Saturday, 3 August 2013

Loussapatz - The Dawn - 3rd August 2013 - Konstantin Aghaparoni Orbelyan Born July 29, 1928, Armavir An Armenian pianist, composer,

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ԹԻՒ 995 ՇԱԲԱԹ, 3 ՕԳՈՍՏՈՍ 2013
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Konstantin Aghaparoni Orbelyan Born July 29, 1928, Armavir An Armenian pianist, composer, head of the State Estrada Orchestra of Armenia
§Làôê2 ́2òÆ¦Æ Ú2æàð ̧ ÂÆôÀ î3ñ»Ï3Ý 3ñÓ3Ïáõñ1Ç μ»ñáõÙáí §Èáõë3μ3ó¦ ÉáÛë ãÇ ï»ëÝ»ñ ú·áëïáëÇ Û3çáñ1 »ñÏáõ ß3μ3ÃÝ»ñáõÝ: Ø»ñ Û3é3çÇÏ3Û ÃÇõÁa Þ3μ3Ã, ú·áëïáë 24-ÇÝ:
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oðÆî2ê2ð ̧Üoðàô  ́àÔàøÆ Þ2ðÄàôØÀ ÚàÚê ÎÀ ÜoðÞÜâ3⁄4 Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆ Ð2Ø2ð
oñ»õ3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ Ùûï ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÇ ÷áË31ñ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõ í3ñãáõû3Ý å»ï лÝñÇÏ Ü3õ3ë3ñ1»3- ÝÇ »õ §oñ»õ3Ýïñ3Ýë¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý ïÝû- ñ¿Ý ØÇë3Ï Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÇ Ññ3Å3ñ3- Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ ÷áË31ñ3ÙÇçáó- Ý»ñáõ ë3Ï3·ÇÝÇ ÷á÷áËáõû3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇ áñáßáõÙÁ 3Ýí3õ»ñ Û3Ûï3- ñ3ñ»Éáõ å3Ñ3ÝçÝ»ñáí »ñÇï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñáõ 3ÝÅ3ÙÏ¿ï Ýëï3óáÛóÁ:
Üëï3óáÛóÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáÕ »ñÇï3- ë3ñ1Ý»ñÁ ÏÁ ·Çß»ñ»Ý ù3Õ3ù3å»ï3ñ3- ÝÇÝ Ùûï áõ ÏÁ íëï3Ñ»óÝ»Ý, áñ ÝáÛÝ á·Çáí åÇïÇ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Ý Çñ»Ýó å3Ûù3ñÁa ÙÇÝ- ã»õ Ýßáõ3Í å3ßïûÝ»3Ý»ñáõ Ññ3Å3ñ3- Ï3ÝÁ »õ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇ 3ÕÙÏ3Û3ñáÛó áñáßáõÙÇÝ 3Ýí3õ»ñ ×3Ý3ãáõÙÁ:
oñÇï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñÁ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ»Ý, áñ ·Ç- ß»ñÝ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó ÏÁ Ùûï»Ý3Ý Ï3ëÏ3Í»ÉÇ 3ÝÓÇÝù »õ ÏÁ ÷áñÓ»Ý Ñ3Ùá1⁄2»É, áñ 3ÝÇÙ3ëï »Ý 3Ûë ß3ñ-
ÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ, 3é3ç3ñÏ»Éáí 3ÛÉ »Éù»ñ ·ïÝ»É: 2ëáÝó ÷áË3ñ¿ÝÁ, ù3Õ3ù3óÇÝ»ñÁ μ3õ3Ï3Ý 3ßËáÛÅ »Ý, »õ ç»ñÙ í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝù ÏÁ óáõó3μ»ñ»Ý
3Ûë ß3ñÅáõÙÇ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñáõÝ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ: §Ø3ñ1ÇÏ, Ù»ù»Ý3Ý»ñáí 3Ýóáñ1Ý»ñÇó ß3ï»ñÁ ÙÇßï 31⁄213Ýß3ÝÝ»ñáí áÕçáõÝáõÙ »Ý, Ù»ñ ÏáÕÙÇó
