Seta's Armenian Blog: LOUSSAPATZ_The Dawn_946_2012_08

ԹԻՒ 946 ՇԱԲԱԹ, 18 ՕԳՈՍՏՈՍ 2012

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ԾԱՆՕԹԱՆԱԼ ՀԱՅ ԳԻՏՆԱԿԱՆՆԵՐՈՒ

Armenians in Science

Ara Warkes Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham

Darzi is of Armenian origin. He was born in Iraq and then moved to Ireland (born 7 May 1960), is one of the world's leading surgeons at Imperial College London where he holds Hamlyn Chair of Surgery, specializing in the field of minimally invasive and robot-assisted surgery, having pioneered many new techniques and technologies.

Ú2Îà ́ ́2 ̧2Èo2Ü

ÊàðÐð ̧2ôàð 2ÞàôÜÀ

öáõÃÇÝÇ Ñ»ï ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ ÙáëÏáí»3Ý Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÁ »ñ»õ3Ý»3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ßñç3- Ý3ÏÝ»ñÁ ëå3ëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ù»Í áõß31ñáõÃ»3Ùμ: 2ÛÝ Ï3ñÍ»ë Ã¿ Ñ3Ý1Çë3Ý3Éáõ ¿ñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 3ßÝ3Ý 31⁄213Ýß3ÝÁ, áñ å¿ïù ¿ ï3ñ öáõÃÇÝÁ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ 3é3ç 3ÝÉáõÍ»ÉÇ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ 1Ý»Éáí: ́3Ûó, Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ ÑÝã3Í Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï3ñÍ»ë Ã¿ íÏ3Û»óÇÝ, áñ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ 3é3ÝÓÝ3å¿ë ¦ûñÇ·ÇÝ3É§ ã»Ý »õ ï»Õ3õáñõáõÙ »Ý Ñ3Û-éáõë3Ï3Ý ¦3õ3Ý13Ï3Ý§ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃ»3Ý éÇÃÙÇ Ù¿ç:

2ÏÝÛ3Ûï ¿, áñ èáõë3ëï3ÝÁ ·áñÍÇ ¿ 1ñ»É oõñ3ëÇ3Ï3Ý ÇÝï»·ñ3óÇ3ÛÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõ- Ã»3Ý ·3Õ3÷3ñÝ áõ 3õ»É3óÝáõÙ ¿ ×ÝßáõÙÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ íñ3Û, μ3Ûó Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ ëï3óáõ3Í ïå3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ èáõë3ëï3ÝÁ ãÇ å3Ñ3ÝçáõÙ 3Ûá 3ë»É Ñ»Ýó 3Ûëûñ Ï3Ù í3ÕÁ: ÆëÏ 13 Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÁ ·áÝ¿ ï3Ï- ïÇÏ3Ï3Ý ÇÙ3ëïáí 1áõñë ¿ ·3ÉÇë 2ñ»õÙáõïùÇ »õ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ ëáõñ 1ÇÙ3Ï3ÛáõÃ»3Ý ßñç3- Ý3ÏÇó, áñÇ ·3·3ÃÝ3Ï¿ïÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ñ ÉÇÝ»É 2013 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÁ:

è31⁄2Ù3í3ñ3Ï3Ý ÇÙ3ëïáí, 3Û1 1ÇÙ3Ï3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3Û »õ Ã»ñ»õë Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ 3õ»ÉÇ ¿ Ëáñ3Ý3Éáõ, μ3Ûó 1ñ3 ï3ÏïÇÏ3Ï3Ý 1ñë»õáñáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ï3ñÍ»ë Ã¿ Û»ï3Ó·õáõÙ »Ý 3õ»- ÉÇ áõß ßñç3ÝÇ, ù3Ý 2013 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿: ÆÑ3ñÏ¿, Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÙë Å3Ù3- Ý3ÏÁ »õ Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ß3ï 3ñ3· »Ý ÷áËõáõÙ »õ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ¿ ó3ÝÏ3ó3Í 3Ý3ÏÝÏ3É, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ïáõ»3É å3ñ3·3ÛáõÙ ÷3ëïÁ Ï3ñÍ»ë Ã¿ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ »õ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ ÷áËÛ3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÙÝ3ó»É ¿ ëáíáñ3Ï3Ý é»ÅÇÙÇ Ù¿ç »õ ãÏ3Û ï3ÏïÇÏ3Ï3Ý ëáõñ 1ÇÙ3Ï3- ÛáõÃÇõÝ:

ö3ëï3óÇ ëï3óõáõÙ ¿, áñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ 1¿Ù Ã¿Å ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 3ßÝ3Ý ëå3ëáõÙÝ»ñÁ áñáß3ÏÇûñ¿Ý Ï3ñáÕ »Ý Ýáõ31⁄2»É, »Ã¿ ÇÑ3ñÏ¿ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ öáõÃÇÝÇ Ñ»ï ãÇ å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñáõ»É μ3Ý»ñ, áñáÝóÇó Ý3 Ñ»ï ÏÁ Ï3Ý·ÝÇ 2ñ»õÙáõïùÇó Éáõñç 3ç3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ ëï3Ý3Éáõ å3ñ3·3- ÛáõÙ: â¿ áñ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ Ùñó3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ μ3Ý3ÏÇ ·ÉË3õáñ 3ÏÝÏ3ÉÇùÁ èáõë3ëï3ÝÝ ¿: oÃ¿ 2ñ»õÙáõïùÝ 3ç3ÏóáõÙ ¿ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇÝa ÇëÏ 13 3é3ÛÅÙ 3Û1å¿ë ¿, »õ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇÝ ·áÝ¿ 1¿Ù ã¿ èáõë3ëï3ÝÁ, 3Û1 1¿åùáõÙ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3Ý-Ð3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ¿ëÇ ï3Ý1»ÙÇ Ë3- ÕÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏÁ μ3õ3Ï3Ý Ýáõ31⁄2áõÙ ¿:

Î3ñá±Õ ¿ 3ñ1»ûù 3Û1 ï3Ý1»ÙÝ 3ÛÉ Ë3Õ å3ñï31ñ»É ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇÝ: î»ë3Ï3ÝáõÙ ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, μ3Ûó ÎáÝ·ñ¿ëÝ áõ ́ÐÎ-Ý 3ÛÝù3Ý ï3ñáõ»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ë3Õáí, áñ 3ÛÉ Ë3ÕÇ ·áñÍÝ3- Ï3Ý ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ýñ3Ýù 1⁄2·3ÉÇûñ¿Ý Ïáñóñ»É »Ý, ù3ÝÇ áñ 3Û1 1¿åùáõÙ 1ñ3 Ñ3Ù3ñ ÏÁ å3Ñ3ÝçáõÇ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ß3ï Ù»Í 3ç3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ, ÇÝãÁ ï3Ý1»ÙÇ å3ñ3·3ÛáõÙ ·ñ»Ã¿ μ3ó3éõáõÙ ¿:

ÀÝ1 áñáõÙ, ãÇ μ3ó3éõáõÙ Ý3»õ 3ÛÝ, áñ ï3Ý1»ÙÇ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ·Ý3Ñ3ï»Éáí ¿ öáõÃÇÝÁ Ññ3Å3ñáõ»É ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý Ïáßï Ñ3ñó31ñáõÙÝ»ñÇó, 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã ÃáÕÝ»Éáí ¦3õ3Ý13Ï3Ý§ μÝáñáßáõÙÝ»ñÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏáõÙ »õ ÁÝ13Ù¿ÝÁ μ3õ3ñ3ñáõ»Éáí Ñ3õ3- ï3ñÙáõÃ»3Ý 3ÛÝ ¦»ñ1áõÙÝ»ñÇó§, áñ ïáõ»ó ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ ØáëÏáõ3ÛáõÙ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇÝ 3ñáõ3Í ïÝï»ë3-ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý é»í»ñ3ÝëÝ»ñÇ ï»ëùáí:

2Û1 Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÝ Áëï ¿áõÃ»3Ý Ó»éÝïáõ ¿ Ý3»õ 2ñ»õÙáõïùÇÝ, áñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ¿3Ï3Ý ËÝ1Çñ ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ óÝóáõÙÝ»ñ »õ 3å3Ï3ÛáõÝ3óáõÙ ÃáÛÉ ãï3ÉÁ: òÝóáõÙÝ»ñÇ »õ 3å3Ï3ÛáõÝ3ó- Ù3Ý å3ñ3·3ÛáõÙ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ Û3çáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ »ñ3ßË3õáñáõ3Í ã¿, μ3Ûó ·áñÍÇùÝ»ñÝ 3ÝÏ3ë- Ï3Í 1»é»õë ß3ï 3õ»ÉÇÝ »Ý, ù3Ý 2ñ»õÙáõïùÇÝÁ:

Ü»ñÏ3ÛáõÙë 2ñ»õÙáõïùÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ í3ñáõÙ ¿ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÝ»ñÇ ï3ñμ»ñ 1⁄23ñ·3óáõÙ- Ý»ñÇ 1¿åùáõÙ 31⁄21»óáõÃ»3Ý Ù»Ë3ÝÇ1⁄2ÙÝ»ñÇ 3Ûëå¿ë 3ë3Í 1Çí»ñëÇýÇÏ3óÙ3Ý »õ áñáß3ÏÇû- ñ¿Ý áõÝÇí»ñë3É3óÙ3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ:

Àëï 3Ù»Ý3ÛÝÇ, Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ÁÝïñáõÃ»3Ý ëó»Ý3ñÁ ¿3å¿ë ãÇ ï3ñμ»ñáõÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÇó, μ3óÇ Ã»ñ»õë 3ÛÝ 3é3ÝÓÝ3Û3ïÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó, áñ ÇÝùÝ3μ»ñ3μ3ñ μËáõÙ ¿ Ó»- õ3ã3÷3ÛÇÝ ï3ñμ»ñáõÃÇõÝÇó: Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ 3õ»ÉÇ áõ 3õ»ÉÇ ¿ ÁÝ1·ÍõáõÙ, áñ 2012-13 Ãáõ3- Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý ÷áõÉÁ 13éÝáõÙ ¿ 3é3õ»É3å¿ë ï»ËÝÇÏ3Ï3Ý ÙÇ ßñç3Ý, »õ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3ó- Ý»ñÇ μáõÝ ß3ñÅÇãÁ 13éÝáõÙ ¿ 2013-Çó Û»ïáÛ ÁÝÏ3Í Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3Ñ3ïáõ3ÍÁ: 2Ù»Ý3ÛÝ Ñ3õ3- Ý3Ï3ÝáõÃ»3Ùμ, 2013-Ç Ñ3Ù3ñ 3ñáõ3Í ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ñ3ßáõ3ñÏÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ ÉÇÝ»Ý ß3ï Ï3ñ× »õ 3Ý3ñ1ÇõÝ3õ¿ï:

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ê2Øàô3⁄4È Úàì2ê2öo2Ü« äoèÈÆÜ« ¶oðØ2ÜÆ2 Ú3ñ·»ÉÇ 1⁄4ûñÇ ́3É3Û»3Ý« Î3ñ13Éáí Ò»ñ ·ñ3éáõÙÝ»ñÁ« áñáÝù Ï3ï3ñ»É ¿ù 3ÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï« »ñμ ì3Ñ¿ 2õ»ï»3ÝÁ 1»é Ï»Ý-

13ÝÇ ¿ñ« »ñÏ3ñ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ÙïáñáõÙ ¿Ç« áõ1⁄2áõÙ ¿Ç Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3É« Ã¿ ÇÝãÝ ¿ å3ï×3éÁ Ò»ñ 3Û1 áãÇÝã ã3- ëáÕ« Ñ3ñóÁ 3ñÙ3ïÇó ãùÝÝáÕ« Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë í3ï3éáÕç« μéÝáõÃ»3Ý« Ï3- Ù3Û3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ« 3ÝûñÇÝ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÃÝáÉáñïÁ ãùÝÝ3ñÏáÕ« ãÙ»Õ31ñáÕ ·ñ3éáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ññ3- å3ñ3Ï»Éáõ ÙÇïáõÙÁ« û·áõïÁ »õ Ñ3ëó¿3ï¿ñÁ:

2ÛÝï»Õ 3ë»ë Ùï3Íáõ3Í ßñç3ÝóõáõÙ ¿ 3ÛÝ å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ Ëûë»Éáõó« áñï»Õ 1⁄2áéμ3-Ý»ñÇ »õ áã Ã¿ ûñ¿ÝùÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ ïÇñáõÙ« áñï»Õ ¿É ÙÇ3ÛÝ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ »Ý 13éÝáõÙ ÝÙ3Ý 3ÛÉ3Ý13ÏáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñ: ÆëÏ 1ñ3Ýù áã 3é3çÇÝÝ »Ý« áã ¿É í»ñçÇÝÝ »Ý ÉÇÝ»Éáõ: 2Û1 ·ñ3éáõÙÝ»ñÁ ¦ÏáÝÏñ»ï ×ßÙ3ñïáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ§ ãÙ3ïÝ3Ýß»Éáõ« Ëáõë3Ý3õ»Éáõ« Ù3Ý»õñ»Éáõ ÷áñÓ ¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ: ́3Ûó ÙÇ ï»Õ ã¿ù Ù»Õ3ÝãáõÙ ×ßÙ3ñ- ïáõÃ»3Ý 1¿Ù« »ñμ ·ñáõÙ ¿ùa ¦áñ ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ 3éÙ3Ùμ μáÉáñÇë ·ñ3ÍÝ ¿É 3ÛÝ ã¿« μáÉáñÇë 3ë3ÍÝ ¿É 3ÛÝ ã¿« ÇÝã å¿ïù ¿§©©©

2Ûá« 13 Çñûù áñ 3Û1å¿ë ¿: Ì»ÍÇ 1⁄2áÑa 35-3Ù»3Û é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý μÅÇßÏ ì3Ñ¿ 2õ»ï»3Ý Ù3Ñ3ùáõÝÇ Ù¿ç ÆÝã Ëûëù« ß3ï Ñ»ßï ¿ 1ñëÇó« Ñ»éáõÇó 13ïáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ 3Ý»É« ·ñáÕÇÝ Û3Ý1ÇÙ3Ý»É Çñ ã3ë3Í

