¶ðàôÂÆôÜÜoðÆ Ðoî Î2äàô2Ì oðoø îoê2Î3⁄4î Î2Ú

ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ ÇßËáÕ ¦2ñ13ñáõÃÇõÝ »õ 1⁄23ñ·3óáõÙ§ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3Ý·Ý3Í ¿ ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÇ ß»ÙÇÝ, »õ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 30-ÇÝ Ï3Û3Ý3ÉÇù Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ å3ïÙ3- Ï3Ý: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ú·áëïáëÇ 20-ÇÝ, Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3ÝÝ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó ÐÐ ¶ÇïáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÇ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 3Ï31»ÙÇ3ÛÇ 2ñ»õ»É3·Çïáõû3Ý ÇÝëïÇïáõïÇ 3õ3· ·Çï3ßË3ïáÕ ì3Ññ3Ù î¿ñ-Ø3ûõáë»3ÝÁ:

¦ä3ïÙ3Ï3Ý ¿, ù3ÝÇ áñ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛáõÙ áñáß3ÏÇ ë3ÑÙ3Ý3÷3ÏáõÙÝ»ñ ¿ Ùïóñ»É, ÿ ÇßËáÕ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ ù3ÝDZ 3Ý·3Ù Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÁÝïñáõ»É Ý3Ë3·3Ñ, ÇëÏ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÁa å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ñ: 2ÛëÇÝùÝa Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ÏáñÇ1⁄2Á ÷á÷áËáõû3Ý ¿ »ÝÃ3ñÏõáõÙ »õ Ýñ3Ýù, áíù»ñ »ñ»ù 3Ý·3Ù Û3ÕÃ3Ñ3ñ»É »Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, 3ÛÅÙ å¿ïù ¿ ÷á÷áËáõ»Ý, »õ 3Ûë Ñ3ñóÁ Éáõñç ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ ¿ 3é3ç3óñ»É Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ý»ñëáõÙ§,-3ë3ó Ý3:

Àëï 3Û1Ù‘ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3·3Ñ è. 3⁄4ñ1áÕ3ÝÁ í»ñçÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÁÝïñáõ»É Ïáõ- ë3Ïóáõû3Ý 3é3çÝáñ1, Ý3»õ »ûà ï3ëÝ»3ÏÇó 3õ»É å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ñ ã»Ý Ï3ñáÕ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»É 2015 Ã. ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, 3Û1 ÇëÏ å3ï×3éáí ¿É Çñ»Ýó μáÕáùÝ »Ý 3ñï3Û3Û- ïáõÙ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ï3ÝáÝ31ñáõû3Ý 1¿Ù:

Àëï ÷áñÓ3·¿ïÇ, 3⁄4ñ1áÕ3ÝÁ ÝÙ3Ý ù3ÛÉ»ñáí Ýå3ï3Ï áõÝÇ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ 1⁄2»ñÍ å3Ñ»É É×3óáõÙÇó »õ ãÏñÏÝ»É Çñ Ý3ËÏÇÝÝ»ñÇ ÷áñÓÁ: ¦Þ3ï»ñÁ ëå3ëáõÙ »Ý, áñ ·3ÉÇù Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3ñáõÙ 3⁄4ñ1áÕ3ÝÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝ Ïÿ3ÝÇ Çñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 3å3·3ÛÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É‘ ó3ÝÏ3Ýá±õÙ ¿ 2015 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ 3é3ç31ñáõ»É Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ÿ áã§,- 3ë3ó Ý3‘ Û3õ»É»Éáí, áñ 3⁄4ñ1áÕ3ÝÝ áõ1⁄2áõÙ ¿ 3é3ç31ñáõ»É Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ å3ßïûÝáõÙ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ÝáÛÝ å3ßïûÝÇÝ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ Ý3- »õ 3é3ç31ñáõ»É ¶ÇõÉÁ »õ Ñ3ñó ¿ 3é3ç3ÝáõÙ, ÿ á±õÙ Ñ»ï»õÇó å¿ïù ¿ ·Ý3É:

ÆÝã í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý 1ÇñùáñáßÙ3ÝÁa Ï3åáõ3Í Ñ3Û-Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ì3Ññ3Ù î¿ñ- Ø3ûõáë»3ÝÁ 3é3ÝÓÝ3óñ»ó ï»ë3Ï¿ïÝ»ñÇ »ñ»ù ËÙμ3õáñáõÙ: Àëï 3Û1Ù‘ ëï3ïáõë-ùíáÛÇ å3Ñå3ÝÙ3Ý ÏáÕÙÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñ, áíù»ñ åÝ1áõÙ »Ý, áñ ãí3õ»ñ3óáõ3Í íÇ×3- ÏáõÙ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ û·ïÇÝ, »ñÏñáñ1 ËáõÙμÁ Ï3ñÍáõÙ ¿, áñ ãí3õ»- ñ3óáõ3Í 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ë3ñ3Ý »Ý ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ ×3Ï3ïÇÝ áõ å¿ïù ¿ μ3óáõÇ Ñ3Û-Ãáõñù3- Ï3Ý ë3ÑÙ3ÝÁ, »ññáñ1 ËáõÙμÁ Ñ3õ3ùáõ3Í »Ý 2ÑÙ»1  ̧3õáõÃûÕÉáõÇ Ñ3Û»óÏ3ñ·Ç ßáõñç‘ 2015 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ ÁÝ13é3ç Í3õ3É»É Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ 1ÇëÏáõñë:

äàÈê2Ð2ÚoðÀ ä2îð2êî oÜ ú¶ÜoÈ êÆðÆ2ÚÆ Ð2ÚàôÂo2ÜÀ

äáÉë3Ñ3Û»ñÁ å3ïñ3ëï »Ý û·Ý»É êÇñÇ3ÛáõÙ ëï»ÕÍáõ3Í Çñ3íÇ×3Ïáí å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñáõ3Í‘ 1Åáõ3ñ Ï3óáõû3Ý Ù¿ç Û3ÛïÝáõ3Í Ñ3Û»ñÇÝ, ï»Õ»Ï3óÝáõÙ ¿ ¦2Ïûë§-Á:

âÝ3Û3Í Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ã3Õ3Ù3ë»ñáõÙ μ3ËáõÙÝ»ñ ï»ÕÇ ã»Ý áõÝ»ó»É, ë3Ï3ÛÝ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÝ 3Ûë- ï»Õ É3ñáõ3Í ¿: Àëï ûñÃÇ, ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÁ íï3Ý·ÇÝ 1¿Ù Ñ3Ý1ÇÙ3Ý »Ý »õ 3Ûë Çñ3íÇ×3ÏáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÝ 3Ýï3ñμ»ñ ÙÝ3É ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ:

äáÉëáÛ Ð3Ûáó å3ïñÇ3ñù3ñ3ÝÇ Ñá·»õáñ ËáñÑñ1Ç 3é3çÝáñ1 Â3ÃáõÉ 2Ýáõß»3ÝÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3- ñ»É ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýù ã»Ý å3ïñ3ëïõáõÙ Ëáõë3÷»É ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÇ Ñ3Ý1¿å Çñ»Ýó áõÝ»ó3Í å3ñï3Ï3- ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó:

ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñáõÙ Ù3ïáõóáõ3Í å3ï3ñ3·Ç ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ Ñ3Û»ñÝ 3ÕûÃ»É »Ý êÇñÇ3ÛáõÙ Ë3Õ3Õáõû3Ý Ñ3ëï3ïÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ:

¦2Ïûë§-Á 1⁄2ñáõó»É ¿ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï »õ »1⁄2ñ3Ï3óñ»É, áñ åáÉë3Ñ3Û»ñÁ å3ïñ3ëï »Ý û·Ý»É Ð3É¿åáõÙ,  ̧3Ù3ëÏáëáõÙ »õ ø»ë3μáõÙ 3åñáÕ Çñ»Ýó Ñ3ñ3- 1⁄23ïÝ»ñÇÝ:

êáõñμ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝ¿ë »Ï»Õ»óáõ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ Ú3ñáõÃÇõÝ Þ3ÝÉÁÝ, ûñÇÝ3Ï, Ýᯐ ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýù å3ñï3õáñ »Ý ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã 3Ý»É:

¦êï3ÙμáõÉáõÙ Ýñ3Ýó ÁÝ1áõÝ»É Ï3ñáÕ »Ýù, Î3ñáÕ »Ýù 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï ëÝÝ1áí 3å3Ñáí»É: êÇñÇ3Ñ3Û Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇÝ û·Ý»ÉÁ μáÉáñÇë å3ñïùÝ ¿: ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3Û»ñÁ Æñ3ùÇ å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙÇ ÁÝ- Ã3óùáõÙ ¿É Ñ3Û»ñÇÝ û·Ýáõû3Ý Ó»éù ¿ñ Ù»Ïݻɧ,-3ë»É ¿ Ý3:

êáõñμ Ê3ã 1åñ»í3ÝùÇ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ Øáõñ31  ́»ñμ»ñûÕÉáõÝ Ýᯐ ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýù ó3Ý- Ï3ÝáõÙ »Ý, áñ å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙÝ ûñ 3é3ç 3õ3ñïáõÇ: ¦2Ûë ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ 3ßË3ñÑÇ μáÉáñ Ñ3Û»ñÁ ëÇñÇ3- Ñ3Û»ñÇÝ û·Ýáõû3Ý Ó»éù »Ý Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ§,- 3ë»É ¿ Ý3:

ÆëÏ  ́3ùÁñùÛáÛÇ êáõñμ ÌÝáõÝ1 2ëïáõ3Í3ÍÇÝ »Ï»Õ»óáõ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ Ø»ëáõà ú1⁄2- 1»ÙÇñÁ Ýᯐ ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýó ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ë3ÑÙ3Ý3÷3Ï »Ý »õ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý áõ å»ïáõ- û3Ý 3ç3Ïóáõû3Ùμ Ï3ñáÕ »Ý Ñ3Û»ñÇÝ ï»Õ3õáñ»É êï3ÙμáõÉáõÙ »õ μáÉáñ Ï3ñÇùÝ»ñÁ Ñá·3É:

8

§êÆìÆÈÆÂ2ê¦-À Øî2 ̧Æð 3⁄4  ̧ÆØoÈ ìoð2 ̧2ê  ̧2î2Î2Ü 2îo2ÜÜoðÆÜ

¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ Ýûñ¿Ý ê3ÉμÇ Ô31⁄23ñ»3Ý

ooñ»õ3ÝÇ Î»ÝïñáÝ »õ Üáñù-Ø3ñ3ß í3ñã3Ï3Ý ßñç3ÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ Çñ3- õ3ëáõû3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÁ ß3μ3à ûñÁ Ù»ñ- Å»É ¿ ¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ‘ 21⁄2- ·3ÛÇÝ 3Ýíï3Ý·áõû3Ý Í3é3Ûáõû3Ý (2ÌÌ) áñáßÙ3Ý μáÕáù3ñÏáõÙÁ:

ÐÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ ïÝûñ¿Ý ê3ÉμÇ Ô3- 1⁄23ñ»3ÝÁ ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ 3ë3ó, áñ áñáßáõÙÁ Çñ»Ýó Ñ3Ù3ñ 3Ý3ÏÝÏ3É ã¿ñ:

¦àõÕÕ3ÏÇ Ù»Ýù 3Ûë ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÇÝ 1ÇÙ»É »Ýù, áñáíÑ»ï»õ ÙÇÝã»õ í»ñç å¿ïù ¿ ï3Ý»Ýù. ÙÇõë »ñÏáõ 3ï»3ÝÝ»ñÇÝ ¿É å¿ïù ¿ 1ÇÙ»Ýù »õ 1ñ3ÝÇó Û»ïáÛ oõñá- å3Ï3Ý 13ï3ñ3Ý åÇïÇ ·Ý3Ýù, áñáíÑ»- ï»õ ë3 3ñ1¿Ý 3ÝÇÙ3ëï Ó»õ ¿ ù3Õ3- ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3ÝÁ, 3Ûë å3- ñ3·3ÛáõÙ‘ Ù3ÙáõÉÇ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóãÇ, Ñ3- ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý ·áñ-

ÍáõÝ¿áõû3ÝÁ ËáãÁÝ1áï»Éáõ, ߻ջÉáõ, Ã3Õ»Éáõ§, - 3ë3ó Ô31⁄23ñ»3ÝÁ: ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, ¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇÝ 3éÝãáõáÕ ùñ¿3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÁ 22Ì-Ç ùÝÝã3Ï3Ý í3ñáÛ-

ÃáõÙ Û3ñáõóáõ»É ¿ ÷áÕ»ñÇ Éáõ3óÙ3Ý, Û3Ýó3õáñ ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí ëï3óáõ3Í 3é3ÝÓÝ3å¿ë Ëáßáñ ã3÷»ñáí »Ï3ÙáõïÝ»ñÇÝ ûñÇÝ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»Éáõ Û3ïÏ3ÝÇßÝ»ñáí:

¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§-Ç ïÝûñ¿ÝÁ ÏñÏÇÝ åÝ1»ó, áñ 3Ûë ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÁ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý »ÝÃ3ï»ùëï áõÝÇ:

¦àñáíÑ»ï»õ áõñÇß 1¿åù ãÏ3Û: oÿ ÉÇÝ¿ñ áõñÇß ÇÝã-áñ Ñ3ñó, åñáμÉ»Ù, Ù»Õ31ñ3Ýù, 3Ùμ3ë- ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ, Ï3ëÏ3Í, Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ñ áõñÇß μ3Ý »ÝÃ31ñ»É, μ3Ûó 3Ûëï»Õ áõñÇß μ3Ý ãÏ3Û, 3Ûëï»Õ ã·Ç- ï»ë, ÿ ÇÝã »Ý ÷ÝïéáõÙ: 2ñ1»Ý ·áñÍÁ Ù¿çï»ÕÇó »Ý ëÏë»É, »õ ÑÇÙ3 ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý ·ïÝ»É ÇÝã-áñ μ3Ý»ñ, ÇÝã-áñ å3ï×3éÝ»ñ, Ñ»ï»õ3ÝùÝ»ñ: oõ 3Ù»ÝÇó 3ÝѻûÃÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ Áëï ùÝÝÇãÇ‘ 3Ûë μá- ÉáñÁ Ï3ï3ñõáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ ¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§-Ç ß3Ñ»ñÁ å3ßïå3Ý»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ: ÐÇÙ3 »ë ÇëÏ3å¿ë ã»Ù Ñ3ëÏ3ÝáõÙ‘ Ù»ñ á±ñ ß3Ñ»ñÝ »Ý å3ßïå3Ýáõ»Éáõ 3ÛëåÇëÇ Ñ»ï3åÝ1Ù3Ùμ§, - 3ë3ó ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3- ÙÇ ïÝûñ¿ÝÁ:

Ð3ñóÇÝ, ÿ ÇÝãå¿±ë ¿ μ3ó3ïñáõÙ 3ÛÝ Ñ3Ý·3Ù3ÝùÁ, áñ ¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ Ïáõë3Ï- óáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñÇ 3Ý13ÙÝ ¿ ¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§-Ç ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ ì3ñ13Ý úëÏ3Ý»3ÝÁ, ÙÇÝã ûñë ãÇ Û3Ûï3- ñ3ñ»É, áñ Çñ 3Ý13ÙÇ‘ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ñ»ï3åÝ1Ù3Ý »ÝÃ3ñÏáõ»Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ, Ô31⁄23ñ»3ÝÁ å3ï3ë- Ë3Ý»ó. - ¦oë μ3ó3ïñáõÃÇõÝ ãáõÝ»Ù, 3Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ å¿ïù ¿ å3ñáÝ úëÏ3Ý»3ÝÇÝ »õ  ́ÐÎ-ÇÝ Ñ3ñó- Ý»Ýù, ÿ Çñ»Ýù ÇÝã »ÝÃ31ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí »Ý 3é3ç ·ÝáõÙ: oë Ï3ñáÕ »Ù Ëûë»É ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ù»ñ Ù3ëÇÝ, áñáíÑ»ï»õ 3ÛÝï»Õ [Ñ»ï3åÝ1áõÙÁ] »Ã¿ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ã¿, μ3 DZÝã ¿, áõñÇß Ç±Ýã Ï3Û. áã ÙÇ μ3Ý ãÏ3Û, Ñ3ñÏ3ÛÇÝ Çñ ëïáõ·áõÙÝ»ñÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ ¿, 22Ì-Ý Çñ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ ¿, áõ- ñÇß áãÇÝã ãÏ3Û§:

Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆò ØoÎÜ2Ì oô âìoð2 ̧2ðÒ2ÌÜoðÆ ÂÆôÀ

Þ2ðàôÜ2Î 2ÖàôØ 3⁄4 ¦Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ä3Ù3Ý3ϧ ï»Õ»Ï3óÝáõÙ ¿, áñ 3Ýó3Í »ûà 3ÙÇëÝ»ñÇÝ μáÉáñ ï»ë3ÏÇ

ïñ3Ýëåáñï3ÛÇÝ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ »õ ãÇ í»ñ313ñÓ»É 83 Ñ31⁄2. 760 Ù3ñ1: 2Ûë ïáõ»3ÉÁ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»É ¿ ÐÐ ï3ñ3Íù3ÛÇÝ Ï3é3í3ñÙ3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõ- û3Ý ÙÇ·ñ3óÇáÝ å»ï3Ï3Ý Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ:

2Ýó3Í ï3ñáõ3Û ÝáÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3Ñ3ïáõ3ÍáõÙ μáÉáñ ï»ë3ÏÇ ïñ3Ýëåáñï3ÛÇÝ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáí ÐÐ-Çó Ù»ÏÝ3Í »õ ãí»ñ313ñÓ3ÍÝ»ñÇ ÃÇõÁ Ï31⁄2Ù»É ¿ñ 78 Ñ31⁄23ñ 644 Ù3ñ1: 2Ýó3Í ï3ñáõ3Û Ñ3Ù»Ù3ï Ù»ÏÝ3Í »õ ãí»ñ313ñÓ3ÍÝ»ñÇ óáõó3ÝÇßÝ 3×»É ¿ 5 Ñ3- 1⁄23ñáí Ï3Ù Ùûï 6.5 ïáÏáëáí: ØÇ3ÛÝ ÚáõÉÇëÇÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É »õ ãÇ í»ñ313ñÓ»É

9

ßáõñç 10 Ñ31⁄23ñ Ù3ñ1: »ñÃÁ ÛÇß»óÝáõÙ ¿, áñ ÙÇ·ñ3óÇáÝ å»ï3Ï3Ý Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ ÐÐ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3ÝÝ 3é3ç3ñÏ»É ¿ 3ñï3·3ÕÃÇ ×ß·ñÇï Í3õ3ÉÝ»ñÁ å3ñ1⁄2»Éáõ Ýå3- ï3Ïáí áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáõÃÇõÝ 3ÝóÏ3óÝ»É: 2Û1 Íñ3·ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ÙÇ·ñ3óÇáÝ å»ï3Ï3Ý Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ ÐÐ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÇó ËÝ1ñ»É ¿ Éñ3óáõóÇã 13 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1ñ3ÙÇ ýÇÝ3Ýë3- õáñáõÙ:

Ð2Յ 2ÎîÆìÆêîÜoðÆ ä2Þîä2ÜÀ  ́àÔàø 3⁄4 ÜoðÎ2Ú2òðoÈ

ìoð2øÜÜÆâ  ̧2î2ð2Ü

Ð3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ¿ëÇ »ñÇï3ë3ñ1 3ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÁ 13ï3í3ñáõû3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ

¦¦Ð3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ¿ë§ ÁÝ11ÇÙ31Çñ 13ßÇÝùÇ »ñÇï3ë3ñ1 3ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ña îÇ·ñ3Ý 2é3ù»É»3ÝÇ, 2ñï3Ï Î3ñ3- å»ï»3ÝÇ, ê3ñ·Çë ¶¿áñ·»3ÝÇ »õ  ̧3- õÇà øÇñ3ÙÇç»3ÝÇ å3ßïå3Ý êï»÷3Ý àëÏ3Ý»3ÝÁ ú·áëïáëÇ 20-ÇÝ μáÕáù ¿ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óñ»É ì»ñ3ùÝÝÇã 13ï3ñ3Ý: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ¦ö3ëïÇÝýû§ Éñ3ïáõ3Ï3Ý ·áñÍ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý ÃÕÃ3ÏóÇÝ Û3ÛïÝ»É ¿ å3ßïå3Ý êï»÷3Ý àëÏ3Ý»3ÝÁ:

ä3ßïå3ÝÁ ï»Õ»Ï3óñ»É ¿, áñ í»- ñ3ùÝÝÇã μáÕáùáõÙ ÙÇçÝáñ1»É ¿ μ»Ï3Ý»É oñ»õ3ÝÇ Î»ÝïñáÝ »õ Üáñù-Ø3ñ3ß í3ñ- ã3Ï3Ý ßñç3ÝÝ»ñÇ 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ ÚáõÉÇëÇ 20-Ç 13ï3í×ÇéÁ »õ Ï3Û3óÝ»É 3ñ13ñ3ó- Ù3Ý 13ï3í×Çé:

ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ 13ï3ñ3ÝÁa 13ï3õáñ ¶3·ÇÏ äûÕáë»3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñáõû3Ùμ Ð2Î »ñÇ- ï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ Ï3Û3óáõ3Í 13ï3í×éáí Ýñ3Ýó 13ï3å3ñï»É ¿ñ 6-Çó 2 ï3ñáõ3Û 31⁄23ï31⁄2ñÏÙ3Ý:  ̧3ï3ñ3ÝÇ 13ï3í×éáí îÇ·ñ3Ý 2é3ù»É»3ÝÁ Ù»Õ3õáñ ¿ñ ×3Ý3ãáõ»É Çß- Ë3Ýáõû3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóãÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ Ï»3ÝùÇ Ï3Ù 3éáÕçáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ íï3Ý·3õáñ »õ áã íï3Ý·3õáñ μéÝáõÃÇõÝ ·áñÍ31ñ»Éáõ »õ ËáõÉÇ·3Ýáõû3Ý, ÇëÏ 2ñï3Ï Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁa ÇßË3- Ýáõû3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóãÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ áã íï3Ý·3õáñ μéÝáõÃÇõÝ ·áñÍ31ñ»Éáõ »õ ËáõÉÇ·3Ýáõ- û3Ý Ù¿ç, ê3ñ·Çë ¶¿áñ·»3ÝÝ áõ  ̧3õÇà øÇñ3ÙÇç»3ÝÁa ËáõÉÇ·3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç:

 ́áÉáñ 4 3Ùμ3ëï3Ý»3ÉÝ»ñÁ Ù»Õ31ñõáõÙ »Ý 2011Ã. ú·áëïáëÇ 9-ÇÝ áëïÇÏ3ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í ÙÇç31¿åÇ ·áñÍáí:

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Armenia Denies Illicit Banking Links with Iran

YEREVAN -- Armenia moved to allay on Tuesday newly publicized Western fears that its banking sector could be used by neighboring Iran for financial transactions violating international sanctions imposed on Tehran over its controversial nuclear program.

“The Central Bank of Armenia obligates all banks and financial institutions in the Republic of Armenia to scrutinize their transactions, in order to avoid any possible involvement in transactions considered unacceptable by the international community,” the CBA said in a statement.

The statement came in response to an extensive report by Reuters saying that Iran is keen to expand its banking presence in Armenia to deceive Western governments and intelligence agencies trying to stifle the Iranian nuclear program through serious curbs on the Islamic Republic’s banking ties worldwide.

The news agency cited “a Western intelligence report” as saying that the Iranians are seeking “financial alternatives in countries that do not work according to the dictates of the West.” It said Armenia is one of them.

It also quoted an unnamed senior U.S. State Department official as saying that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton discussed the issue with President Serzh Sarkisian during a June meeting in Yerevan. The official did not elaborate.

The Western “intelligence report” identified ACBA Credit Agricole Bank, one of the largest in Armenia, as one of Iran’s principal targets. The ACBA chief executive, Stepan Gishian, strongly denied any business ties between his bank and Iran, however.

“We don't have any relationship with Iran,” Gishian told Reuters. “We never have, we don't now and furthermore we don't plan on becoming a channel for financing Iran. What you're saying is complete nonsense.”

The Armenian Central Bank likewise insisted that that neither ACBA, which is partly owned by the French banking group Credit Agricole S.A., nor any other Armenian bank has correspondent accounts with Iranian financial institutions. “The banks in the Republic of Armenia are strictly bound to customer due diligence rules, in order to avoid any direct or indirect financing of individuals and companies related to nuclear proliferation programs,” read its statement.

The CBA also sought to dispel U.S. concerns over operations of the Yerevan branch of Iran’s Bank Mellat, which has been under U.S. sanctions since 2007. It said the branch has been mainly financing small and medium-sized firms involved in Armenian-Iranian trade as well as tourists and students. It also noted that Mellat’s assets in Armenia have shrunk by more than half since December 2010, to roughly $40 million.

Arakel Meliksetian, deputy head of the CBA’s financial intelligence unit, told Reuters that Mellat Armenia was disconnected from the SWIFT system of payments earlier this year and is no longer able to send or receive international wire transfers.

According to Reuters, diplomats and intelligence officials believe Turkey and the United Arab Emirates remain Iran's principal banking connections even if they are not as welcoming these days. The two countries are under intense pressure from Washington and the EU to clamp down on what the West regards as illicit Iranian commerce.