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ØïáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ï»ÕÇù ¿ ï3ÉÇë Ý3»õ« Ã¿ 1áõù ÇÝãá±õ ¿ù ó3ÝÏ3ó»É Û3ïÏ3å¿ë ß»ßï»É« áñ Û3Ýó3- ·áñÍÝ»ñÇ »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÁ áñμ »Ý ÙÝ3Éáõ: 2Ûëï»Õ 1áõù μáÉáñáíÇÝ ¿É ×Çß1 ã¿ù ÁÝïñ»É 3Û1 μ3é3Ë3ÕÁ« Ý»- ñ»ÕáõÃÇõÝ« μ3Ûó »ë 13 3ÛÉ Ï»ñå 3Ýáõ3Ý»É ã»Ù Ï3ñáÕ: Æ±Ýã ¿ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ áñμáõÃÇõÝ« áñμ ÉÇÝ»±É: 2å3 ÇÝãå¿±ë 3Ýáõ3Ý»É 3ÛÝ ï3ëÝ»3Ï Ñ3ñÇõñ3õáñ« »Ã¿ áã Ñ31⁄23ñ3õáñ »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÇÝ« áñáÝó Ñ3Ûñ»ñÁ ëïÇå- áõ3Í 3ùëáñÇ »Ý Ù»ÏÝ»É: ÆëÏ 3Ûë 1¿åùáõÙ 3Û1 »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÇ Ñ3Ûñ»ñÁ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3õáñ »Ý μ3ó3Ï3Û»Éáõ: Æ Ñ3ñÏ¿ 13 ¿É ¿ Ñ3ñó3Ï3ÝÇ ï3Ï: 2ñ1»û±ù Ýñ3Ýù »ñμ»õ¿ 3ñ13ñ å3ïÇÅ ÏÁ ëï3Ý3Ý »õ ÏÁ μ3Ý- ï3ñÏáõ»Ý: oë ¿É ß3ï»ñÇ« ã3ë»Ýù 3ÙμáÕç Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý ÝÙ3Ý« (áñáíÑ»ï»õ 3ÙμáÕçÁ Ý»ñ3éáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ 3ÛÝ ¦ûÉÇ·3ñËÝ»ñÇÝ§« áñáÝó Ñ3Ù3ñ ûñ¿ÝùÁ Çñ»Ýó 3Ýå3ïÅ»ÉÇáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ« 3ÝÓ»éÝÙË»ÉÇáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ)« Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ3Í ã»Ù« áñ Û3Ýó3·áñÍÝ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó 3ñÅ3ÝÇ å3ïÇÅÁ ÏÁ ëï3Ý3Ý: oÃ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ ÉÇ- Ý¿ñ 3ßË3ñÑÇ 1»ÙáÏñ3ï »õ ù3Õ3ù3ÏÇñÃ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÙ3Ý »õ 3ñ13ñÁ Ç°ñ ï»ÕáõÙ ÉÇÝ¿ñ« ã3ñÁa Çñ ï»- ÕáõÙ« 3å3 »ñÏñÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ß3ï Ù»Í áõ ÷áùñ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñ« 3Ûëûñ 3ÛÝï»Õ ã¿ÇÝ ÉÇÝÇ« áñï»Õ ·ïÝõáõÙ »Ý: ø3Ý1⁄2Ç μáÉáñÝ ¿É 3Ûë Ï3Ù 3ÛÝ ã3÷áí »õ Çñ»Ýó Ù»Ãá1Ý»ñáí Ë3Ëï»É »Ý »ñÏñÇ Ñ¿Ýó Çñ»Ýó ÏáÕÙÇó ·ñáõ3Í« Ñ3ëï3ïáõ3Í ë3ÑÙ3Ý31ñáõÃÇõÝÝ áõ ûñ¿ÝùÝ»ñÁ« Ù»Õ3Ýã»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó ÏáãÙ3Ý áõ »ñ1Ù3Ý 1¿Ùa áñÝ ¿a 31⁄2Ýáõûñ¿Ý »õ 3ÙμáÕç Ï3ñáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí Í3é3Û»É Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇùÇ 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý« 3å3- ÑáíáõÃ»3Ý »õ ÅáÕáíñ1Ç ëáóÇ3É3Ï3Ý μ3ñûñáõÃ»3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ©©©

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àñå¿ë 3å3óáÛó Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ýß»É Ý3»õ 3ÛÝ ÇñáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ« áñ »ñÏñáõÙ ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ ãáõÝÇ 3ÝÏ3Ë 13- ï3ñ3Ý« 3ÝÏ3Ë ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý »õ 3ÝÏ3Ë ·áñÍ31Çñ Ù3ñÙÇÝ« áñáÝù ¿É ÏÁ å3ßïå3Ý¿ÇÝ μÝ3ÏãáõÃ»3Ý ß3Ñ»ñÁ ÷áùñ áõ Ù»Í ÇßË3Ý3õáñÝ»ñÇ Ï3Ù3Û3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó »õ 13ï3ëï3ÝÇ 3é3ç ÏÁ Ï3Ý·Ý»óÝ¿- ÇÝ Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñ ûñÇÝ31⁄23ÝóÇ« ã3ñ3ß3ÑáÕÇ« ÇÝã å3ßïûÝáõÙ ¿É áñ Ý3 ·ïÝáõ»ÉÇë ÉÇÝ¿ñ: oõ »ë μáÉáñá- íÇÝ ¿É Û3ÛïÝ3·áñÍáõÃÇõÝ 3ñ3Í ã»Ù ÉÇÝÇ« »Ã¿ 3ë»Ù« áñ 3Ñ3 Ñ¿Ýó 3Û1 ûñ·3Ý-Ý»ñÇ ËÇëï ë»ñï3- ×áõÙÝ ¿ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï« áñÁ ã3ñÇùÝ»ñÇ ã3ñÇùÝ ¿« Çñ3å¿ëa Ù»Í3·áÛÝ ã3ñÇùÁ »õ 3Õ¿ïÁ« áñÁ »ñÏñÇÝ 3Û1å¿ë 3ñ3·ûñ¿Ý 1¿åÇ 1⁄23éÇÃ3÷ ¿ ï3ÝáõÙ:

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oõ ÃáÕ ·»Ý»ñ3É Ø3Ýáõ¿ÉÁ ãÛáËáñï3Û« áñ ¦Çñ»Ýù§ 1»é 3Ý»ÉÇù áõÝ»Ý ́3ùõáõÙ: 2Û1 Çñ»ÝùÁ áíù»±ñ »Ý« Ý3 å¿ïù ¿ É3õ ÇÙ3Ý3Û« áñ 3é3Ýó á·»õáñáõ3Í »õ 3Ù¿Ý ÙÇ 1⁄2áÑáÕáõÃ»3Ý å3ïñ3ëï ÅáÕáíñ1Ç« áñÇÝ Ý3 3Ûëûñ 3Û1å¿ë ã3ñ3Ï3Ù 3ñÑ3Ù3ñÑáõÙ áõ Ñ3ñëï3Ñ3ñáõÙ ¿« Çñ»Ýù áãÇÝã »Ý: ÆëÏ Ýñ3 Ûá- ËáñïáóÁ ÇÝÓ ÛÇß»óÝáõÙ ¿ 3⁄4ÉãÇμ¿ÛÇÝ« áí »ñ31⁄2áõÙ ¿ñ Û3çáñ1 ûñÁ áïù»ñÁ Éáõ3Ý3É ê»õ3ÝáõÙ:

ÎÁ Ý»ñ¿ù« »ñμ»ù ã¿Ç ó3ÝÏ3Ý3Û Ò»ñ« ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ áã Ù¿Ï Ñ3õ3ï3ó»3ÉÇ ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý 1⁄2·3óáõÙÝ»ñÁ íÇñ3õáñ»É »õ Ñ3ñó3Ï3ÝÇ ï3Ï 1Ý»É« μ3Ûó« ó3õûù« ã»Ù Ï3ñáÕ ã3ñï3Û3Ûïáõ»É Ù¿Ï 3ÛÉ Ñ3ñóÇ Ù3ëÇÝ« áñÁ Ùï3Í»Éáõ ï»ÕÇù ¿ ï3ÉÇë© 2ñ1»ûù Ç±ÝãÝ ¿ Ò»ña μÅßÏÇ« μÝ3å3ßïÇ í»ñçÇÝ ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇ Ó·ïÙ3Ý å3ï×3éÁ« ÙÇïáõÙÁ« Ò»ñ ·ñáõ3ÍùÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ3ñó»ñÁ 3Ýå3ÛÙ3Ý Ï3å»É Ù3ñ1áõ« 2ëïÍáÛ« ÏñûÝÇ »õ »Ï»- Õ»óáõ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ̧3 ÇÝÓ« Ù»ÕÙ 3ë3Í« 1⁄2áõ3ñ×3ÉÇ ¿ ÃõáõÙ« ÇÝãå¿ë áñ 1⁄2áõ3ñ×3ÉÇ »Ý ÃõáõÙ 3ÛÝ ï»ë3ñ3ÝÝ»ñÁ« »ñμ äáõïÇÝÁ« èáμ»ñï øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ »õ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñáõÙ Ùá- Ù»ñ »Ý í3éáõÙ »õ ç»ñÙ»é3Ý1 Ë3ã3ÏÝùáõÙ:

Ú3ñ·3ÝùÝ»ñáía ê3Ùáõ¿É Úáí3ë3÷»3Ý ́»éÉÇÝ« ¶»ñÙ3ÝÇ3

Ð2ÚoðàôÜ Ð2ÚÐàÚàÔ ¶ÆðøÀ êÎê2Ì 3⁄4 ́2ÄÜàôÆÈ Âðø2Î2Ü

Âñù3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ï3Ñ3Û ·ñùÇ ÝÏ3ñÁ

íÇñ3õáñ3Ï3Ý Ý3Ë3μ3ÝÁ:

̧äðàòÜoðàô Ø3⁄4æ

ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ù¿ç ÆÝÃ»ñÝ»ÃÇ ÙÇçáó3õ í3×3éùÇ Ñ3Ýáõ3Í ¿ Ãáõñù 31⁄2·3ÛÝ3Ï3Ý Ð3Éáõù øÁñçÁÇ ¦Ð3Û»ñ, Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÁ ÙÇ ÙáéÝ3ù§ 3ÝáõÝÁ ÏñáÕ »õ 3ÛÉ3ïÛ3óáõÃÇõÝ »õ Ëïñ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ë»ñÙ3ÝáÕ ·ÇñùÁ, áñáõ Ý3Ë3μ3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç ËÙμ3·ÇñÁ 3Ýó3Í ¿ ã3÷ áõ ë3ÑÙ3Ýa Ñ3ÛÑáÛ»Éáí 3ÙμáÕç 31⁄2·Ç ÙÁ: ¶ÇñùÇÝ Ù¿ç Ï°û·ï3·áñÍáõÇÝa ¦Ñ3Û ÏáãáõáÕ ÃáõñùÇ ÃßÝ3ÙÇÝ»ñÁ§, ¦áñáõ ßáõÝ»ñÝ »Ý Ñ3Û»ñÁ§ »õ 3ÛÉÝ:

¶ÇñùÁ μ3Å3Ýáõ3Í ¿ Ý3»õ 1åñáóÝ»ñáõ Ù¿ç: 2ÛëåÇëáí, ¦öáËáõáÕ§ »õ ¦Ñ3Ý1áõñÅáÕ3Ï3Ý§ 13ñÓáÕ

ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ù¿ç ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Ý å»ï3Ï3Ý Ù3Ï3ñ13Ïáí Ëñ3- Ëáõë»É Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ íÇñ3õáñ»ÉÝ áõ Ñ3ÛÑáÛ»ÉÁ:

ÆÝÃÁñÝ»Ã3ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñ3ÛÇÝ Ï3Ûù»ñáõ ÙÇçáó3õ Âñù3Ï3Ý áñáß ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ μáÕáùÇ 3ñß3õ ëÏë3Í »Ýa íÇñ3õáñ3Ï3Ý ·ñ3éáõÙÝ»ñáí μ3ÅÇÝÝ»ñÁ 1áõñë Ñ3Ý»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

Ü»ñÏ3Û 1ñáõÃ»3Ùμ Ãñù3Ï3Ý ß3ñù ÙÁ ÆÝÃ»ñÝ»Ã ·ñ3Ë3ÝáõÃÝ»ñ áõ Ï3Ûù»ñáõÝ íñ3Û ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï¿ ÙÝ3É ÝáÛÝ

2èàÔæ oðÎÆðÜoðàô ò2ÜÎÆÜ ìð2Ú Ð2Ú2êî2Ü 79-ð ̧Ü 3⁄4

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ò3ÝÏÁ Ï31⁄2Ù»Éáõ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ÝÏ3ïÇ 3éÝáõ3Í »Ý Ï»3ÝùÇ ï»õáÕáõÃ»3Ý »õ Ù3ÝÏ3Ï3Ý Ù3Ñ3óáõ- Ã»3Ý óáõó3ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ, Ù3Ñ3óáõÃ»3Ý å3ï×3éÝ»ñÁ, »ñ»ù ï3ñÇù3ÛÇÝ ËáõÙμ»ñáõ Ù3Ñ3óáõÃ»3Ý »õ 65-Á ï3ñÇùÁ Ñ3ëÝ»É¿ »ïù ïÕ3Ù3ñ1áó áõ Ï3Ý3Ýó Ù3Ñ3óáõÃ»3Ý óáõó3ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ:

Ð3ñ3õ3ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ3ëÇ »ñÏÇñÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç É3õ3·áÛÝÁ ìñ3ëï3ÝÝ ¿, áñ ÏÁ ·ñ3õ¿ 71-ñ1 ï»ÕÁ, ÇëÏ 2ïñå¿Û×3Ý ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3ÝÇ ¦3Ù»Ý33Ý3éáÕç§ »ñÏÇñÝ ¿‘ 87-ñ1 1ÇñùÇ íñ3Û: Àëï ·áñÍ3Ï3ÉáõÃ»3Ý, 3ßË3ñÑÇ 3Ù»Ý33éáÕç »ñÏÇñÁ êÇÝÏ3÷áõñÝ ¿, áñáõÝ ÏÁ Û3çáñ1»Ý Æï3ÉÇ- 3Ý, 2õëïñ3ÉÇ3Ý, 1⁄4áõÇó»ñÇ3Ý, Ö3÷áÝÁ, Æëñ3Û¿ÉÁ, êå3ÝÇ3Ý, ÐáÉ3Ýï3Ý, Þáõ¿ïÁ »õ ¶»ñÙ3ÝÇ3Ý:

æ2ô2ÊøÆ Ð2ÚoðÀ 21⁄4Ü2ôàôðÆÜ Îàâ Î°ÀÜoÜa âØ2êÜ2ÎòÆÈ 2Ê2ÈòÊ2ÚÆ Ø3⁄4æ Î2Ú2Ü2ÈÆø Ð2ØoðøÆÜ

ýñ3Ýë3Ñ3Û »ñ·Çã Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñ

ææ3õ3ËùÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ëáñ- Ñáõñ1Á ï3ñ3Í3Í ¿ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ, Ïáã ÁÝ»Éáí Û3ÛïÝÇ ýñ3Ýë3Ñ3Û »ñ·Çã Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÇÝa Ññ3Å3ñáõ»Éáõ 2Ë3ÉóË3ÛÇ μ»ñ1Ç í»ñ3μ3óÙ3Ý 3éÃÇõ Ï3Û3Ý3ÉÇù Ñ3Ù»ñ·ÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»É¿ »õ ÷áË3ñ¿ÝÁ íñ3ó ÇßË3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ 3éç»õ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3õ μ3ñÓñ3óÝ»Éáõ ç3õ3Ë3Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý Ûáõ1⁄2áÕ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ:

¦êáÛÝ Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ ú·áëïáëÇ 16-ÇÝ ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõÙ »Ý ÑÇÙÝ3Ýáñá·áõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ Ñ3Ý1Çë3õáñ Ï»ñåáí í»ñ3μ3- ó»É 2Ë3ÉóË3ÛÇ μ»ñ1Á »õ 1ñ3Ý Ù3ë Ï31⁄2ÙáÕ ¦2ÑÙ»ïÇ¿§ Ù1⁄2ÏÇÃÁ: Àëï íñ3ó3Ï3Ý Éñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇa ÙÇçáó3éÙ3ÝÁ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»Éáõ ¿ Ý3»õ Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÁ, áñÝ Çñ»Ý áõÕ»ÏóáÕ »ñ3Åßï3Ï3Ý ËÙμáí Ñ3Ù»ñ· ¿ ï3- Éáõ Ù1⁄2ÏÇÃÇ 3ÝÙÇç3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñ»õ3ÝáõÃ»3Ùμ ·ïÝáõáÕ í3ÛñáõÙ: ìñ3ó3Ï3Ý ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 2Ë3ÉóË3ÛáõÙ í»ñ3Ï3Ý·ÝáõÙ »Ý Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý Ù1⁄2ÏÇÃ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ »Ý 3ñÑ3Ù3ñÑ»É Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý êáõñμ Üß3Ý »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇÝ í»ñ313ñÓÝ»Éáõ 2Ë3ÉóË3ÛÇ Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý »õ ìÇñ3Ñ3Ûáó Ã»ÙÇ å3Ñ3ÝçÝ»ñÁ, ß3ñáõÝ3ÏõáõÙ »Ý ËáÝ3ñÑáõ»É áõ ù3Ý1áõ»É ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ ï3-

ñ3ÍùáõÙ ·ïÝáõáÕ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñÝ áõ Ñá·»õáñ 3ÛÉ Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñÁ: ÜÙ3Ý å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñáõÙ Þ3éÉ 21⁄2Ý3õáõñÇ Ñ3Ù»ñ·Á Ù»Í Ñ3ñáõ3Í ÏÁ Ñ3ëóÝÇ 3ßË3ñÑ3Ñéã3Ï ß3ÝëáÝÇ¿Ç Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏáõÃ»3ÝÁ