The Central Bank of Armenia

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Two Armenians Killed in Syria, Fighting Reporter in Armenian Districts

Anti-Government fighters in Aleppo's Armenian District

ALEPPO -- Two ethnic Armenians have been killed in Syria’s Damascus and Aleppo during the recent days as a result of clashes between Syria’ s governmental forces and rebels.

Arsen Ghshpoladian, 38, was wounded during Saturday morning clashes in the vicinity of the Armenian cemetery of Damascus’ Bab Sharkgh district. Ghshpoladian was transferred to hospital, but the doctors were unable to save his life.

In Aleppo clashes between governmental forces and opposition groups near Armenian districts has claimed the life of 76-year-old woman Adelina Khacherian.

Another Syrian-Armenian, Mesrob Chinchinian was injured as a result of a bomb blast. He has undergone an operation and is recovering.

The frontlines in Aleppo have reportedly moved closer to the city’s Armenian-populated districts in recent days. A video footage that recently appeared on Facebook features Syrian oppositionists saying that a district in Aleppo is now under their occupation.

According the report, the Cilician Armenian College and the Armenian National Prelacy are situated a short distance from the district called Jdayde.

No one from Aleppo's Armenian community could be reached for comment, with the mobile and landline telephony and the Internet being unavailable in the city for already a week.

On Tuesday, Syrian government troops had regained control of the main Armenian-populated districts in the city according to Armenia’s Diaspora Minister Hranush Hakobian. Hakobian also said that the fighting in Aleppo has inflicted no serious material damage on the Armenian neighborhoods mostly located in the city center.

“With their positive neutrality, [the Syrian Armenians] are managing to maintain calm and stability within the community and are not taking sides and creating unnecessary tension,” she told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am). “There has been no devastation and panic at the Armenian districts. People simply avoid going out.”

Hakobian spoke at Yerevan’s Zvartnots airport where she greeted a group of about 150 ethnic Armenian schoolchildren from Aleppo who arrived in Armenia to spend their summer holidays at a local resort. They joined about 250 other Syrian Armenian teenagers who were flown from Aleppo and Damascus last week. Their summer camp is financed by the Armenian government and private sponsors.

The minister also insisted that the plight of Syria’s 80,000-strong Armenian community remains “bearable” despite the continuing violence in the country. She said there is therefore still no need to evacuate Syrian Armenians en masse.

Candidate’s Son Arrested Ahead of Local Election

YEREVAN -- The son of a candidate challenging the ruling Republican Party of Armenia (HHK) in a small town near Yerevan was arrested and risked on Thursday criminal charges which his father linked with the upcoming mayoral election there.

The candidate, Avetik Dallakian, is one of three local members of the opposition-leaning Prosperous Armenia Party (BHK) seeking to run for the post of mayor of Masis. They also include the town’s incumbent mayor, Dmitry Nazarian. The BHK leadership will decide next week which of them will challenge the HHK’s Sasha Hakobian in the election scheduled for September 9.

Police said that Dallakian’s 28-year-old son Volodya was taken into custody because of gunshots which he fired from a hunting rifle in a dispute with another local man outside his house late on

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Tuesday. A police statement said he is facing charges of grave hooliganism carrying between four and seven years in prison.

Dallakian’s parents condemned the arrest, saying that the young man fired in the air to scare away a large group of armed men which they said gathered outside the house and threatened to hurt him, his wife and children.

“How can they arrest a man whose house came under attack and gunfire?” said Volodya’s mother, Heriknaz Dallakian. “Shouldn’t he have protected his wife and children?”

Avetik Dallakian linked the arrest with the upcoming election, saying that the local HHK team is trying to force him out of the race. “When I nominated my candidacy at the last minute that caused a stir among them ... And they have been working against us since then,” he told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am).

Dallakian said that two of his supporters were beaten up and several others bullied and shot at last week. He also claimed that the men who “attacked” his son are relatives of Murad Muradian, an HHK lawmaker from a Masis constituency.

Both Muradian and Hakobian denied the allegations. They also insisted that the incident had nothing to do with the election. Masis was already the scene of a violent clash between two groups of men linked with the HHK and the BHK ahead Armenia’s last parliamentary elections held on May 6.

2,000 Armenians from Syria Residing in Armenia Currently

YEREV AN -- There are currently about 2,000 Armenians from Syria residing in Armenia after having mostly fled violence in the Middle Eastern state, the Ministry of Diaspora in Yerevan said on Thursday.

Most of them have come to Armenia in recent months amid increasingly heavy fighting between Syrian government troops and rebels. The influx appears to have intensified since the fighting reached the northern city of Aleppo, the cultural and economic center of Syria’s 80,000- strong Armenian community.

Armenia’ s Foreign Ministry says its diplomatic missions in Aleppo and Damascus have issued visas to over 3,000 Syrian nationals

this year. According to immigration authorities in Yerevan, roughly 6,000 Syrian Armenians have applied for dual Armenian citizenship since the start of the Syrian crisis early last year.

The Ministry of Diaspora data suggests that most of those applicants still have no plans to settle in Armenia. And many of the reported 2,000 immigrants do not seem intent on making the country of their ancestors their new permanent home.

Firdus Zakarian, a senior ministry official dealing with the matter, told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am) that only about 300 Syrian Armenians plan to stay there for good. One Syrian Armenian family has settled in Nagorno-Karabakh and several others plan to follow suit, he said.

Zakarian agreed that Armenia’s lingering socioeconomic woes and high unemployment in particular weigh heavily on many members of the mostly affluent Diaspora community. He said a lack of jobs and business opportunities is the main problem facing Syrian Armenian immigrants.

“Another problem is that their specialties do not always correspond to vacancies available here,” explained Zakarian. He said the Ministry of Diasporas has found jobs for only 15 Syrian Armenians this year.

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Yerevan State University Lecturers Complain About Salaries

YEREVAN -- Several Yerevan State University (YSU) lecturers are complaining that their salaries are low, Zhoghovurd daily writes.

“One of them informed that the salaries of lecturers at other [state-run] universities are much higher than at YSU.

Why is the main university ‘poor?’ Responding to this question, YSU Rector Aram Simonyan informed: ‘We raised the salaries a year ago. And if everything goes well, we will raise [them] again as of January 1.’ In his words, ‘going well’ would depend on how many students they will have and how they will collect the tuition fees. Until then, however, many lecturers could resort to drastic measures,” Zhoghovurd writes.

Karabakh Army Holds Military Exercises

STEP ANAKERT -- Nagorno- Karabakh’s armed forces wrapped up on Thursday three-day military exercises which demonstrated their “adequate preparedness” for a possible war with Azerbaijan.

The Karabakh Defense Army said the “battalion-level tactical exercises” were watched by its commander, Lieutenant-General Movses Hakobian, and involved “different types of troops,” military hardware and live gunfire. It did not specify the number of soldiers participating in the drills and their venue.

“The holding of such war games is aimed at boosting tactical skills of participating personnel and enabling the latter to practice

defensive and counteroffensive combat operations,” the army said in a statement. The Karabakh Armenian forces again showed that they can accomplish “any combat objective,” it said.

A spokesman for Karabakh president Bako Sahakian said the army holds such exercises on a regular basis and they are all planned in advance. “Such events demonstrate to Azerbaijan and other states that the Republic of Artsakh is ready to defend its territorial integrity, freedom and independence”.

The latest exercises began on Tuesday amid Azerbaijan’s renewed threats to end the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict by force. Azerbaijani Defense Minister Safar Abiyev said Armenia is precipitating a new Karabakh war with its refusal to “return Azerbaijan’s occupied lands.”

Yerevan to Host Concert Dedicated to Michel Legrand

YEREVAN -- A concert dedicated to the 80th anniversary of famous French-Armenian musician, pianist and composer Michel Legrand will be held in Yerevan.

The concert held within the framework of the Yerevan International Music Festival will take place on October 20.

The Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra headed by conductor Eduard Topchjan, soloist for the Paris Opera, harpist Catherine Michel and Legrand himself will perform during the concert. Michel Legrand became famous for his film music and scores, such as The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and The Thomas Crown Affair. He won three Oscars and five Grammys.

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Poverty in Armenia Grew by 5% Since 2008

YEREVAN -- Poverty in Armenia increased by 5 percent—and not by 13 percent—ever since 2008, Deputy Minister of Finance Vardan Aramyan said during a press conference on Wednesday.

“As a result of the work done by foreign experts, the method for measuring poverty has changed since 2010. It would have constituted 27 percent, in line with the old method. And that is why the numbers should not be played around with and say that poverty in our country has risen by 12 percent,” said Aramyan.

In his words, poverty should have made up 51-52 percent—in line with the new method—if the Government’s social expenditures are not increased.

“We have not solved all the problems with this, but we have done what the budget has allowed us to do.

We certainly wish that our citizens’ salaries and pensions be high. But it would not have been correct to spend all credits. The credit costs should not exceed capital investment. It is solely in this case that the credit serves progress. This was our key problem in 2008. Now, we do not need to resort to such drastic measures,” Armenia’s Deputy Minister of Finance stated.

Letter from Nowhere: Off the Map The leafy boulevards of Stepanakert, capital of Nagorno-Karabakh, are beginning to attract visitors, but to most of the international community the republic doesn't exist

By Dan Peleschuk Guardian Weekly

In many ways, Stepanakert resembles a small American town on the rise. Its main boulevards have been repaved, locals stroll through the renovated central square past its elegant fountain, and hotels have sprouted on every other block to hold the new influx of visitors.

There's just one thing: it doesn't really exist, and neither does the ethnic Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, of which Stepanakert is the capital. According to the rest of the world, the region belongs to Azerbaijan, and no one – not even Armenia, Karabakh's patron state – recognises it.

But that doesn't stop the self-proclaimed country from celebrating its 20 years of de facto independence this year. Patriotic banners flutter above Stepanakert's streets, and posters of the soldiers who during a bloody war in the early 1990s helped wrest the land away from Azerbaijan line the sidewalks.

Not long ago much of the city was in ruins and the economy virtually non-existent. Today locals meander along leafy streets lined with new banks, stores and government buildings. A tourism industry is slowly taking root, as travellers from across the world descend on the tiny republic, population about 141,000, in increasing numbers.

But under the surface are scars of a war that left more than 30,000 dead and many displaced. War is the only reason the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic exists. War – the memories of it, the fears of its return – is what makes it tick. Perhaps the best reminder of this is Aghdam, the ghostly shell of a former Azeri settlement levelled by Armenian forces in 1993. Just a short drive from Stepanakert, the one-time city of around 30,000 was reduced to grassy craters and jagged stone remnants of former apartments, schools and community centres. Visible from the only road that leads north to Karabakh's famed ancient monasteries, it is easy to notice.

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Yet ordinary Karabakh Armenians are trying to capitalize on the relative post-war stability. Even as border tensions have escalated in recent months, which have seen deadly skirmishes between Armenian and Azeri forces, small-time businessman Ashot Simonyan says foreign visitors have continued to stream through his spare rental apartments. "Everyone who comes here really loves it," he says with a salesman's grin. "We have everything a tourist needs – it's completely normal here."

They Should Ask the Nation

By Hayk Aramyan Lragir

The “nationwide request” was introduced by Levon Ter-Petrosyan after his resignation in 1998. He had said he would return if the “nation asks him to”.

He returned after 10 years, certainly without the “nationwide request” but by the request of his supporters. He was able to animate the nationwide dissatisfaction, unfold a mass movement, but his team was not ready to bear such responsibility, they were not ready for the declared aims, or their aims were different and so, time passed and only the team which had asked Ter- Petrosyan to return remained in the Movement.

Earlier, the former first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communistic Party of Armenia Karen Demirchyan set the example “nationwide request”. He returned to politics victoriously, with an image of justice, well- being but his path was tragic.

Robert Kocharyan also seems to be trying to apply the trick “nationwide request”. He stated in an interview that one of the three preconditions for his return is the public demand. There is an online initiative which is collecting signatures and asking Kocharyan return.

In the mutated Armenian reality, the “nationwide request” is effective though the effect is short-term. The reason is that the social and political elite of Armenia has never been engaged in working out of a long-term political prospect and legislative and constitutional norms. The legal and political criteria were replaced by the personal views of the figures which were imposed on people as the only norms. So, everything turned upside down. Usually, it is the political figure who asks people trying to persuade them with their political programs.

Instead, the political class of Armenia which is a conglomerate of accidental people, adventurers and criminals has mutated the field so that people only hope to find a “savior”. It is not in vain that many political adventurers presented themselves as saviors.

But the “bludgeon” of the savior has two ends which has always turned to the wrong direction, against the “saviors” making them a subject of mockery. This is the reality. If you try to deprive people of their rights and

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responsibilities, dignity and civil consciousness, there is only one step between the savior and betrayer. Today’s savior will be tomorrow’s betrayer. You will reap what you sow, the saying is. But the political class is, apparently, unable to refuse the dangerous and lifeless tricks, otherwise the formula of the “nationwide request” would have been uprooted a long time ago. The political class should understand that it is a great evil and a threat to national security when the nation thinks request is the only solution.