ç3õ3Ë3Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý ßñç3ÝáõÙ: Ø3ëÝ3Ïó»Éáí 3Ûë ÙÇçáó3éÙ3ÝÁ Ý3 3Ï3Ù3Û Ýå3ëï»Éáõ ¿ ç3õ3- Ë3Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñÇ áïÝ3Ñ3ñÙ3Ý íñ3ó ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃ»3ÝÁ§, - Áë- áõ3Í ¿ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý Ù¿ç:

Ú3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ï3ñ3Í3Í Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 3Û1 ÙÇçáó3éáõÙÁ ÏÁ ·Ý3Ñ3ïáõÙ »Ý áñå¿ë ç3õ3Ë3Ñ3ÛáõÃ»3Ý ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ Ãáõñù-íñ3ó3Ï3Ý Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý 13õ31ñáõÃÇõÝ, áñáõÝ 3ÝáÝù ÏÁ ÷áñ- Ó»Ý Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇó 13ñÓÝ»É 3ßË3ñÑ3Ñéã3Ï Ñ3Û »ñ·ÇãÇÝ, Ñ3õ3Ý3μ3ñ û·ïáõ»Éáí í»ñçÇÝÇë 3Ýï»Õ»3- ÏáõÃ»Ý¿Ý »õ Çñ Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇ 2ËÉóË3 ù3Õ3ùÇÝ Ù¿ç Ñ3Ù»ñ·áí Ñ3Ý1¿ë ·3Éáõ Ù»Í ó3ÝÏáõÃ»Ý¿Ý:

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ÚáõÝÇëÇ 1-Çó áõÅÇ Ù¿ç Ùï3Í ¦ì3ñã3Ï3Ý Çñ3õ3Ë3ËïáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ§ Ýáñ ûñ¿ÝùÇ Ûû1áõ3ÍÝ»- ñÇó Ù¿Ïáí ë3ÑÙ3ÝõáõÙ ¿, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃ»3Ý ï3ñ3ÍùÇó 1áõñë í»ó 3ÙëÇó 3õ»ÉÇ Å3ÙÏ¿ïáí μÝ3ÏáõÃ»3Ý Ù»ÏÝáÕ Ï3Ù í»ó 3ÙëÇó 3õ»ÉÇ Å3ÙÏ¿ïáí μÝ3ÏáõáÕ ÐÐ ù3Õ3ù3óáõ ÏáÕÙÇó 3Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3Ý 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóãáõÃ»3Ý Ï3Ù ÑÇõå3ïáë3Ï3Ý ÑÇÙÝ3ñ- ÏÇÝ ·ñ3õáñ ãï»Õ»Ï3óÝ»ÉÁ 3é3ç3óÝáõÙ ¿ ïáõ·3ÝùÇ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ (ë3ÑÙ3Ýáõ3Í Ýáõ31⁄23·áÛÝ 3ßË3- ï3í3ñÓÇ »é3å3ïÇÏÇ ã3÷áí, 3ÛëÇÝùÝ 3000 1ñ3Ù):

ê3 Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿, áñ 3ÛÉ »ñÏñáõÙ í»ó 3ÙëÇó 3õ»ÉÇ ·ïÝáõáÕ Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñ ÙÇ·ñ3Ýï Ð3Û3ëï3Ý í»ñ313éÝ3ÉÇë ïáõ·3Ýáõ»Éáõ ¿‘ Ã¿Ïáõ1⁄2 ëÇÙíáÉÇÏ 3000 1ñ3ÙÇ ã3÷áí:

ö3ëï3μ3Ý Â3Ù3ñ3 o3ÛÉá»3ÝÁ Ï3ñÍáõÙ ¿, áñ 3Ûë ûñ¿ÝùÁ 3õ»ÉÇ ¿ Ù»Ïáõë3óÝáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ 3ñï3ùÇÝ 3ßË3ñÑÇó, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ 1ñ3Ýáí Ë3ËïõáõÙ ¿ Ù3ñ1áõ 31⁄23ï ï»Õ3ß3ñÅÇ Çñ3õáõÝùÁ:

¦2ÙμáÕç 3ßË3ñÑÁ ·ÝáõÙ ¿ Ýñ3Ý, áñ ë3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñÁ í»ñ3óáõ»Ý, áñ Ù3ñ1áõ ï»Õ3ß3ñÅÁ 3ßË3ñ- ÑáõÙ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñÇÝë ÉÇÝÇ 31⁄23ï »õ 3é3Ýó áñ»õÇó¿ ËáãÁÝ1áïÝ»ñÇ, ÇëÏ Ù»Ýù Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ Ù»Ïáõë3óÝáõÙ »Ýù 3ßË3ñÑÇó, ÝáñÇó 1ÝáõÙ »Ýù ë3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñ: oÃ¿ Ýå3ï3Ï áõÝ»Ý 3ñï3·3ÕÃÁ Ï3ÝË»Éáõ, 3å3 [3ë»Ù, áñ] Ù3ñ1ÇÏ ·ÝáõÙ »Ý, áñáíÑ»ï»õ áõ1⁄2áõÙ »Ý ·áõÙ3ñ 3ßË3ï»É, 3ßË3ï3Ýù ·ïÝ»É, áñáíÑ»ï»õ ï»ÕáõÙ ãÏ3Û 3Û1 3ßË3ï3ÝùÁ: 2Û1å¿ë 3ñï3·3ÕÃ »ñμ»ù ã»Ý Ï3ÝËÇ§, - 3ëáõÙ ¿ ÷3ëï3μ3ÝÁ:

¶ÇõÙñ»óÇÝ»ñÇó ß3ï»ñÁ 3ñ1¿Ý ï»Õ»3Ï »Ý 3Ûë ûñ¿ÝùÇó: Üñ3ÝóÇó ß3ï»ñÁ Ï3ñÍáõÙ »Ý, áñ ë3 å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë μÇõç¿Ý ¦ÉóÝ»Éáõ§ Ýå3ï3Ï áõÝÇ:

Üß»Ýù, áñ 3ñï3·3ÕÃÇ óáõó3ÝÇßÁ ¶ÇõÙñÇáõÙ μ3õ3Ï3ÝÇÝ μ3ñÓñ ¿: Àëï áñáß áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ, ¶ÇõÙñÇáõÙ ·ñ»Ã¿ 3Ù¿Ý ÁÝï3ÝÇùáõÙ Ù¿Ï, »ñμ»ÙÝ ¿É »ñÏáõ Ï3Ù »ñ»ù μ3ó3Ï3ÛáÕ Ï3Û: ì»ñ- çÇÝ ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ Ý3»õ ÏïñáõÏ 3×»É ¿ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñáí Ñ»é3óáÕÝ»ñÇ ÃÇõÁ:

êÆðÆ2Ð2Ú ¶àðÌ2ð2ðÀ ̧Ä¶àÐ 3⁄4 ́Æ1⁄4Ü3⁄4êÀ ì2ðoÈàô Ð2Ú2êî2Üo2Ü ØoÂàîÜoðÆò

êÇñÇ3ÛÇ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ, 31⁄2·áõÃ»3Ùμ Ñ3Û ð3ýýÇ Â3ß×»3ÝÁ Ùûï »ñÏáõ ï3ñÇ 3é3ç ¿ Ð3É¿åÇó Ð3Û3ëï3Ý ï»Õ3÷áËáõ»É: 2ÙáõëÝ3ó»É ¿ Ñ3Û3ëï3Ýóáõ Ñ»ï áõ, ÙÝ3Éáí 3Ûëï»Õ, Ýáñ ·áñÍ Ó»éÝ3ñ- Ï»É:

Üñ3 ÁÝï3ÝÇùÇÝ å3ïÏ3ÝáÕ ¦è3Ù3 oáõÝ3ÛÃ»1§ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÇõÝÁ 1⁄2μ3ÕõáõÙ ¿ 3ñï31ñ3Ï3Ý, ïÝï»ë3Ï3Ý, ïå3·ñ3Ï3Ý ÑáõÙù»ñÇ Ý»ñÏñÙ3Ùμ áõ 3Û1 3åñ3ÝùÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í3Í3Ë í3×3éùáí: Â3ß×- »3ÝÁ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñ áõÝÇ o·ÇåïáëáõÙ, 2ñ3μ3Ï3Ý 3⁄4ÙÇñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ÂáõñùÇ3ÛáõÙ, êÇñÇ3ÛáõÙ: êÇñÇ3Ñ3Û ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÇ Ñ3Û3ëï3Ý»3Ý ·Ýáñ1Ý»ñÁ ¦è3Ù3 oáõÝ3ÛÃ»1Ç§ Ý»ñÏñ3Í ÑáõÙùáí å3ï- ñ3ëïáõ3Í 3ñï31ñ3ÝùÁ í3×3éáõÙ »Ý ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3ÝáõÙ ï»ÕÇ ßáõÏ3ÛáõÙ:

êÇñÇ3Ñ3Û ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3óÇáõÃÇõÝ ãÇ ëï3ó»É: 2ëáõÙ ¿‘ êÇñÇ3ÛÇ ù3Õ3ù3- óÇáõÃÇõÝÁ Ýñ3Ý û·ÝáõÙ ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ·áñÍ3ñ3ñ 13ßïáõÙ 3éÏ3Û ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÝ áõ 1Åáõ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Û3ÕÃ3Ñ3ñ»É:

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ »ñÏáõ ï3ñÇ μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëáí 1⁄2μ3ÕáõáÕ ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÇÝ 1⁄23ñÙ3óÝáõÙ ¿ Çñ»Ý ëå3éÝ3óáÕ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñáç å3Ñáõ3ÍùÁ, áí ÷áË3Ý3Ï Ñ»ï»õ»Éáõ μÇ1⁄2Ý»ë Ï3ÝáÝ»ñÇÝ áõ Û3ñ·3Ýùáí í»ñ3μ»ñáõ»Éáõ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñáçÁ, ÁÝïñ»É ¿ ëå3éÝ3ÉÇùÝ»ñÇ É»1⁄2áõÝ‘ Ññ3Å3ñáõ»É ¿ å3ïáõ»ñÇó áõ íÝ3ëÝ»ñ å3ï×3é»É ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ»3ÝÁ:

¦ ̧», μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÁ ïÕ3í3ñÇ Ëûëù»ñáí »Ý 3ÝáõÙ ¿ëï»Õ: ØÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ß3ï É3õ ¿, áñ Ù3ñ1áõ ËûëùÁ Ëûëù ¿, μ3Ûó 13 ãÇ í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÇÝ§, - 3ëáõÙ ¿ Â3ß×»3ÝÁ:

êÇñÇ3Ñ3Û ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÁ 3ëáõÙ ¿, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÇ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ï3ÝáÝÝ»ñáí ã»Ý 3ßË3- ïáõÙ‘ ãÏ3Û å3ÛÙ3Ý3·ñ3ÛÇÝ, Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ, Ï3Û μ3Ý3õáñ Ëûëù ÙÇ3ÛÝ: Æñ ·áñÍÁÝ- Ï»ñÝ»ñÁ ï3ñμ»ñõáõÙ »Ý ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÝ»ñÇó, Û3×3Ë ã»Ý áõ1⁄2áõÙ 3ßË3ï»É ÷3ëï3ÃÕÃ»ñáí‘ ÏÝù»É å3ÛÙ3Ý3·ñ»ñ áõ Ñ»ï»õ»É 1ñ3Ýó, ÇÝãÇ Ñ»ï»õ3Ýùáí ÇÝùÁ íÝ3ëÝ»ñ ¿ ÏñáõÙ: Àëï Ýñ3, Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝáõÙ μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÁ Ñ3Ù3ñáõÙ »Ý ¦ßáõÏ3ÛÇ ·áñÍ§ áõ Ùï3ÍáõÙ ÙÇÙÇ3ÛÝ ÷áÕ 3ßË3ï»Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ:

¦Î3Ý 1»é Ù3ñ1ÇÏ, áñáÝù ã·Çï»Ý μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÇ ëï3Ý13ñïÝ»ñÁ. ÃÕÃ3μ3ÝáõÃÇõÝ Ï3Û μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÇ Ù¿ç, Ï3Û ÇÝíáÛë, Ï3Û å3ÛÙ3Ý3·Çñ, Ï3Û Ï3ÝË3í×3ñ. ¿ë Ñ3ëÏ3óáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó áñ ËûëáõÙ »Ý, Çñ»Ýù 1»é Ý3ÛáõÙ »Ý »ñ»ëÇ1, 3ëáõÙ »Ý, ã¿, Ç±Ýã »ë 3ëáõÙ§, - 3ëáõÙ ¿ Ý3:

Â3ß×»3ÝÁ ãÇ 1Å·áÑáõÙ å»ï3Ï3Ý Ù3ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇó: Üñ3 1Å·áÑáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3åáõ3Í ¿ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áñáÝóÇó ß3ï»ñÇÝ ¿ Ïáñóñ»É: Ü3 3ëáõÙ ¿, áñ ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ ÷áË»É Çñ 3ßË3ï3á×Á, μ3Ûó Ï3Ù å¿ïù ¿ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏÇ 3ßË3ï»É 3Ûëå¿ë, Ï3Ù ¿É‘ ï»Õ3óÇÝ»ñÇ Ùï3Í»É3Ï»ñåáí:

âÝ3Û3Í 1Åáõ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, Â3ß×»3ÝÁ Ûáõë3Ë3μ ãÇ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É ëÏë3Í ·áñÍÝ áõ ÁÝ1É3ÛÝ»É 3ÛÝ:

2ÜÆÆ oÎoÔoòÆÜoðÀ ìoð2Î2èàôòôàôØ oÜ

2ÝÇ ù3Õ3ùÇ 3õ»ñáõ3Í »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÁ

ÐÐ3Û-Ãáõñù3Ï3Ý ë3ÑÙ3ÝÇÝ ·ïÝáõáÕ å3ïÙ3- Ï3Ý 2ÝÇ ù3Õ3ùÇ 3õ»ñáõ3Í »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñÁ ëÏë»É »Ý í»ñ3Ýáñá·»É, ï»Õ»Ï3óÝáõÙ ¿ ¦2Ïûë§-Á:

ì»ñ3Ýáñá·Ù3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÝ ëÏëáõ»É »Ý 2ÝÇÇ 2Ù»Ý3÷ñÏÇã »õ êáõñμ ¶ñÇ·áñ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñáõÙ: 2ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÝ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óõáõÙ »Ý Ð3Ù3ßË3ñÑ3ÛÇÝ Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ, Î3ñëÇ Øß3ÏáÛÃÇ »õ ïáõñÇ1⁄2ÙÇ í3ñãáõÃ»3Ý »õ 2Ù»ñÇÏ3ÛÇ 1»ëå3Ý3ï3Ý ýÇÝ3Ýë3õáñÙ3Ùμ:

2ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ ï»õ»Éáõ »Ý ÙÇÝã»õ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 15-Á: 2Ûë ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ í»ñ3Ýáñá·áõ»É »Ý Ý3»õ 2ÝÇÇ ï3ñμ»ñ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñÇ ×»ÙáõÕÇÝ»ñÝ áõ ×3Ý3å3ñÑÝ»- ñÁ:

¦ö3Ùáõùù3É¿§ Ñ3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÇ 1áó»Ýï ü3ÑñÇÛ¿ ́3Ûñ3ÙÁ ï»Õ»Ï3óñ»É ¿, áñ 3ñ1¿Ý Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõ»É ¿ êáõñμ ¶ñÇ·áñ »Ï»Õ»óáõ ßñç3Ï3ÛùÇ μ3ñ»Ï3ñ·Ù3Ý »õ Ù3ùñÙ3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ:

́3Ûñ3ÙÁ Ýß»É ¿, áñ êáõñμ ¶ñÇ·áñ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ Ï3éáõóáõ»É ¿ 980 Ã-ÇÝ: Ü3 Ýß»É ¿, áñ 2ÝÇÝ ß3ï ÑÇÝ å3ïÙáõÃÇõÝ áõÝÇ »õ 3é»õïñÇ áõ ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ ¿ »Õ»É: ¦2Ûëï»Õ å¿ïù ¿ å»ÕáõÙÝ»ñ »õ í»ñ3Ï3- éáõóÙ3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñ Ï3ï3ñáõ»Ý: ̧ñ3Ýù ß3ñáõÝ3Ïáõ»Éáõ »Ý Ý3»õ 3é3çÇÏ3Û ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ§,-3ë»É ¿ Ý3:

1036 Ã-ÇÝ êÙμ3ï Ã3·3õáñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ï3éáõóáõ3Í »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ í»ñ3Ýáñá·áõ»É ¿ 1291 »õ 1342 Ãáõ3- Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇÝ: 1930-3Ï3Ý Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ï3ÛÍ3ÏÇ Ñ3ñáõ3ÍÇó 3ÛÝ »ñÏáõ Ï¿ë ¿ñ »Õ»É:

2ÛÅÙ í»ñ3Ï3éáõóÙ3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ù3Ý1áõ3Í ÏïáñÝ»ñÁ Ñ3õ3ùõáõÙ »õ Ñ3- Ù3ñ3Ï3ÉõáõÙ »Ý: 2Ûë »Ï»Õ»óáõ í»ñ3Ýáñá·Ù3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñáõÙ 20 Ù3ëÝ3·¿ï ¿ Ý»ñ·ñ3õáõ3Í:

Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆ 2ðî¶àðÌÜ2Ê2ð2ðÀ 2ÚòoÈoò üÆÈÆäÆÜÜoð

ú·áëïáë 15-ÇÝ Ù»ÏÝ3ñÏ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñ 3⁄41áõ3ñ1 Ü3Éμ3Ý1»3ÝÇ å3ßïû- Ý3Ï3Ý 3Ûó»ÉáõÃÇõÝÁ üÇÉÇåÇÝÝ»ñÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝ:

Ø3ÝÇÉ3ÛáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñÇÝ ÁÝ1áõÝ»É ¿ üÇÉÇåÇÝÝ»ñÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ́»ÝÇ·Ýû 2ùÇÝáÝ, áí 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý ï»Õ»Ï3ïáõáõÃ»3Ý »õ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3ÛÝáõÃ»3Ý Ñ»ï Ï3å»ñÇ í3ñ- ãáõÃ»3Ý ÷áË3ÝóÙ3Ùμ, ÛáÛë ¿ Û3ÛïÝ»É, áñ ÐÐ 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñÇ 3é3çÇÝ 3Ûó»ÉáõÃÇõÝÁ üÇÉÇåÇÝÝ»ñ Ýáñ Ã3÷ ÏÁ Ñ3Õáñ1Ç »ñÏÏáÕÙ Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3ÏóáõÃ»3ÝÁ:

ÜáÛÝ ûñÁ 3õ»ÉÇ í3Õ Ï3Û3ó»É »Ý Ü3Éμ3Ý1»3ÝÇ »õ üÇÉÇåÇÝÝÝ»ñÇ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ ù3ñïáõÕ3ñ 2Éμ»ñï ̧»É èáë3ñÇáÛÇ μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝó 3õ3ñïÇÝ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÝ»ñÁ ëïáñ3·ñ»É »Ý ¦Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃ»3Ý 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý »õ üÇÉÇåÇÝÝ»ñÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃ»3Ý 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ 1»å3ñï3Ù»ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç»õ ÷áËÁÙμéÝÙ3Ý Ûáõß3·ÇñÁ§ »õ ¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»- ïáõÃ»3Ý Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý »õ üÇÉÇåÇÝÝ»ñÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃ»3Ý Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý ÙÇç»õ 1Çõ3Ý3·Ç- ï3Ï3Ý Ï3Ù å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý 3ÝÓÝ3·ñ»ñ áõÝ»óáÕ 3ÝÓ3Ýó ÙáõïùÇ 3ñïûÝ3·ñÇ å3Ñ3ÝçÇó 31⁄23ï»Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ÇñÁ§:

àôÎð2ÆÜ2Ü ÐoðøàôØ 3⁄4, àð 1⁄43⁄4Üø 3⁄4 ì2Ö2èoÈ Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆÜ

àõÏñ3ÇÝ3ÛÇ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÁ ¦åñáíáÏ3óÇ3§ ¿ áñ3Ï»É 31ñμ»ç3Ý3Ï3Ý Ù3ÙáõÉÇ Ñ3Õáñ1áõÙÝ»ñÝ 3ÛÝ Ù3ëÇÝ, Ã¿ àõÏñ3ÇÝ3Ý 2011 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ ÑñÃÇé3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·»ñ ¿ í3×3é»É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇÝ:

àõÏñ3ÇÝ3ÛÇ 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý ËûëÝ3ÏÁ 3Ûëûñ Ï3Û3ó3Í ×»å31⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿, áñ àõÏñ3ÇÝ3Ý Ëëïûñ»Ý Ñ»ï»õáõÙ ¿ Ø2Î-Ç »õ o2ÐÎ-Ç 3éç»õ ëï3ÝÓÝ3Í ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ å3ñï3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ »õ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ûñ¿Ýë1ñáõÃ»3ÝÁ:

§21⁄42î ̧oØàÎð2îÜoð¦-Æò Ðoè2ò2ÌÜoðÀ ØÜ2Èàô oÜ ø2Ô2ø2Î2ÜàôÂo2Ü Ø3⁄4æ

¦Ø»Ýù μáÉáñë ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñ »Ýù, á»õ¿ Ù¿ÏÁ ãÇ å3ïñ3ëïõáõÙ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÇó 1áõñë ·3É: ä3ïñ3ëï »Ýù Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïó»É ó3ÝÏ3ó3Í ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅÇ Ñ»ï, áñÁ Çñûù ÏÁ 13õ3ÝÇ ÅáÕáíñ13í3Ï3Ý 3ñÅ¿ùÝ»ñ, áñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ Çñûù Ù3ñ1áõ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ ÉÇÝ»Ý μ3ó3ñÓ3Ï 3ñÅ¿ù§, - ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõÝ§ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ 3ë3ó Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý ï3Ï ëïáñ3·ñ3ÍÝ»ñÇó Ïáõë3Ï- óáõÃ»3Ý í3ñãáõÃ»3Ý ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ 3Ý13Ù, Ð3Ûáó Ñ3Ù31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ß3ñÅÙ3Ý »ñÇïÃ»õÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ Õ»Ï3í3ñ Î3ñ¿Ý Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ:

Ü3 ãó3ÝÏ3ó3õ Ëûë»É Çñ»Ýó áñáßÙ3Ý å3ï×3éÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ‘ 3ë»Éáí. - ¦Ø»Ýù 3Û1 3ÙμáÕçÁ Ýß»É »Ýù Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý Ù¿ç, »õ »Ã¿ ¦21⁄23ï 1»ÙáÏñ3ïÝ»ñ§ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý ·áñÍ»É3á×Á Çñûù Ñ3- Ù3å3ï3ëË3ÝáõÙ ¿ 3Ýáõ3ÝÁ, Çñûù Ýñ3Ýù 1»ÙáÏñ3ï3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ »Ý, 3å3 É3õ ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ, áñ Ñ»Ýó Çñ»Ýù ¿É Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»Ý 3Û1 Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ‘ 3å3óáõó»Éáí Çñ»Ýó 1»ÙáÏñ3ï3Ï3Ý ÉÇÝ»ÉÁ§:

¦21⁄23ï 1»ÙáÏñ3ïÝ»ñ§ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý 3Ý13Ù, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñ 2É»ù- ë3Ý1ñ 2ñ1⁄2áõÙ3Ý»3ÝÁ ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõÝ§ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Çñ 3ñ1¿Ý Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ïáõë3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ Ñ»é3Ý3Éáõ å3ï×3éÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ 3ë3ó. - ¦ÐÇÙÝ3Ï3ÝÁ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ù3ë- Ý3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý Ó»õ3ã3÷Ý ¿. 1Å·áÑáõÃÇõÝ ¿ 3ñï3Û3ÛïõáõÙ 3é 3ÛÝ, áñ ¦21⁄23ï 1»ÙáÏñ3ïÝ»ñ§-Á, 3ÛÝ- áõ3Ù»Ý3ÛÝÇõ, ÙÇ3ëÝ3Ï3Ý óáõó3Ïáí Ñ3Ý1¿ë »Ï3Ý ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃ»3Ý§ Ñ»ï: Îáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ ÉùáÕÝ»ñÇ Ï3ñÍÇùáí, å¿ïù ¿ñ Çñ3õ3Ñ3õ3ë3ñ 13ßÇÝùáí ·Ý3É: ê3 ÑÇÝ Ã»Ù3 ¿, Í»Íáõ3Í§:

Î3ñ¿Ý Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ, ÙÇÝã1»é, 3ë3ó, áñ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý Ù¿ç 3ÛÉ å3ï×3éÝ»ñ ¿É Ýßáõ3Í »Ý, μ3Ûó Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝ»É ãó3ÝÏ3ó3õ:

ÆëÏ Ñ3ñóÇÝ, Ã¿ ÇÝãáõ 3õ»ÉÇ í3Õ ã¿ÇÝ Éù»É Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ, Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ å3ï3ëË3Ý»ó. - ¦êå3ëáõÙ ¿ÇÝù, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç 3ÙμáÕçáíÇÝ Ñ3Ý13ñïáõ»Ý Û»ïÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý åñáó¿ëÝ»ñÁ, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç áñ»õ¿ ß3Ñ3ñÏÙ3Ý ï»ÕÇù ãï3ñ Ù»ñ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ§:

¦21⁄23ï 1»ÙáÏñ3ïÝ»ñ§ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý 8 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÇó 1áõñë ·3Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ Û3Û- ï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝ ¿ÇÝ ÷áË3Ýó»É Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý í3ñãáõÃÇõÝ:

Ð3ñóÇÝ, Ã¿ 3ñ1»ûù 3Û1 Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ 3Ý3ÏÝÏ3É ¿ñ Çñ Ñ3Ù3ñ, 2ñ1⁄2áõÙ3Ý»3ÝÝ 3ñÓ3·3Ý- ù»ó. - ¦Ð3ßáõÇ 3éÝ»Éáí, áñ 2ñ3ñ3ïÁ [1⁄4áõñ3μ»3Ý‘ ÐÐÞ í3ñãáõÃ»3Ý Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ] »õ í3ñãáõ- Ã»3Ý ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ 3ÛÉ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ÝáÛÝå¿ë Éù»É »Ý Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ, Ý3ËÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý ÷áõÉÇó ëÏë3Í 3ñ1¿Ý ã¿ÇÝ ·3ÉÇë Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ »õ áñ»õ¿ 3ÏïÇõ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý Ù¿ç ã»Ý óáõó3μ»- ñ»É, 3å3, Ñ3õ3Ý3μ3ñ, 3Ûë áñáßáõÙÁ Ñ3ëáõÝ3ÝáõÙ ¿ñ§:

ÆëÏ Ñ3ñóÇÝ, Ã¿ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ¿, áñ ÇÝùÝ ¿É ÉùÇ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ, 2ñ1⁄2áõÙ3Ý»3ÝÁ 3ñÓ3·3Ýù»ó. - ¦ÆÝãÇ± Ñ3Ù3ñ. ê3 Ýáñ3ëï»ÕÍ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ ¿, Ýáñ ¿ Ó»õ3õáñõáõÙ, Çñ 3éç»õ 1ñáõ3Í ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ ÷3ëïûñ¿Ý Ï3ñáÕ3ÝáõÙ ¿ ÉáõÍ»É: Ð31⁄2áõ3·Çõï 1¿åù»ñÇó ¿, »ñμ Ýáñ3ëï»ÕÍ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ3- ó»É ¿ 3ÝÙÇç3å¿ë Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõ3Í ÉÇÝ»É 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíáõÙ: ̧3 Ù»Í Û3çáÕáõÃÇõÝ ¿: 2Û1 Û3çáÕáõ- Ã»3Ý íñ3Û å¿ïù ¿ ÷áñÓ»Ýù Ï3éáõó»É Ù»ñ 3å3·3Û ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ, Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3Ýù Ñ3ñÃ3Ï Ñ3Ý1Ç- ë3Ý3É‘ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ë»ÏïáñÇ å3Ñ3ÝçÝ»ñÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝ»É 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíáõÙ§:

ì2ðâ2äoîÀ oô Î2è2ì2ðàôÂo2Ü 2Ü ̧2ØÜoðÀ ÐÆôða êàôðÆÐ2Ú öàøðÆÎÜoðàôÜ

ì3ñã3å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3Ý êáõñÇ3Ñ3Û å3ï3ÝÇÝ»ñáõ Ñ»ï ÏÁ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóÇ ßáõñçå3ñÇ

ÝÇÝ:

ì3ñã3å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3Ý, ê÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý, ï3ñ3Íù3ÛÇÝ Ï3-

é3í3ñÙ3Ý ÷áËÝ3Ë3ñ3ñ ì3ã¿ î¿ñï¿ñ»3Ý »õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç êáõñÇáÛ 1»ëå3ÝÁ ú·áëïáë 13- ÇÝ 3Ûó»É3Í »Ý Ð3Ýù3õ3ÝÇ ¦Èáõë3μ3ó§ ×3Ù- μ3ñ, áõñ Çñ»Ýó Ñ3Ý·ÇëïÁ Ï’3ÝóÝ»Ý ̧3Ù3ëÏá- ë¿Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Í ßáõñç 120 »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñ, ÇëÏ îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3Ý »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï ùáã3ñÇ å3ñ3Í ¿:

ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ ßáõñç 120 ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3- Ý»ñ ÐÐ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý Ññ3õ¿ñáí Ð3Û3ëï3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Í »Ý‘ ú·áëïáë 9-23:

àÕçáõÝ»Éáí ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÁ‘ í3ñã3- å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3Ý Ýß3Í ¿, áñ »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñáõÝ »õ Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñáõÝ ÏÁ ÷áË3Ýó¿ Ý3»õ ÐÐ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ áÕçáÛÝÁ »õ Ñ3õ3ëï- Ç3óáõó3Í, áñ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ ËÝ1ÇñÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ 3ÝáÝó Ñ»ï 3éÝãáõáÕ μáÉáñ Ó»éÝ3ñÏÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ ·ïÝáõÇÝ ÐÐ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ áõß31ñáõÃ»3Ý Ï»1ñá-

¦2Ûë ·»Õ»óÇÏ ûñ»ñÁ, áñ 3Ýó »Ýù Ï3óÝáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ, Ñ3Ù3ËÙμáõÙ ¿ áÕç ÅáÕáíñ1ÇÝ ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÇ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç: oõ μáÉáñÁ‘ Ã¿° Ù3ëÝ3õáñ Ñ3ïáõ3ÍÁ, Ã¿° Î3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý 3ç3Ïó»É Ýñ3Ýó¿,- Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó í3ñã3å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ, Ëáëï3Ý3Éáí, áñ Î3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã Ï’3ÝÇ ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÇ Ñá·ëÁ Ã»Ã»õ3óÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

¦2Ûë ÙÃÝáÉáñïÁ, áñ ïÇñáõÙ ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ, Ï’û·ÝÇ ÉáõÍ»É ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÇ 3é3ç Í3é3- ó3Í ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ§,- 3õ»Éóáõó3Í ¿ ÐÐ í3ñã3å»ïÁ:

¦Èáõë3μ3ó§ ×3Ùμ3ñÇ ïÝûñ¿Ý 2ßáï 2õ»ïÇë»3Ý Ýß3Í ¿, áñ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÁ ï»- Õ3óÇ »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï ß÷áõ»Éáí É»1⁄2áõÇ Ñ»ï Ï3åáõ3Í ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ ã»Ý áõÝ»Ý3ñ:

¦Üñ3Ýó ûñÁ μ3õ3Ï3ÝÇÝ Û3·»ó3Í ¿‘ 3ñß3õÝ»ñ, 1⁄2ñáÛóÝ»ñ »õ 3ÏïÇõ Å3Ù3Ýó§,- Áë3õ ×3Ùμ3ñÇ ïÝûñ¿ÝÁ:

2Ûë ï3ñáõ3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ ¦Èáõë3μ3ó§ ×3Ùμ3ñÁ »ñÏáõ Ñ»ñÃ3÷áËáí ÁÝ1áõÝ3Í ¿ 700 »ñ»- Ë3Û, áñáÝó 120-Á‘ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û:

¶2¶ÆÎ Ì2èàôÎo2ÜÆ §æoÜîÈØoÜ2Î2Ü¦ ø2ÚÈÀ. ÎÜàæÀ

ÜàôÆðoÈ 3⁄4 ØÆÈÆ2ð ̧Üoð

¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3Ý§ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃ»3Ý Ý3Ë3·3Ñ, 2Ä å3ï·3Ù3õáñ ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÁ 2007 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇó Ç í»ñ 3Ù»Ý3Ñ3ñáõëï å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ ¿: Üñ3 »Ï3ÙáõïÝ»ñÁ, 1ñ3Ù3Ï3Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»- ñÁ, ß3Ñ3μ3ÅÇÝÝ»ñÁ, ëï3óáõ3Í áõ í»ñ313ñÓáõ3Í ÷áË3éáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ3ßáõõáõÙ »Ý ÙÇÉÇáÝÝ»ñáí áõ ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1Ý»ñáí: Ü3 Ý3»õ 3é3çÇÝ ïÕ3Ù3ñ1 å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ ¿, áñ Çñ ÏÝáçÁ ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1Ç Ñ3ëÝáÕ Ýáõ¿ñ ¿ ÷áË3Ýó»É:

¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÇ 7 ¿çÇó μ3ÕÏ3ó3Í ·áÛùÇ »õ »Ï3ÙáõïÝ»ñÇ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3·ÇñÝ 3ÛÝù3Ý Û3·»- ó3Í ¿ ·áõÙ3ñ3ÛÇÝ ïáõ»3ÉÝ»ñáí, áñ 3ÝÑÝ3ñ ¿ 1ñ3Ýù Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝáõÃ»3Ùμ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝ»É: ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3·ñ»É ¿ ß3ï 3õ»ÉÇ μ3ÅÝ»Ù3ë, ë3Ï3ÛÝ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý áñáßÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3- Ó3ÛÝa Ññ3å3ñ3ÏÙ3Ý »ÝÃ3Ï3Û »Ý áã μáÉáñÁ: Ü3 μ3ÅÝ»Ù3ë»ñ áõÝÇ ÇÝãå¿ë 1ñ3Ùáí, 3ÛÝå¿ë ¿É »õñá- Ûáí: úñÇÝ3Ïa 2Ä å3ï·3Ù3õáñÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3·ñ»É ¿ μ3ÅÝ»Ù3ë Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3Ý3μ3ñ‘ 13 ÙÇÉÇáÝ »õ 987 Ñ31⁄23ñ 356 »õñáÛÇ ã3÷áí, ÇëÏ 1ñ3Ùáí μ3ÅÝ»Ù3ë»ñÁ Ñ3ëÝáõÙ »Ý ÙÇÝã»õ 19 ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1 516 ÙÇÉÇ- áÝ 684 Ñ31⁄23ñ 30 1ñ3ÙÇ:

ÜáÛÝÁ í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ Û3ÝÓÝáõ3Í Ï3Ù í»ñ313ñÓáõ3Í ÷áË3éáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: 2011Ã. ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÝ áõÝ»ó»É ¿ 5 ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1 232 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 730 Ñ31⁄23ñ 905 1ñ3ÙÇ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ μÝ3ÙÃ»ñ3ÛÇÝ »Ï3Ùáõï‘ 86 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 862 Ñ31⁄23ñ 534 1ñ3ÙÇ ã3÷áí:

ÆÝã í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ 1ñ3Ù3Ï3Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇÝ, 3å3 ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÝ áõÝ»ó»É ¿ 280 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 570 Ñ31⁄23ñ 1ñ3Ù, 23 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 834 Ñ31⁄23ñ 1áÉ3ñ »õ 25 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 786 Ñ31⁄23ñ »õñû:

ä3Ï3ë Ï3ñáÕáõÃ»3Ý ï¿ñ ã¿ Ý3»õ ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÇ ÏÇÝÁ‘ æ3õ3ÑÇñ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÁ: Ü3 áõÝÇ 19 ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1 516 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 684 Ñ31⁄23ñ 30 1ñ3ÙÇ ã3÷áí 3ñÅ»ÃÕÃ»ñ »õ 3ÛÉ Ý»ñ1ñáõÙÝ»ñ:

æ3õ3ÑÇñ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÁ, áñå¿ë 1ñ3Ù3Ï3Ý ÙÇçáó, Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3·ñ»É ¿ 21 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 700 Ñ31⁄23ñ 1ñ3Ù, ÇëÏ å3ï·3Ù3õáñÇ ïÇÏÝáç »Ï3ÙáõïÝ»ñÁ Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ »Ý 11 ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1 850 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 562 Ñ31⁄23ñ 800 1ñ3Ù, áñÇó 560 Ñ31⁄23ñ 800 1ñ3ÙÁ 3ßË3ï3í3ñÓÝ ¿, ÇëÏ 11 ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1 850 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1ñ3ÙÁ Ó»õ3Ï»ñåáõ3Í ¿ áñå¿ë ¦3ÙáõëÝáõ ÏáÕÙÇó§ Ýáõ¿ñ:

§2ðØ2ôÆ2Ü¦ ÈÆ2ÚàÚê 3⁄4, àð Øo ̧ìo ̧oôÀ ÖÆÞ ̧ àðàÞàôØ

ÎÀ Î2Ú2òÜÆ

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 3õÇ3÷áË31ñáÕ ¦2ñÙ3õÇ3§ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ, Áëï ¿áõÃ»3Ý, ãÇ å3ïñ3ëï- õáõÙ í»ñ3Ý3Û»É Çña Sukhoi Superjet-100 »ñÏñáñ1 û13Ý3õÇ ·ÝáõÙÇó Ññ3Å3ñáõ»Éáõ áñáßáõÙÁ:

¦Ø»Ýù ÉÇ3ÛáÛë »Ýù »õ Ñ3õ3ïáõÙ »Ýù, áñ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ ̧3ßÝáõÃ»3Ý Ï3é3í3ñáõÃ»3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñ ̧ÙÇïñÇ Ø»1í»1»õÁ ×Çß1 áñáßáõÙ ÏÁ Ï3Û3óÝÇ 3Ûë Ñ3ñóÇ ßáõñç§,- Tert.am-Ç Ñ3ñóÇÝ Ç å3ï3ëË3Ý 3ë3óÇÝ ¦2ñÙ3õÇ3§-Çó:

ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ vz.ru-Ý ï»Õ»Ï3óñ»É ¿ñ, áñ è ̧ í3ñã3å»ï ̧ÙÇïñÇ Ø»1í»1»õÇ Ùûï ï3ñ3Í3ßñ- ç3Ý3ÛÇÝ 3õÇ3÷áË31ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý Ñ3ñóáí Ï3Û3ó3Í ËáñÑñ13ÏóáõÃ»3Ý 3ñ1ÇõÝùáõÙ Û3Û- ï3ñ3ñáõ»É ¿ñ, áñ è ̧ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ áõ 3ñ1ÇõÝ3μ»ñáõÃ»3Ý »õ 3é»õïñÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ OAK μ3ó μ3ÅÝ»ïÇñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ»3Ý Ñ»ï Ñ3Ù3ï»Õ ÏÁ 1⁄2μ3Õáõ»Ý ¦2ñÙ3õÇ3§ 3õÇ3ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ»3Ý ÏáÕ- ÙÇó Superjet-100 û13Ý3õÇ ß3Ñ3·áñÍÙ3Ý Ñ3ñóáí: ÆëÏ Û3ÝÓÝ3ñ3ñáõÃ»3Ý Ï3ï3ñÙ3Ý Å3ÙÏ¿ïÁa ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 15-Ý ¿:

Tert.am-Ç ×ß·ñïáÕ Ñ3ñóÇÝ Ç å3ï3ëË3Ý, Ã¿ 3Ûë Û3ÝÓÝ3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÇó Û»ïáÛ ¿±É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 3õÇ3÷áË31ñáÕÁ ãÇ í»ñ3Ý3ÛÇ Çñ áñáßáõÙÁ, ¦2ñÙ3õÇ3ÛÇó§ ÏñÏÝ»óÇÝa Superjet-100-Ç ß3Ñ3- ·áñÍáõÙÁ ïÝï»ë3å¿ë Ó»éÝïáõ ã¿:

ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ ¦2ñÙ3õÇ3§-Ý 3é3çÇÝ Sukhoi Superjet-100-Á ·Ý»É ¿ñ 2011-Ç 2åñÇÉÇÝa 3Ýáõ3Ý3- Ïáã»É Ç å3ïÇõ oáõñÇ ¶3·3ñÇÝÇ: Ø¿Ï ï3ñÇ 3Ýóa 2012-Ç 2åñÇÉÇÝ, ØÇ3õáñáõ3Í 3õÇ3ßÇÝ3ñ3ñ3Ï3Ý Ïáñåáñ3óÇ3ÛÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ØÇË3ÛÇÉ äûÕáë»3ÝÁ Û3ÛïÝ»É ¿ñ, áñ Ù¿Ï ï3ñáõ3Û ß3Ñ3·áñÍÙ3Ý ÁÝÃ3ó- ùáõÙ Ñ3Û3ëï3Ý»3Ý SSJ-100-Á Ùûïa 2000 Å3Ùáõ3Û ÃéÇãù ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óñ»É, ÇÝãÁ ß3ï É3õ óáõó3ÝÇß ¿ Ýáñ û13Ý3õÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

èáõë3ëï3Ý-¦2ñÙ3õÇ3§ μ3ñ1 Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ 3Ýï3ñμ»ñ ã»Ý Ý3»õ ý»Ûëμáõù»3Ý û·ï3- ï¿ñ»ñÁ, áñáÝó ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý Ù3ëÇ Ï3ñÍÇùáía ¦»Ã¿ 3ñ1¿Ý Ø»1í»1»õÝ ¿ Ë3éÝáõ»É§, áõñ»ÙÝa ¦ ́3Õ13ë3- ñáí»Ýó ÏÁ ëïÇå»Ý, áñ å3ïáõÇñ3Í 2 êáõå»ñç»Ã»ñÇó áã ÙÇ 1¿åùáõÙ ãÑñ3Å3ñáõ»Ý§:

ԱՐՏԱԳԱՂԹԸ ՀԱՄԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ՈՂԲԵՐԳՈՒԹԻՒՆ Է ԵՐԱՆ ԳՈՒՅՈՒՄՃԵԱՆ

Հայաստանէն արտագաղթը այսօր դարձած է համազգային օրակարգի գերխնդիր, անոր ամէնէն հրատապ հարցերէն մէկը, գուցէ եւ ամէնէն հրատապը, քանզի՝ ի՞նչ կ'արժեն վերջապէս Արցախեան հարցի հայանպաստ լուծումը, ՀՀ պետութեան հզօրացումը..., եթէ Հայաստանը պարպուի հայութենէն, հայաթափուի....եւ ունենանք թշնամիին երազածը՝ Հայաստանը առանց հայութեան....:

Դեռ 2003 թուականին, մեծ բանաստեղծուհի Սիլվա Կապուտիկեան ցաւատանջ ապրումներով պիտի գրէր.« Ոչ մէկ բան այնքան ցաւալի է, ազգային աղէտի համազօր ներկայ Հայաստանի մէջ, որքան արտագաղթը որ, շատ ափսոս կը շարունակուի, ի հեճուկս հայրենի սնապարծ պետական այրերուն ինքնագովութեան եւ իրենց հեռատեսիլի ( Հ-1) եռանդուն քարոզչութեան, թէ, օրէ-օր, Հանրապետութեան տնտեսական աճը մրցանիշ արագութեամբ կը բարձրանայ»:

Ու՞ր փնտռել այս հայակործան, ներքին ցեղասպանութեան համազօր երեւոյթին բացատրութիւնը. ՀՀ ընկերային-տնտեսական վատթար իրավիճակի՞ն մէջ, հոգեբարոյական ճգնաժամի՞ն, երկրին մէջ տեղ գտած փտախտի՞ն կամ կոռուպցիայի՞ն, քրէաօլիկարխիկ համակարգի անօրինականութեա՞նց, կամայականութեա՞նց եւ անարդարութեա՞նց մէջ...: Աշխատատեղերու սակաւութեա՞ն, անգործութեա՞ն, չնչին աշխատավարձի՞ն ու աղքատութեան,.....թէ՞՝ ասոնց քովն ի վեր, դեռեւս կան աւելի խոր պատճառներ ալ, որոնք կրնան բացատրել, թէ ինչո՞ւ հայը՝ այս բոլորէն որոշապէս եւ հասկնալիօրէն յուսալքուած, ձեռք կ'առնէ պանդխտութեան ցուպը եւ կը դիմէ օտար ափեր, իր յուսալքումին դարմանը փնտռելով հայրենալքումին մէջ:

Մեր մատը դնելով խորունկ եւ արիւնող այս վէրքին վրայ, նախ կարեւորութեամբ ընդգծելու ենք, թէ՝ մեր հանրապետութենէն ներս, այսօր անընդունելի չափերու հասած է անօրինականութեանց, անարդարութեանց եւ կամայականութեանց ծաւալը, օլիկարխիկ գերհարուստներու յղփացումն ու յոխորտանքը, անոնց պոռոտ արհամարհանքը՝ օրէնքին եւ շարքային քաղաքացիին նկատմամբ, ինչ որ անյետաձգելի եւ ճակատագրական անհրաժեշտութիւն կը դարձնէ քաղաքական-տնտեսական համակարգի բարեփոխման գերխնդիրը: Գերխնդիր մը, սակայն, որ չի լուծուիր երկրէն փախուստ տալով ու արտագաղթելով, այլ՝ յամառ ու հետեւողական պայքարով,

քաղաքացիական իրաւունքներու աննկուն իրաւատիրութեամբ եւ պահանջատիրութեամբ: Ազգային արժանապատուութեամբ:

Ուշագրաւ երեւոյթ է, որ արտագաղթելու հակումը հայուն արդիւնքը եղած է նաեւ, շատ հաւանաբար, մեր դարաւոր պետականազուրկ կեանքին, դարէ-դար՝ սելճուք, մոնղոլ, թաթար եւ այլ արշաւանքներ տեսած, անոնց աւերիչ հետեւանքները կրած, կամովին կամ բռնի տեղահանութեանց ենթարկուած ժողովուրդի մը հոգեբանական վիճակին, որ սերունդէ-սերունդ փոխանցուած ու արմատացած է կարծէք նոյնինքն մեր էութեան մէջ...: Անապահով կեանքէ մը հալածական, հայը միշտ ալ այլ տեղերու մէջ որոնած է իր ապահովութիւնը: Արտագաղթն ու տեղաշարժը անբաժան եղած են իր կեանքէն եւ անջնջելի, վիրաւոր հետք մը թողած են իր հաւաքական խորունկ հոգեբանութեան մէջ...:

Զուգահեռաբար, արտագաղթելու եւ տեղաշարժելու հոգեբանական այս հակումին սատարած են վստահաբար մեր ներքին անկազմակերպուածութիւնը, անտիրականութիւնը, անիշխանութիւնը...., հողին կարչած մնալու գիտակից հայրենասիրութեան պակասը: Օտարամոլութիւնը:

Պատմութեան ընթացքին, եղած են պարագաներ, երբ հայը նախընտրած է օտարին լուծը՝ հայ իշխանաւորին լուծէն, օտարին բռնապետութիւնը՝ հայուն բռնապետութենէն,...օտարին ծառայելը՝ հայուն ծառայելէն: Պիտի ընդունի՞նք որ մեր մէջ օտարամոլութիւնը աւերներ գործած է դարերու ընթացքին եւ կը գործէ ալ շարունակաբար՝ Հայաստանի Հանրապետութենէն ներս եւ Սփիւռքի տարածքին: Օտարին մշակոյթը, կարգն ու սարքը գերադասելու եւ մերինը ստորադասելու այս տխուր հակումին ի՞նչ անուն տալ արդեօք....: Այսօր քանիներ՝ հայրենիքին մէջ մնալով հանդերձ, նիհիլիստօրէն կը վերաբերին հայ ազգային արժէքներուն ու մշակոյթին, մեր լեզուին ու պատմութեան