Lydian International Finds New Gold at Arshak and Erato in Latest Drilling

Lydian International (TSE:LYD) said it made one of its deepest intersections so far at its Amulsar project in Armenia, as it revealed latest drill results.

At 304 metres down, the firm hit 1.6 g/t gold over 7 meters at the Erato area of the project.

In the same area (Erato), other significant intervals of the yellow metal were found at a depth of 167 metres, it added.

The result was among the findings of an initial 18 holes from mostly step- out and exploration drilling.

Drilling at another area - Arshak - returned 13 meters at 1.5 g/t gold and 37 meters at 1.0 g/t gold along with 38.5 meters at 1.0 g/t gold and 33.0 meters at 0.9 g/t gold, Lydian told investors.

These figures confirm Lydian's view that further resource potential exists beyond the current resource shell towards the southeast at Arshak.

Other notable intersections included 53 metres at 1 g/t gold at Orontes and 38 metres at 1 g/t gold at Artavasdes.

The company intends to complete a resource estimate on the Orontes area next year.

Lydian's president and chief executive Tim Coughlin said: "Drilling at Amulsar has had a slow start this year with delays on the delivery and commissioning of new drill rigs."

"However, we now have seven diamond drill rigs and one reverse circulation drill rig on-site with an additional new reverse circulation rig due to arrive in early September. "New 3D geologic modelling has identified several areas of depth and step-out potential which we are confident will be converted into further new resources as the drill season evolves."

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Fatwa on Armenian Massacres Attracts World Attention Despite Turkish Denials By Harut Sassounian, Publisher, The California Courier

Last week’s column on the 1909 Fatwa issued by Egypt’s top Islamic cleric condemning Turks for massacring Armenians in Adana drew widespread attention. The article was posted on websites in many countries, including Pakistan, India, Israel, France, Russia, Lebanon, Armenia, and the United States.

Although my columns are often translated and reprinted in the Turkish media, last week’s article broke all records. It appeared in summary form in dozens of Turkish newspapers and websites. In addition, prominent syndicated columnist Taha Akyol wrote a lengthy rebuttal published in Hurriyet, CNN-Turk, and others publications. Akyol is a right wing journalist who switched his allegiance from the ultra-nationalist Alpaslan Turkes, leader of the Grey Wolves, to Pres. Abdullah Gul and his ruling Islamist AKP party.

Akyol describes me as “one of the Armenian Diaspora’s fiercest leaders,” and “a Tashnak militant.” To prove to his Turkish readers that I am a “radical” Armenian, Akyol quotes from an earlier column in which I had stated that Armenians could regain Western Armenia someday when unexpected developments take place in that region, creating a power vacuum. Akyol was joined by former Turkish Ambassador Omer Engin Lutem in denouncing my views on Western Armenia. While calling me an “extreme nationalist,” Amb. Lutem depicted me as someone “highly admired and frequently read by Diaspora Armenians. In addition to the value of his writings, he is a person that must be taken seriously because of his influence over the Armenian Diaspora.”

In his article, Akyol uses standard denialist tactics by reducing the number of Armenian victims in Adana and mischaracterizing the killings as a clash between Armenians and Turks. In reality, 30,000 Armenians were killed by Turkish mobs which had been whipped into frenzy by Ismail Hakke, the Mufti of Bahce, a town near Adana. Akyol’s gross misrepresentation of the facts is contradicted by the July 31, 1909 decree of the Council of Ministers of Ottoman Turkey which placed sole responsibility for the massacres on the shoulders of provincial Turkish officials.

In a vain attempt to make his distorted views more credible, Akyol reports that he consulted Prof. Kemal Cicek, Director of the discredited Turkish Historical Society, who “had published a book last month titled, ‘The Adana Incidents of 1909 Revisited.’” In fact, the book was published a year ago, and Cicek is not the author, but editor of a volume consisting of papers presented at a 2009 Ankara conference. In response to Akyol’s question as to whether the Turkish Mufti had issued a Fatwa, Cicek reportedly stated: “I studied the Adana court records. Armenians had made such claims at the time, but no such documents or witnesses were found. There is absolutely no such Fatwa.”

Contrary to Cicek’s claims, there are a number of references confirming that Ismail Hakke, the Turkish Mufti, did issue a Fatwa to legitimize the atrocities. Dr. Ali Osman Ozturk, Professor at Canakkale’s “March 18 University,” wrote the following in the Milli Folklor Journal (2009): “The government hanged the Mufti of Bahce in Dortyol because of the Fatwa he had issued, stating that ‘Armenian blood and property are helal [religiously sanctioned].’” Historian Raymond Kevorkian also mentions the Turkish Fatwa in his monumental book, “The Armenian Genocide, a Complete History,” by referencing two sources: Z. Duckett Ferriman’s “The Young Turks and the Truth about the Holocaust at Adana, in Asia Minor, During April, 1909,” and the Turkish parliamentary commission's report by Judges Fayk Bey and Haroutioun Mosdichian. Dr. Vahakn Dadrian also refers to several Fatwas issued by Muftis in various Turkish towns, including the Mufti of Bahce, who “surpassed in intensity and scope the atrociousness of the rest of his colleagues.” Dadrian then quotes the German newspaper Berliner Tageblatt which reported the eyewitness account of German engineers: “The Mufti had excited and agitated the fanatical and criminal rabble of Bahce and its environs.”

To his credit, Akyol does not deny the Fatwa issued by the noble Egyptian Grand Sheikh Salim al- Bishri of al-Azhar. Akyol admits the possibility that the Arab Sheikh had issued such a Fatwa. I can assure him that such a Fatwa exists, since I have in my possession a photocopy of the document, excerpts of which were published in translation in my last week’s column. Akyol also acknowledges that the Turkish Mufti of Bahce was in fact hanged for his crimes in Adana!

Over a 100 years later, the Fatwa of Grand Sheikh of al-Azhar remains a most valuable document, particularly in these turbulent times. Copies of this righteous Fatwa along with the compassionate Decree issued in 1917 by the Sharif of Mecca should be disseminated by the Armenian Republic, church leaders, and civic groups to all Muslim states, their Ambassadors, media, and mosques worldwide, particularly in Turkey, Azerbaijan, and the Arab world.

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Grigor Gurzadyan (Armenian: Գրիգոր Գուրզադյան) is an Armenian astronomer, and pioneer of space astronomy.

Life

Gurzadyan was born on October 15, 1922 in Baghdad, to parents who fled in 1915 Western Armenia. Upon graduating the from the Hydrotechnical and Constructional Department of Yerevan Polytechnic Institute in 1944, he became the postgraduate of Victor Ambartsumian, who had just moved to Armenia. Being in Ambartsumian’s founding team of Byurakan Observatory, he later headed a Laboratory, in 1960s became deputy director of the Observatory for space research. Then, he headed the branch of Byurakan observatory on space research, in 1971 he founded and headed the Garni Space Astronomy Laboratory (Institute, 1992–2004). Member of Armenian National Academy of Sciences (1986; corresponding member 1965), DSci. 1955, PhD 1948. His son is Vahe Gurzadyan Armenian mathematical physicist and a professor at Yerevan Physics Institute, whose main research topics are: the chaos in non-linear systems, N- body dynamics, stellar dynamics, Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, observational cosmology.

Works

In 1960s and early 1970s he directed the UV and X-ray observations of Sun via Rocket Astrophysical Observatories K-2, K-3 and K-4 by means of ballistic rockets R-5; the first launch being on February 15, 1961 from Kapustin Yar military base in Russia. His paper in Comm. Armenian Acad. Sciences, XLIII, 28, 1966, “A Powerful X-ray Flare on the Sun” (of October 1, 1965) is on the detection of most powerful Solar X-ray flare observed by then.

Then he moved to design space orbital observatories, both on board automatic probes and manned spacecrafts. Ultraviolet telescope Procyon was on board Kosmos (satellite) 309 in 1969, and X-ray telescope Altair on board Meteor (satellite) 1-16 in 1974; both were launched from Plesetsk cosmodrome. The highlight was Orion 2 Space Observatory (see Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories), with a wide-angle meniscus telescope of the Cassegrain system, operated on board the spacecraft Soyuz 13 in December 1973. Spectra of thousands of stars to as faint as 13th magnitude were obtained, the first satellite UV spectrogram of a planetary nebula (IC 2149) was obtained, revealing lines of aluminum and titanium - elements not previously observed in planetary nebulae, two photon emission from nebulae was detected for the first time. For comparison, the Skylab’s UV telescope which was on the orbit at the same time, could only look at stars down to 7.5th magnitude. Two years earlier, in April, 1971, the first space station Salyut 1 carried into orbit Orion 1 Space Observatory, the first space telescope with an objective prism.

He predicted magnetic fields in planetary nebulae in 1960s, which were actually discovered in 2005 (Jordan, Werner, O’Toole). He authored theoretical papers on flare stars (predicted negative infrared flares), interstellar matter, binary stars. In 1990s he developed the theory of common chromospheres (roundchromes) of close binary stars and of evolution of binary globular clusters.

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Armenian National Institute Announces Major Expansion of its Website on the Armenian Genocide

W ASHINGTON, DC - The Armenian National Institute (ANI) announced this week a major expansion of its website on the Armenian Genocide. A new section titled Contemporary Press Coverage consisting of a compilation of over 170 articles from some 50 mainstream media sources discussing the Armenian Genocide has been added. The ANI website is one of the most frequently visited Internet resources on the Armenian Genocide.

The Contemporary Press Section demonstrates the growing public and international awareness of the Armenian Genocide with coverage spanning the globe, but especially from countries with English-language sources including the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Israel. The new section contains articles focusing on the historical, political, legal, and moral significance of the Armenian Genocide. For instance readers will find a series of articles tracing the evolution of the U.S. discussion in the media and the ongoing effort for affirmation.

The Contemporary Press Coverage section also conveys the world's onetime awareness of the events and the facts of the Armenians Genocide and how the intervening decades of silence, followed by growing attention to human rights issues, reshaped that discourse on the meaning of the events of 1915.

The compilation provides ten categories of coverage: Book Review, Editorial, Education, Feature Story, Film Review, Memorials, Opinion, Genocide Remembrance Day, Reporting, and Restitution, demonstrating the scope and type of

coverage garnered by this important subject. While WWI dominated the daily news bulletins, given the scale of the atrocities committed in

1915 against the Armenian people in the Ottoman Empire resulting in large numbers of victims, international media coverage of these crimes became regular news. A sampling of articles from 1915 is posted on the ANI website. Media attention to the plight of the Armenians diminished with the end of the war and went mostly silent for the better part of the 20th century.

Public attention to the historical significance of the Armenian Genocide resumed in the last quarter of the 20th century. Broader attention to human rights issues prompted by the recurrence of mass killings around the world redefined the Armenian Genocide as a precedent to the series of genocides that punctuated the 20th century. The media discourse on the Armenian Genocide has expanded in the 21st century as reflected in the Contemporary Press Coverage section which documents such media interest from the year 2000 onward. Noteworthy articles by prominent journalists and writers will be added to the site.

Founded in 1997, the Armenian National Institute (ANI) is based in Washington, DC, and is dedicated to the study, research, and affirmation of the Armenian Genocide.

http://www.armenian-genocide.org/press.html

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Cups of Fortune A Coming of Age Novel By Lenore Tolegian Hughes

Pomegranate Seed Press

Paperback ($15.99) and Kindle ($4.99) versions available from Amazon.com

204 pages ISBN:1475098588 ISBN-13:9781475098587

Cups of Fortune captures the experience of the escapees from the Armenian genocide who came to America to rebuild their lives, and of their children growing up in 1950’s Southern California.

With a spirited and humorous voice Lenore Tolegian Hughes vividly evokes the physical, social, and psychological adventures of men and women driven by love of life to leave their homeland, and by their passionate natures to make something of themselves in the New World. The novel overflows with stories of three generations that are by turns horrific, hilarious, and heart-warming. At the same time Cups of Fortune is a powerful coming of age novel that recounts the early life of an Armenian-American girl growing up in 1950’s Los Angeles.

Raised by her survivor-grandmother, who reads fortunes in the patterns made by the grounds at the bottoms of cups of thick Armenian coffee, Azad is introduced to tales of her family’s shocking past, grows to appreciate of the exotic characters who inhabit her world, and gains insight into her own hyphenated identity. Gradually initiated into her grandmother’s masterful preparation of traditional (and mouth-watering) Armenian foods, Azad also learns one of the world’s perennial paths to love.

Honest, realistic, and magical, Cups of Fortune captivates the reader’s imagination by evoking a world both tantalizingly foreign and as familiar as home.

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