տակաւին՝ հայրենի բնութեան՝ անտառ ու պուրակին, հող ու ջուրին հետ....պատմական մշակութային յուշարձաններուն հետ...., ոգեպէս պարպուած ըլլալով հայութենէ ու հայկականութենէ: Նմանները կարելի չէ՞ համարել հոգեպէս արդէն իսկ արտագաղթած հայեր...:

Իմ խորին համոզումով, այստեղ վճռորոշ դերակատութիւն է վերապահուած ազգային լիարժէք դաստիարակութեան: Այն դաստիարակութեան՝ որ նախանձախնդիր ըլլայ իրա՛ւ հայրենասիրութեան որակի, հայոց հողի անփոխարինելիութեան գաղափարի, պետական մտածողութեան, քաղաքացիական բարձր գիտակցութեան, բարոյական- հոգեւոր արժէքային համակարգի կերտումին, հայոց լեզուի անաղարտ ու անխաթար պահպանման ու տարածման՝

հեռուստացոյցէն ու մամուլէն մինչեւ ցուցանակներն ու գովազդները...., հայ մշակոյթի, բարոյական աւանդական արժէքներու կենսունակ փոխանցման սերունդէ-սերունդ, որոնք կը սահմանեն հայու մեր տեսակը եւ ազգային մեր բուն էութիւնն են՝ յատկապէս մեր ժամանակներու համաշխարհայնացման համահարթեցումին եւ ամբողջատիրութեան դէմ: Նմանապէս, ազգային այն դաստիարակութեան՝ որ նախանձախնդիր ըլլայ մեր սերունդները դաստիարակելու որպէս իր պատմական իրաւունքներուն համար մարտնչող ՊԱՀԱՆՋԱՏԷՐ ազգ, որ սրբազան ԴԱՏ մը ունի հետապնդելու...:

Որոշապէս, ազգային դաստիարակութեամբ եւ ոգիով թրծուած սերունդն էր որ կրցաւ իր արեան գնով ազատագրել հայրենի Արցախը, դարակազմիկ յաղթանակի մը հպարտութիւնը պարգեւելով համայն հայութեան, զայն ձերբազատելով ի մասնաւորի զոհի նուաստացուցիչ հոգեբանութենէն...: Այսօր նորովի եւ ազգային-պետական-հասարակական բոլոր հնարաւոր միջոցներով ամրապնդուելու է ԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ԴԱՍՏԻԱՐԱԿՈՒԹԻՒՆԸ ընդդէմ օտարոտի կեղծ ու խորթ բարքերուն, ոսկէ հորթի ստապատիր արժէքներուն...:

Այլապէս, ինչպէ՞ս բացատրել թէ՝ -Ինչու՞ պարկեշտ հայուհիներ, որոնք ժամանակին «թուրքի ձեռքով չբռնաբարուելու համար Եփրատն են նետուեր», այսօր իրենց մարմինը կը վաճառեն թուրքին... -Ինչու՞ հայ երիտասարդը, լքելով իր պապենական հողն ու օճախը, փախուստ կու տայ բանակէն, օտար հորիզոններուն անձնատուր.... -Ինչու՞ երիտասարդ զոյգեր, հեռանալէ ետք հայրենի բնօրրանէն, այնքան շուտ կը ձգտին ընտելանալու օտարին բարքերուն, սովորութիւններուն ու լեզուին..., կը նախընտրեն շատ շուտով ձուլուիլ օտարներուն մէջ, քան պայքարիլ եւ հայ մնալ թէկուզ օտարութեան մէջ...: -Ինչու՞ արտագաղթողներուն մէջ զգալի թիւ մը կը կազմեն անոնք, որ նիւթապէս քիչ թէ շատ ապահովուած են եւ չունին հացի ու ապրուստի խնդիր...: Դեռեւս կարելի է երկարել այս հարցադրումներուն շարքը...: ԱԶԳՈՎԻՆ ԶԳԱՍՏԱՆԱԼ Է ՊԷՏՔ

վերջապէս: Պիտի մոռնա՞նք այն անհերքելի ճշմարտութիւնը, զոր մեր մեծ բանաստեղծ-մտածող Պարոյր Սեւակը բանաձեւեց այնքան իմաստալից կերպով, որպէս Պատգամ ուղղուած ներկայ եւ գալիք սերունդներուն՝ «Օտարութեան մէջ ազատ ապրելն էլ, ա՛յլ գերութիւն է»: Կամ յիշենք Վազգէն

Շուշանեանի հետեւեալ խորիմաստ խորհրդածութիւնը , կամ աւելի ճիշդ ցաւատանջ յորդորը ուղղուած բոլոր սերունդներուն.- «Հայոց Ազգ, քայլերդ դուրս մի՛ նետեր այս աւանդակներէն, այս ծործորներէն ու այս խոպան հողերէն: Եթէ նոյնիսկ բազուկներդ չկրցան հրացան բռնել, մագիլներովդ ճանկէ արդարութիւնդ, եթէ նոյնիսկ ստիպուած ըլլաս, անգամ մը եւս ողնայարդ ծռել, ողջ հասակովդ ինկիր մեր կարմիր հողերուն վրայ: Աւելի լաւ է սողալ այստեղ՝ քան թէ գլուխ ցցել ուրիշին սահմաններուն վրայ: Ո՛չ մէկ նոր ելք այլեւս այս հողերէն: Ճակատագիրդ հոս է եւ սրբութիւնդ հոս, վասնզի հոսկէ է միայն, որ վաղը բոլոր փառքերը կրնան արթննալ եւ բոլոր ցորենները բարձրանալ, գեղուղէշ, բոլոր ակօսներէն...»:

Արտագաղթող բազմութիւնները պիտի լսե՞ն երբեւէ այս խորիմաստ ՍԹԱՓՈՒՄԻ ԽՕՍՔԵՐԸ, թէ՞՝ պիտի ի կատար ածեն թուրքին երազը....քանզի «ԱՐՏԱԳԱՂԹԸ ՄԵՐ ՀՈՂԻ ԻՆՔՆԱԿԱՄ ԶԻՋՈՒՄՆ Է ԹՈՒՐՔԻԱՅԻՆ»:

ԵՐԱՆ ԳՈՒՅՈՒՄՃԵԱՆ

ՅԱՅՏԱՐԱՐՈԻԹԻՒՆ

Հայրենակիցներ,

Աւելի քան տարի մըե է, որ Սուրիոյ հայութիւնը կը գտնուի ճգնաժամին դէմ-յանդիման եւ, դժբախտաբար, բոլոր նախանշանները կան որ տագնապը կրնայ ըլլալ երկարատեւ։ Անկախ մարդկային ցաւալի զոհերէն, ճգնաժամը անդամալուծած է նաեւ երկրի տնտեսական կեանքը։

Սուրիոյ հայ գաղութը, որուն կազմակերպեալ կեանքի արմատները կ՚երթան մինչեւ 1432 թուական, Սփիւռքի ամենակենսունակ գաղութներէն է եւ միշտ լիաբուռն մասնակցած է մեր համազգային բոլոր նախաձեռնութիւններուն։ Այսօր ի'նքը կը գտնուի ծանր կացութեան առջեւ եւ կարիքը ունի մեր ամենուս օժանդակութեան։ համահայկական գետնի վրայ արդէն իսկ ընթացքի մէջ են որոշ նախաձեռնութիւններ։ Անշուշտ, Գանատայի հայութիւնը իր կարելին պիտի ընէ օժանդակելու համար Սուրիոյ մեր հայ եղբայրներուն եւ քոյրերուն։

Հայրենակիցներ,

Համագանատական մակարդակով օժանդակութեան աշխատանքներու համադրման եւ հունաւորման նպատակով արդէն իսկ առաջացուցած ենք

ՍՈՒՐԻՈՅ ՀԱՅՈՒԹԵԱՆ ՕԺԱՆԴԱԿՈՒԹԵԱՆ ԳԱՆԱՏԱՅԻ ՀԱՄԱԴՐԻՉ ՄԱՐՄԻՆ-ը, որ յաոաջիկայ օրերուն պիտի աւարտէ իր նախապատրաստական աշխատանքները։ Այդ աշխատանքներուն, ինչպէս նաեւ Սուրիոյ հայութեան օժանդակութեան համար կատարուելիք նախաձեռնութիւներուն մասին ձեզի պիտի տեղեկացուի մեր մամուլի եւ տեղեկատուական այլ միջոցներով։

Վստահ ենք, որ Գանատայի հայութիւնը խուռներամ պիտի ընդառաջէ Համադրիչ մարմնի կոչերուն եւ պիտի կարենանք մեր լաւագոյնը ընել Սուրիոյ մեր կենսական գաղութի այս նեղ օրերուն։

ՍՈՑԻԱԼԴԵՄՈԿՐԱՏ ՀՆՉԱԿԵԱՆԿՈՒՍԱԿՑՈՒԹԻՒՆ ՀԱՅ ՅԵՂԱՓՈԽԱԿԱՆԴԱՇՆԱԿՑՈՒԹԻՒՆ ՌԱՄԿԱՎԱՐ ԱԶԱՏԱԿԱՆ ԿՈՒՍԱԿՑՈՒԹԻՒՆ ՀԱՅ ՕԳՆՈՒԹԵԱՆ ՄԻՈՒԹԻՒՆ ԲԱՐԵԳՈՐԾԱԿԱՆ ԸՆԴՀԱՆՈՒՐ ՄԻՈՒԹԻՒՆ ԱՌԱՋՆՈՐԴՈՒԹԻՒՆՀԱՅՈՑ ԳԱՆԱՏԱՅԻ ԳԱՆԱՏԱՅԻ ԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ԱՌԱՋՆՈՐԴԱՐԱՆ ՀԱՅ ԿԱԹՈՂԻԿԷ ԵԿԵՂԵՑԻ ՀԱՅ ԱՒԵՏԱՐԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԵԿԵՂԵՑԻ

ՀԱՅ

Turkey: A Permanent Threat to Armenia By David Boyajian

Credit: Christian Science Monitor If Turkey were to open its border with Armenia, and the two established diplomatic and trade relations,

Turkey would still be a threat to Armenia. Turkey would be a threat even if it were to acknowledge the Armenian genocide, pay reparations, and

return stolen Armenian property. And the threat to Armenia would remain even if it someday regains its homeland which now lies in eastern Turkey.

Why? Because Turkey’s belligerent policies towards Armenians, its pan-Turkic goals in the Caucasus and Central Asia, and its neo-Ottoman ambitions pose essentially the same dangers today as at the time of the genocide. And they show no sign of ever changing.

Aside from a general awareness of the genocide and present-day Turkish hostility, however, many Armenians and others are unfamiliar with key details of past and present Turkish policies. Consequently, they underestimate the dangers that Armenia faces.

Even the commonly held view that “in 1915 the Young Turk regime committed genocide against Armenians in Turkey” is dangerously misleading.

The genocide actually lasted through 1923, five years after Turkey’s defeat in WWI. Two regimes conducted the genocide: Ottoman Young Turk and Kemalist. The latter, of course, founded today’s allegedly “modern” Turkey. And the genocide took place not only in “Turkey” but also, ominously, on what was and is today the territory of the Republic of Armenia.

Endless Genocide

Turkifying and Islamizing the remnants of its empire was a key reason that Turkey destroyed its indigenous Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek Christians during WWI (1914-18). But Armenians and Armenian soil also lay just across the border, in the Caucasus region of the Russian empire, directly in the path of Turkey’s genocidal pan-Turkic jihad. Turkey committed genocide against those Armenians too, and ripped large chunks of territory from the new Armenian Republic, which had just been reborn from Russian Armenia.

Azeris -- Turkey’s blood brothers then and now -- also conducted large-scale massacres of Armenians in the Caucasus in WWI and through 1920.

After Turkey’s defeat in 1918, Turkish forces under Kemal (known later as Atatürk) continued the genocide in the Armenian Republic through 1920 and in Turkey through 1923.

Like Turkish leaders today who lie and deceive, Kemal publicly professed peaceful intentions toward Armenia. Secretly, however, he told his commanders that it is “of the utmost necessity that Armenia be both

politically and physically eliminated.” Kemal, too, lopped off chunks of Armenia. Though it resisted heroically, only a Soviet takeover in December of 1920 saved Armenia from annihilation.

These facts are relevant to the perils that Armenia faces today because of Turkey’s pan-Turkic and neo- Ottoman foreign policies.

Pan-Turkism

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkey has established ongoing relationships with Azerbaijan and Central Asia’s new “Turkic-speaking” countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Turkey has invested billions of dollars and established Turkish schools and universities in these countries. Turkey’s President Gül declared that “Kyrgyzstan is our ancestral homeland” while visiting that country’s International Atatürk-Alatoo University.

Turkey hosts major gas and oil pipelines originating in Baku, coproduces weapons with Azerbaijan, and trains Azeri troops. In Turkic solidarity with Azerbaijan, Turkey has injected itself into the Artsakh/Karabagh conflict by closing its border with Armenia for two decades. The Turkish-Azeri axis -- termed "one nation, two states” -- harks back to its assault on Armenia during the genocide. One hundred years has changed nothing. Turkey remains enamored of Turkic blood bonds.

In the former Armenian province of Nakhichevan -- now part of Azerbaijan and emptied of its Armenians - - Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan recently signed a treaty creating the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States.

Let’s be clear. Only Soviet control of the Caucasus and Central Asia from the 1920’s to 1991, and Russian and Chinese dominance since then, have thwarted Turkey’s pan-Turkic goals.

For several decades, of course, Russia and China have possessed nuclear weapons. Turkey has not. Imagine what an arrogant, genocidal Turkey would have perpetrated by now had it possessed nuclear weapons. Turkey could still, unfortunately, acquire nuclear weapons or other WMDs.

Turkey’s dangerous imperial goals today also include “neo-Ottomanism.”

Neo-Ottomanism

Turkey regards itself as the leader of not only its former colonies in the Middle East and Balkans but also theentireMuslimworld. Turkeyisinvestingheavilyinthoseregions.

Its Education Ministry recently released multi-media material that shows Armenia, Cyprus, and parts of Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, and Syria as being part of Turkey. Turkey claimed it was just a mistake.

“You are the grandchildren of the Ottomans. It will be the Ottomans who will make the world tremble again. If the Ottomans do not come back, the unbelievers will never be brought down to their knees.” A Turkish clergyman thundered those words to a frenzied Turkish rally in Belgium two decades ago.

In attendance were his admirers: Necmettin Erbakan, soon to be Turkey’s Prime Minister and the latter’s protégés, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Abdullah Gül, Turkey’s current Prime Minister and President.

Far from renouncing its bloody Ottoman past, such examples illustrate that Turkey embraces and wants to recreate it. Consequently, its threats against Armenia must never be taken lightly.

Turkish Threats

During the Artsakh/Karabagh war, Turkish President Turgut Özal repeatedly threatened Armenia. Armenians, he warned, “had not learned the lessons” of WWI -- that is, the genocide.

According to Leonidas Chrysanthopoulos, former Greek ambassador to Armenia, U.S. and French intelligence sources confirm that Turkey was poised to invade Armenia in 1993. Ruslan Khasbulatov, a Chechen who was Speaker of the Russian Supreme Soviet and an opponent of Russian President Yeltsin, had secretly given Turkey the go-ahead to invade Armenia if he toppled Yelstin. Fortunately, Yelstin survived the challenge.

If not for the Armenian-Russian alliance of these past two decades, Turkey and Azerbaijan would have jointly attacked Armenia, with catastrophic consequences.

Despite Turkey’s hostile record, some Armenians have fallen victim to the constant drumbeat of propaganda that Turkey is “reforming.”

Turkish non-Reforms

Some even believe that acknowledgement of the Armenian genocide would be tantamount to Turkey’s having “reformed.” That’s absurd and a serious mistake.

An acknowledgment, which would almost certainly be incomplete, insincere, or reversible, could psychologically disarm Armenians into letting down their guard. By not owning up to the genocide, therefore, Turkey may unwittingly be doing Armenians a favor.

Turkey’s actual record is one of repression, followed by mass violence, interspersed with so- called “reforms.”

In the 19th century, large-scale massacres of Armenians, particularly those of the 1890s, followed Ottoman “reforms” such as the Tanzimat (anti-discrimination decrees). The Young Turk “reform” revolution of 1908 -- cheered in the beginning by Armenians, Greeks, and other national groups -- was followed by the 1909 Adana massacres, the 1915-23 extermination, and genocidal attacks on Russian Armenia and the Republic of

Armenia.

Then along came the new “reformed, modern” Turkey of 1923. It confiscated Armenian property, destroyed Armenian churches, and Turkified Armenian city and village names. In 1943, Turkey unleashed its malicious Capital Tax program against Armenians, Greeks, and Jews.

Later came the devastating Istanbul riots of 1955. Did we mention Turkey’s massacre of Greek Cypriot civilians and ongoing occupation of northern Cyprus? The death squads and torture chambers? The repression, deportation, and massacre of Kurds and other minorities, and the jailing of dissidents and journalists? All the while, we are told that Turkey is “reforming.”

Turkish Syndrome

In addition to Turkey’s policies, its political leaders pose a danger because of what one may term Turkish Political Personality Syndrome.

This syndrome is on full display today in “modern” Turkey’s constant threats, chest-beating, belligerence, malignant narcissism, hypocrisy, extortion, despotism, cruelty, crudeness, lies, broken pledges, and, of course, the use of violence. One cannot think of even one positive Turkish political quality.

The countless victims of Turkish violence down through the centuries are proof of Turkish leaders’ disordered state of mind.

There is little indication that either Turkey’s policies toward Armenians or their leaders’ disorder will ever change. Indeed, they may grow more threatening.

Yet, Armenians still hope that Turkey will change. How to make them aware that the Turkish threat is here to stay?

Education.

Education

Young people will, of course, become the adults who conduct the political, economic, cultural, and military affairs of Armenia. They must be equipped intellectually and psychologically to deal with Turkey. From a young age, Armenian students must study -- but not in Turkish schools -- Turkish history, geo- politics, and language, and their application to present-day Armenian-Turkish relations.

The Turkish political personality and its violent and deceitful tendencies must be dissected and understood.

This is not easy, for two reasons. First, Armenians are bombarded by pro-Turkish and “reconciliation” propaganda from around the world and even by some Armenians. Second, we Armenians are unlike Turks and often have difficulty understanding their political culture.

Ultimately, future generations of Armenians will have to choose whom to believe. Will it be the allegedly “reformed, modern” Turkey? The international media that kowtows to Turkey? Countries that historically have betrayed Armenia?

Or will Armenians learn from the past and the hard-earned wisdom of their forebears? Their decision may determine whether Armenia lives or dies.

###

David Boyajian is a freelance journalist. Many of his articles are archived on Armeniapedia.org

Egan: A tribute to Turkish diplomat? Don’t even ask

By Kelly Egan, The Ottawa Citizen August 12, 2012

A secret structure is being built on NCC land near the Ottawa River Parkway and Island Park Drive, constructed in Turkey and reassembled here “like lego.” When we asked what it was, we were told to wait and see.

The OTTAWA CITIZEN

At the corner of Island Park Drive and the Ottawa River Parkway, a mystery grows from the ground, beneath a white tarp, behind a screened fence. It appears to be a metal-ribbed frame in the shape of a half-sphere. It is very large, maybe five metres in diameter, and the outer skin is slowly being covered in cedar-like blocks of wood, like Popsicle sticks round a bowl.

Sitting on a pair of metal mounts, it faces west and is tilted slightly toward the sky, at an angle like a satellite dish. What is it? Well, for now, the federal government says we don’t need to know.

The land is owned by the National Capital Commission, which takes its public installations rather seriously. It immediately referred questions to the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. To which an official in Minister John Baird’s office, had this to say: “An announcement is forthcoming.” Curious. In a city where a shovel can’t touch sacred NCC soil without endless consultation and debate — this is an agency, after all, that once fined a man for picking up a federally-owned pine cone — why all the secrecy at such a high-profile corner?

Here was the followup email from Baird’s office: “We’ll have something to announce in the very near future.” Wonderful. Except we won’t need the announcement once the thing is finished, will we? We await the press release from the feds telling us the London Olympics have started.

Well, some things we know. There are Turkish workers on site and materials coming out of 20 or so wooden crates, each bearing Turkish writing. On the grass is a stray packing label from Turkish Airlines. The Citizen has been told it is a monument, first constructed in Turkey, then disassembled, put in crates, and shipped to our sunny shores in numbered pieces. “Like Lego,” said someone familiar with the construction.

No one at the site was terribly forthcoming with information. In fact, a construction worker, comically, began photographing a Citizen staffer who was photographing the monument. Real spy stuff, for sure. Why Turkey? A source familiar with the matter tells us it is a monument to diplomats felled in the line of duty.

It is now beginning to make sense. On Aug. 27, 1982, a Turkish diplomat, Col. Atilla Altikat, was gunned down only steps from the site of this installation. A military attaché, Altikat was driving to work when he stopped at a red light. A gunman pulled up nearby and proceeded to fire about 10 shots from a handgun toward the father of two. He died at the wheel, head slumped back.

No one has ever been arrested, despite offers of big rewards, but an Armenian terrorist group claimed responsibility. The assassination was part of a worldwide attack on Turkish diplomats. In April of that same year, in fact, a commercial counsellor attached to the Ottawa embassy, Kani Gungor, was also targeted, shot outside his home and left paralyzed.

In 1985, the embassy on Wurtemburg Street, just off Rideau, was attacked near dawn in a raid that began with a hail of bullets, then an explosion. A Canadian security guard was killed and the ambassador was seriously hurt trying to escape. Taken together, they almost certainly represent the most violent attacks ever made on the capital’s diplomatic corps in 150 years.

A source tells us the monument is not just for Turkish victims, however, but all members of the diplomatic community who have met with calamity while trying to best represent their nations’s interests and further the cause of peace. If this is so, it certainly would have some strong patriotic content as the list of Canadian foreign service staff killed or injured on duty — Afghanistan tragically reminds us — is not short.

The bulk of the work is to be completed within 10 days or so, with landscaping to follow. It is believed the monument will also be lit, as an electrical contractor was on site last week. It is plausible the monument will be ready for Aug. 27, the 30th anniversary of the Altikat slaying. But, of course, we aren’t allowed to know that. Big secret and all. We only own the land.

The Turkish Embassy declined to comment, referring questions to the helpful staff in John Baird’s office. You know how that ends. It’s a shame, really, as it looks to be a magnificent symbol, a halved globe for a broken world, in a capital that could use more outdoor expressions of Canada’s place in the world.

Does it, too, mark a maturation in Turkish-Armenian relations on our soil? Possibly. Or it’s a giant satellite dish. How dare you even ask? To contact Kelly Egan, please call 613-726-5896, or email kegan@ottawacitizen.com © Copyright (c) The Ottawa Citizen

Leading Muslim Cleric Issued Fatwa, Condemning Turks for Killing Armenians By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier

I recently came across an extremely significant Islamic document that severely criticizes Turks for using religion as a cover to killing Armenian Christians.

This rarely seen document is a Fatwa or religious decree issued in May 1909 by Grand Sheikh

Salim al-Bishri of Egypt, condemning Turkish Muslims for massacring 30,000 Armenians in Adana, a major

city in the Ottoman Empire. Sheikh al-Bishri of Al-Azhar Mosque, leader of the Muslim world’s preeminent center of Islamic

studies in Cairo, issued this Fatwa in order to counter the decree issued in April 1909 by a Turkish Mufti 18

(religious leader), urging Turks to kill Armenians because “they were against Muslims and God.” Upon seeing a passing reference to the Egyptian fatwa on the internet, I contacted Prof. Mohammed

Rifaat al-Emam, an expert on Armenian history, whom I had met during a recent visit to Cairo. Dr. al- Emam kindly sent me the original Arabic text of this important religious document, excerpts of which are presented below in English translation for the first time:

“We have seen in local newspapers agonizing news and vile reports about Muslims of some Anatolian provinces of the Ottoman Empire attacking Christians and killing them brutally. We could not believe these reports and hoped that they were false, because Islam forbids aggression, oppression, bloodshed, and harming human beings -- Muslims, Christians and Jews alike.

Oh Muslims living in that region and elsewhere beware of actions prohibited by Allah in His Sharia [Islamic law] and spare the blood that Allah prohibited to spill and do not transgress on anyone since Allah does not like aggressors....

Your duty towards those who are allied with you, who entrusted their safety to you and who reside among you and next to you from Ahlul Dhimma [Jewish and Christian minorities protected under Islam], as imposed by Allah, is to uplift them as you would uplift yourselves, prevent them from what you prevent yourselves and your kinsfolk, make your strength their strength, make pride and prosperity out of your strength, and protect their monasteries and churches the way you protect your mosques and temples. Whoever abuses their women, draws the sword on them, and oppresses them contradicts Muslims’ pledge to Allah, which is the obligation of Muslims.

Be informed that if what the public is hearing is true, then you have angered your Allah and did not satisfy your Prophet and the Sharia. You kept your Muslim brothers away from their religion, whose rejection became hideous by this heinous act, violating what is forbidden, and you let loose tongues of people ignorant of your religion to pronounce hideous words against all Muslims.

Then, hear some of what your Prophet said about conditions similar to what you are in today. He said: ‘He who kills an allied person [person joined with Islam by an agreement in order to give help and support] will not smell the fragrance of Paradise and if he smells it, that would be at a distance of 40 years.’ He also said: ‘A person who rejects a dhimmi [a person from Jewish and Christian minorities] will be whipped with flagella of fire on Judgment Day.’”

This document makes it amply clear that the Armenian massacres of 1909 and the subsequent Genocide of 1915 were not the result of religious conflict between Muslim Turks and Christian Armenians. The Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar rightly condemned the Turks for the mass murder of Armenians, which was committed for racist Pan-Turkic -- not Pan-Islamic -- reasons, along with the intent of capturing Armenian lands and properties. The various Fatwas issued by Turkish Muftis (clerics) were intended to provoke fanatical Turkish mobs to attack and massacre innocent Armenians.

Sheikh al-Bishri’s 1909 Fatwa was further reinforced by the decree issued in 1917 by Al-Husayn Ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, ordering all Muslims to defend Armenians and “provide everything they might need ... because they are the Protected People of the Muslims about whom the Prophet Muhammad said: ‘Whoever takes from them even a rope, I will be his adversary on the day of Judgment.’”

In 2009, when Turkish Prime Minister Rejeb Erdogan stated that “Muslims don’t commit genocide,” he was only partly right. He should have said: “Good Muslims don’t commit genocide.” The leaders of the Young Turk Party who masterminded the Armenian Genocide in 1915 were not faithful Muslims, judging by the teachings of the Quran -- the Holy Book of Islam. They were simply criminals who used Islam as a convenient cover to carry out mass murder. The compassionate Fatwa of the Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar still rings true today as the Muslim world celebrates the end of Ramadhan.

Azeri Defense Chief Threatens War With Armenians

BAKU -- Azerbaijan renewed threats to end the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict by force on Tuesday, with Defense Minister Safar Abiyev saying that the Armenian side is leaving Baku with no other option.

“Unwilling to peacefully return Azerbaijan’s occupied lands, Armenia is every day bringing forward the start of a new war,” Azerbaijani news agencies quoted Abiyev as telling General Myles Deering, the visiting commander of the Oklahoma National Guard.

Abiyev complained that long-running mediation efforts by the U.S., Russian and French co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group have not produced any “concrete results.” In these circumstances, he said, Azerbaijan has no option but to “liberate the occupied territories.”

Azerbaijani leaders have for years been threatening to forcibly regain control of Karabakh and Armenian-controlled lands surrounding it. The Armenian side has repeatedly condemned and dismissed those threats, saying that the Azerbaijani military would suffer another defeat.

The United States, the European Union and Russia have likewise spoken out against possible attempts at a military solution to the Armenian-Azerbaijani dispute.

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton warned of “unpredictable and disastrous consequences” of renewed fighting in the conflict zone when she visited Yerevan and Baku in June. “The use of force will not resolve the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict and therefore force must not be used,” Clinton said.

Armenian Troops Training at US Military Base in Germany YEREVAN -- More than 100 Armenian soldiers flew to Germany on Wednesday to take part in training and exercises organized by the U.S. military for nations involved in the NATO-led

peacekeeping mission in Kosovo. The Armenian Defense Ministry said the 116 soldiers will train at a U.S. military base in

Germany from August 16 through September 4 alongside U.S., Bulgarian, Romanian, Slovenian and Ukrainian troops.

“The purpose of the exercises is to enhance the peacekeeping capacity and interoperability of the armed forces of participating countries,” the ministry said in a statement.

A separate statement by the U.S. Embassy in Yerevan said the Armenian contingent, which is part of a special peacekeeping brigade, “will prepare for their upcoming tours in Kosovo.”

Armenia resumed its participation in NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) last month, sending a 35- strong detachment to the former Yugoslav province on board a U.S. military transport plane. The platoon was deployed at a U.S. military base near the eastern Kosovo town of Urosevac for a six- month tour of duty.

The commander of U.S. Army troops stationed in Europe, Lieutenant General Mark Hertling, discussed the Armenian deployment in Kosovo when he visited Yerevan later in July. Hertling also discussed with Armenia’s top defense officials training of Armenian military personnel and their participation in multinational exercises organized by the U.S. Army in Europe.

Defense Minister Seyran Ohanian earlier linked the dispatch of Armenian troops to Kosovo with Armenia’s growing military cooperation with the United States.

Ohanian discussed that cooperation with the U.S. ambassador to Armenia, John Heffern, and the new American military attaché in Yerevan, Colonel Jeffrey Steemson, at a meeting later on Wednesday.

Armenia 79th Mmong World’s Healthiest Countries

Armenia is ranked 79th in the list of world’s healthiest countries issued by Bloomberg.

To identify the healthiest countries in the world, Bloomberg Rankings created health scores and health-risk scores for countries with populations of at least one million. Total health-score factors are life expectancy at birth and infant mortality, causes of death, death rates by three age groups: less than 14, 15-64 and 65 and up (40% of score) and survival to 65 and life expectancy at 65.

Armenia got 51.01 points and shared 79th spot with Latvia. Georgia is ranked 71, Azerbaijan – 87, Turkey- 44 and Iran – 76. Singapore is the healthiest world state.

AGBU Allocates $1 Million Emergency Fund for Humanitarian

Assistance to Armenian Community in Syria NEW YORK --The ongoing and expanding militarized conflict in Syria has created a serious humanitarian crisis for the population and is threatening, among others, residential areas where concentrations of our Armenian community and institutions are situated, particularly in Aleppo, Damascus, and Kamishli. Several families have already been dislodged as a result of the fighting

among government and opposition forces and the use of heavy artillery involved. In preparation for the imminent need for humanitarian assistance that is emerging as a result of the unfolding political crisis in Syria, AGBU once again is committed to take strong action to help the

Armenian community in distress, this time in Syria, reaching out to all. The Central Board of Directors has set aside an AGBU Emergency Fund for Humanitarian

Assistance to the Armenian Community in Syria, in the amount of $1M (USD one million). A special task force, in cooperation with the District Committee of Syria, is in the process of assessing the emerging needs, to create the appropriate logistics in compliance with federal and international guidelines, to help and support our community there. Necessary arrangements are also underway in AGBU’s centers locally in Aleppo, Damascus and Kamishli, to make them operational hubs for coordinating the relief efforts, extending help to families in other locations as well, wherever the need arises. They will also be prepared to accommodate those who may have to be temporarily moved out of their homes. The possibility of making AGBU facilities in Cyprus available as temporary

shelter for families, who may need to move out of the country, is under consideration. AGBU is in close communication with officials in Armenia to be appraised of the diplomatic

efforts and social and organizational initiatives being taken to address the situation. AGBU President Berge Setrakian sent out today an urgent appeal to the Union’s membership worldwide to join forces and use their resources to help the Syrian community that has symbolized

historically the ultimate humanitarian refuge for the survivors of the Genocide.

Book Insulting Armenians Distributed in Turkish Schools YEREVAN -- Turkey claiming to be ‘tolerant’ continues to support insults against the Armenians

on a state level. Turkey puts on sale a book by the Turkish nationalist Haluk Kirci entitled ‘Armenians do not

forget the time,’ Turkish DIHA agency reports. The book instigates xenophobia and nationalism, as the author goes well beyond the borders by insulting a whole nation.

The book in particular stresses that “enemies of the Turks are called Armenians.” The insulting text was first posted on idefix, later on the boykotidefix made delete those claims. However, the sale of the book still goes on.

To note, the book was distributed in Turkey's schools as well.

Armenian-American Marine Killed in Afghanistan

SANTA CLARA, CA — An Armenian-American was one of the three officers killed in Helmand province by an Afghan police officer.

Capt. Matt Manoukian, 29, was shot dead with two other Marines on Friday after sharing a meal with the Afghan policeman. He was on his fourth tour in Afghanistan when he was killed.

Manoukian is the son of Santa Clara judge Socrates Peter Manoukian and associate justice Patricia Bamattre-Manoukian of the state appellate court. He is also survived by his two brothers, Michael and Martin.

“He loved America. He loved people who were different than him. He was the ultimate tough guy, and if he was on your side, you were going to have a good day,” stated his father Peter Manoukian.

Peter Manoukian said his son talked about becoming a Marine 21

since he was 10. He said his son, who spoke Arabic, bonded with the Afghani people and helped open a school and set up a police station in Anbar province, among other things.

“We were always worried because we knew he would always run to trouble. He wanted to help. He was a heat-seeking missile,” his father said.

Manoukian was killed after being invited by an Afghan police commander to a meeting in Sangin district, long a Taliban stronghold, to discuss security issues. Before the meeting, Manoukian and the other two Marines killed shared a meal with their killer. The attack was the third of its kind in a week. The shooter, identified as member of the Afghan National Police, got away.

Richard Giragosian: Nagorno-Karabakh Important for US

YEREVAN -- Massachusetts State House’s resolution in support of Nagorno-Karabakh’s independence is evidence of Nagorno-Karabakh’s importance for the United States (US) given the fact that the Rhode Island legislative body adopted a similar resolution a month before, Richard Giragosian, Head of the Regional Studies Center (RSC), told journalists at a discussion with representatives of Armenia’s Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on Wednesday.

According to him, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is much more important for the USA than other “frozen conflicts” – both in positive and negative aspects.

Giragosian spoke of three subpoints of the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict: developments and trends in terms of military security, general political developments and, finally, what has been achieved within the OSCE Minsk Group.

The expert points out obvious tension in the Nagorno-Karabakh peace process, as well as more instances of sniping on the Line of Contact. However, “a shifting balance of power” is much more important.

“Azerbaijan increased defense expenses and has more recently started to acquire more mortal and offensive weapons. It is this trend in procurement that makes this danger of escalation even more significant,” Giragosian said.

In terms of Azerbaijani defense spending it is not the number that counts as much as where the money goes and how it is used, added the expert.

Azerbaijan’s acquiring offensive weapon and its willingness to use military force to exert diplomatic pressure on Armenia within the Mink Group are messages to Armenia and there are to international community to the Minsk Group.

In many ways Azerbaijan is generally prostrated by the progress in the peace process. It reflects a sense of betrayal within Azerbaijan by Turkey, the breakdown in the Turkish-Azerbaijani relationship is also another factor driving this escalation. What is also important is a real danger in terms of military security, a war by accident.

The domestic political situation in Nagorno-Karabakh is that, despite free and fair elections, the political system is going in the wrong direction against the general discontent with social conditions and corruption in Nagorno-Karabakh.

With respect to the Nagorno-Karabakh peace process within the OSCE Minsk Group, Giragosian believes it to be “back-to-basics.” The Minsk Group’s major role is to keep the diplomatic process alive and prevent hostilities.

Armenia Bolsters Azeri Border Defenses

Defense Minister Seyran Ohanian (second from left) inspects Armenian army positions on the border with Azerbaijan

YEREV AN -- Armenia has beefed up military fortifications along the volatile western sections of its border with Azerbaijan that saw deadly fighting between the two warring nations in June, the Defense Ministry in Yerevan said on Thursday.

In a statement, the ministry said Defense Minister Seyran Ohanian on Wednesday visited the northeastern Tavush province bordering western Azerbaijan to inspect “large- scale construction work” carried out on the Armenian army’ s frontline positions

there. It said Ohanian specifically checked “the reliability of defense fortifications.” “Seyran Ohanian spoke with soldiers on border posts and familiarized himself with their preparedness and morale,” read the statement. “In his conversations, the minister emphasized that

exemplary defense structures and posts have been constructed in the border area.” The statement added that Ohanian also visited two border villages and met with their residents. One of those villages, Chinari, is located near the site of a gun battle that left three Armenian soldiers

dead and several others wounded on June 4. The incident, which the military authorities in Yerevan say stemmed from an Azerbaijani

“sabotage attack,” was followed by a series of ceasefire violations along the Armenian-Azerbaijani frontier and the “line of contact” around Nagorno-Karabakh. At least five Azerbaijani soldiers were shot dead at a nearby border section the following morning in what official Baku described as an Armenian commando raid.

The situation along that border section was also very tense in previous months. Three other Armenian soldiers were killed there in a single incident in May. The Armenian military pledged to take retaliatory actions at the time. President Serzh Sarkisian said on June 7 that his troops will continue to take “tough” action against Azerbaijani “provocations.”

Massachusetts House of Representatives Adopts Resolution

Supporting

Karabakh’s Right to Self-Determination

BOSTON -- The House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts adopted a resolution yesterday “Supporting Nagorno-Karabakh’s Right to Self-Determination and Efforts to Develop its Democracy”. The resolution was introduced by Massachusetts Representative Jonathan Hecht and unanimously adopted by The House.

Representative Hecht, who was elected State Representative for the 29th Middlesex District in November 2008, was preceded in office by Armenian Assembly Board Member Rachel Kaprielian. Representative Hecht, a graduate of Harvard Law School, currently serves as Vice Chair of the Elder Affairs Committee and is also a member of the House Committee on Post Audit and Oversight and the Joint Committee on Children, Families and Persons with Disabilities.

The resolution read in part: “Whereas, for decades, Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh, having arbitrarily been severed from Armenia and forced under Soviet Azerbaijani administration, peacefully demonstrated for self-determination and individual freedom and against Soviet Azerbaijani repression and discrimination...were met with acts of violent repression by Soviet Azerbaijani forces, resulting in the killings of ethnic Armenians in Sumgait (February 1988), Kirovabad (November 1988), and Baku (January 1990) and the forcible deportation of over 350,000 Armenians from Azerbaijan.”

In addition, the resolution also recalled the adoption of Nagorno-Karabakh’s declaration of independence on January 6, 1992, by its freely elected parliament, and also congratulated Arstakh on its presidential election held last month “in which 74 percent of eligible voters cast ballots in a peaceful and competitive election that international observers found to be free and fair.”

Further, the resolution also respectfully urged “the President and Congress of the United States of America to support the self-determination and democratic independence of Nagorno- Karabakh and to encourage nations neighboring Nagorno-Karabakh to foster and maintain peaceful relations with it” and urged “our country’s leaders to continue promoting the humanitarian and economic rehabilitation of Nagorno-Karabakh.”

Syrian, Iranian Nationals ‘Unable To Open Bank Accounts In Armenia’

YEREVAN -- Armenia’s commercial banks have been refusing to open accounts for citizens of Iran and Syria, according to ethnic Armenians from the two Middle Eastern nations living in Yerevan.

Komitas Mirijanian and his family are among hundreds of Syrian Armenians who have moved to Armenia this year to flee escalating violence in Syria. He said on Wednesday that they sold their house and other assets in Syria and planned to deposit the resulting proceeds in an Armenian bank before arriving in their ancestral homeland in late May.

Mirijanian claimed that he applied to two such banks, the local branches of HSBC and the Lebanese Byblos Bank, but was rebuffed by both of them. “They gave no reason,” he told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am). “They just said they can’t open an account now.”

Mirijanian said he had to transfer the money to a bank account of a Yerevan-based friend, who is an Iranian-born Armenian citizen. “The money is now being kept in his name,” he said.

Artin Arakelian, an Iranian Armenian who relocated to Armenia several years ago, told a similar story. He said he was unable to open bank accounts there until gaining Armenian citizenship.

Arakelian said the alleged ban is a serious hurdle to the transfer of capital from Iranian and especially Syrian Armenians. “They are now having problems on both sides: in Armenia and Syria,” he said. “They can’t retrieve cash from Syria. They have to transfer it to Lebanon through some channels and on to Armenia through international banks.”

“The problem is that Armenia’s banking system is not allowed to open accounts for Syrian nationals,” he claimed.

HSBC Bank Armenia, one of the largest in the country, acknowledged serious restrictions in its dealings with potential Syrian and Iranian clients. It said that it is complying with not only Armenian legislation but also international sanctions against Syria and Iran.

In a statement sent to RFE/RL’s Armenian service, the British bank said it is ready to accept personal savings and money for current transactions from Syrian citizens only if they pledge that there will be no further cash inflows from Syria. The bank said it can also refuse to open accounts if Syrian clients fail to provide detailed information about the origin of their proposed deposits.

An Extensive Documentation of HIistory: Armenian Genocide

Bibliography A newly published bibliography covering literary

publications on the Armenian Genocide will now serve as a key to the multitude of works written on this important chapter in history.

Bibliographer Eddie Yeghiayan, Ph.D., has gathered a vast and extensive library of material on the Armenian Genocide, providing copious notes and details on the major works that have dealt with the destruction of the Armenians during World War I. In the “Armenian Genocide Bibliography,” Yeghiayan has arranged a library of information to help us gain a better grasp of the thousands of publications covering the genocide.

Of course, any bibliography that aspires to furnish an exhaustive collection of literature on so broad a topic as the Armenian Genocide will always fall just short of completeness. The voluminous documentation that exists on the systematic extermination of the Armenians during the First World War ranges from contemporary articles published in newspapers and journals worldwide, in the reports, correspondence, diaries, and memoirs of military men and statesmen, the eyewitness testimony of survivors, missionaries, relief officials, and officials in the diplomatic corps, to material from the archives of the United States, Europe, and the Near East, to say nothing about the numerous studies published in the realm of academia. Looking past the problems inherent in so daunting an enterprise, it is nonetheless surprising that no dedicated bibliography on the Armenian Genocide has appeared since Richard G. Hovannisian’s The Armenian Holocaust: A Bibliography Relating to the Deportations, Massacres, and Dispersion of the Armenian People, 1915-1923 in 1980. It was in order to fill this gap, to provide to the scholar and the layman alike a clear and accessible work of reference that Dr. Eddie Yeghiayan of the University of California, Irvine undertook the painstaking process of compiling a comprehensive bibliography on the Armenian Genocide. The descendant of survivors of the massacres and deportations, Yeghiayan has not only drawn from scholarly books, articles, and print media, but has also produced lists of works published in the fields of the arts and literature, as well as in the medium of television, documentaries, and the Internet. At over a thousand pages long and the product of five years’ of research, he has collated a vast and diverse array of material and presented it to the reader in a cogent and gracefully organized format. The Armenian Genocide: A Bibliography will prove to be the definitive work for reference and consultation for a new generation of scholars and individuals keen on learning about the first major humanitarian crisis of the twentieth century. The Center for Armenian Remembrance is proud to bring the first of its kind digital archive of this vast collection of publications. The bibliography is available to the public and fully searchable at http://www.centerar.org/bibliography/. Visit this link, search and explore our vast archive today

Front Page

Professor Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham

Professor Lord Darzi was born in Iraq, to Armenian parents displaced by the 1915 genocide. The family later emigrated to Ireland. He came to Britain for a year's medical training, never left, and is now married with two children. In 2003 he became a British citizen. Professor Darzi was knighted by the Queen as a Knight Commander of the most excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in December 2002 for his 'services to medicine and surgery'. In June 2007 he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Department of Health by Gordon Brown. He was created a life peer in June 2007 as Baron Darzi of Denham, of Gerrards Cross. Two years later, in July 2009, he resigned his post.

He studied medicine in Ireland and qualified from the Royal College of Surgeons. He obtained his fellowship in Surgery from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and a M.D.from Trinity College, Dublin. He was subsequently granted the fellowships of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, The American College of Surgeons, the Royal College of Surgeons and Physicians of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. More recently he was awarded fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences and City and Guilds of London Institute and an honorary fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Professor Darzi made rapid progress in the profession. He worked at the Central Middlesex Hospital and was involved in the development of its pioneering ambulatory care centre. He holds the Chair of Surgery Imperial College London where he is head of the Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics. Professor Darzi's main clinical and academic interest is in minimal invasive therapy, including imaging and biological research together with investigating methods to measure core competencies of surgery. He has published widely in the field of minimally invasive therapy. In the past he has been a Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the James the IV travelling fellow for 1999/2000.

Professor Darzi and his team are internationally known for their work in the advancement of minimal invasive surgery and in the development and use of allied technologies including surgical robots and image-guided surgery. Professor Darzi actively pursues the need for improved inter-disciplinary research with a closer integration of information technology, biotechnology and physical sciences. He leads a team of researchers engaged in a number of fundamental research issues related to the future development of minimally invasive surgery as well as covering a wide spectrum of engineering and basic sciences research topics encompassing Medical Image Computing, Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Safety, Robotics, Man-Machine Interfacing, Virtual/Augmented Reality and Bio-Medical Simulation.

Professor Darzi's politics are to the left and he has long established contacts with Labor. Long before becoming a Labor minister, he was on the NHS Modernizations Board, advised the government on Modernizing the NHS and became advisor in surgery to the Department of Health. He chaired the London NHS Modernisation Review and was asked to examine the reconfiguration of health services in London,. NHS London (The Strategic Health Authority) having asked him to develop a strategy called A Framework For Action to meet Londoners’ health needs over the next five to ten years. He published the national guidelines for day care surgery and in his role as Chair of the National Centre for Innovations in Elective Care was involved in setting the future model of Diagnostic Treatment Centers. This c.v. is based upon material from the Imperial College website, the Department of Health site, and Wikipedia.

Armenian Smyrna/Izmir Published

UCLA--Armenian Smyrna/Izmir: The Aegean Communities was released on August 1 by Mazda Publishers. The volume presents the proceedings of the eleventh in the UCLA conference series on “Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces,” Edited by Professor Richard Hovannisian, Armenian Smyrna/Izmir includes fourteen chapters and numerous photographs relating to the Armenian presence in this important Aegean manufacturing, trading, and intellectual center from the Middle Ages to the destruction of the city in the Great Fire of 1922. The intentionally-set fire broke out and consumed the Armenian Quarter four days after the Turkish Nationalist forces had occupied Smyrna on September 9, 1922. The publication of the volume coincides with the 90th anniversary of that calamity, which will be observed this year both by Armenian and the Greek communities worldwide.

Previous volumes in the UCLA series edited by Richard Hovannisian include 1) Armenian Van/Vaspurakan; 2) Bitlis and Mush; 3) Kharpert (these three titles now out of print); 4) Karin/Erzerum), 5) Sebastia/Sivas); 6) Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Urfa; 7) Cilicia; 8) Pontus and the Black Sea; 9) Constantinople; and 10) Kars and Ani.

Inquiries about ordering copies of Armenian Smyrna/Izmir: The Aegean Communities, and previous titles in this series may be obtained from Mazda Publishers or directly from Professor Hovannisian at hovannis@history.ucla.edu.

Center for Armenian Remembrance

www.centerar.org

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