¿É å3ï3ëË3Ýa Ó»éùÇ μáõà Ù3ïÁ í»ñ»õ Ýß3Ýáí áÕçáÛÝÝ »Ý ëï3ÝáõÙ¦,- §21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݦ é3ïÇáÏ3Û3- ÝÇÝ ÷áË3Ýó3Í ¿ ß3ñÅáõÙÇ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÁa ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáí.- §Þ3ï Ù3ñ1ÇÏ ·3ÉÇë »Ý, ÃáÕÝáõÙ »Ý áõï»ÉÇùÝ»ñ, çáõñ, ëáõñ×: ÀÝ1Ñ3Ýñ3å¿ë í»ñ3μ»ñÙáõÝùÁ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó ÏáÕÙÇó ß3ï É3õ ¿¦:
¿»õ ËáãÁÝ1áïÝ»ñ ÏÁ ëï»ÕÍáõÇÝ, μ3Ûó, ÇÝãå¿ë ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ»Ý 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñÁ, μ3óÇ ·Çß»ñÝ»ñÁ ÉáÛë»ñÁ 3Ýç3ï»É¿Ý »õ çáõñ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó ÏáÕÙ áõÕջɿÝ, áñ»õ¿ 3ÛÉ ÙÇç31¿å ã¿ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõ3Í:
§¶Çß»ñÁ ÝáñÙ3É ¿ 3Ýó»É, ÷3éù 2ëïÍáÛ, çñ»ñÁ ß3ï Ï3ñ× Å3Ù3Ý3Ïáí ÙÇ3óñ»óÇÝ, Û»ïáÛ 3Ýç3- ï»óÇÝ, ¿ÉÇ Ñáë3Ýù31⁄2ñÏáõ3Í ¿ñ¦,- ÷áË3Ýó»ó 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÁ:
§àõ1⁄2áõÙ »Ù Ý3»õ 1⁄2·áõß3óÝ»É ù3Õ3ù3å»ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ, áñ ÝÙ3Ý ×Õ×ÇÙ 3ñ3ñùÝ»ñáí ãÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ 1⁄2μ3Õáõ»É, 3õ»ÉÇ É3õ ¿ Çñ»Ýó 3ßË3ï3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ í3ñùáí 1⁄2μ3Õáõ»Ý, í3ñùÇ Ï3ÝáÝÝ»ñ Ùß3Ï»Ý, ù3Ý Ã¿ ëï»ÕÍ»Ý 3ÝÛ3ñÙ3ñ3õ¿ïáõÃÇõÝ Ýëï3óáÛó 3ÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ¦,- Áë3Í ¿ Ù¿Ï 3ÛÉ »ñÇï3ë3ñ1:
ø3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ù»ÏÝ3μ3ÝÝ»ñáõ Ï3ñÍÇùáí, »ñÇï3ë3ñ13Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÁ »õ 3Ýáñ ó3ñ1 3ñÓ3Ý3·- ñ3Í Û3çáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ, Ý3Ë3Ýß3Ý »Ý 3ßÝ3Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç ëå3ëáõáÕ 1⁄23Ý·áõ3Í3ÛÇÝ å3Ûù3ñÇÝ:
ÜáÛÝ ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñáõ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ, Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ ëÏë3Í ¿ ÷áËáõÇÉ Ý3»õ ßñç3ÝÝ»ñáõ Ù¿ç, áõñ »õë Åá- Õáíáõñ1Á ÏÁ Ó·ïÇ í»ñç ï3É ëïáñÝ3óáõóÇã Ï»3ÝùÇÝ »õ 3å3õÇÝÇÉ 3ñÅ3Ý3å3ïáõáõû3Ý íñ3Û:
Þ2Üêoð Î2Ü 2ð2Ø 2 ́ð2Ð2Øo2Ü
ÀÝ11¿Ù ù3Õ3ù3ÛÇÝ ïñ3ÝëåáñïÇ Ã3ÝÏ3óÙ3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅÙ3Ý Û3çáÕáõÃÇõÝÁa ÿÏáõ1⁄2 Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3õáñ, ÿÏáõ1⁄2, 3Ûëå¿ë 3ë3Ía §Ñ3Ý·ñáõ3Ý3ÛÇݦ, μÝ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó ¿ 3é3ç3óÝáõÙa ÇëÏ 3ñ1»ûù ÑÝ3ñ3õá±ñ ¿ 3Û1 Û3çáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ 1⁄23ñ·3óÝ»É 3ÛÉ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ: Ø3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë, Ï3ñ»ÉDZ ¿ 3ñ1»ûù ÝÙ3Ý ×ÝßÙ3Ùμ Ýå3ëï»É ùÇã ÿ ß3ï 3ñ13ñ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ 3ÝóÏ3óÙ3ÝÁ, ÇÝãÁ, Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ¿ù, μ31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙùÝ ¿: ¶áõó¿ 5 ï3ñÇ 3é3ç »ë 3Û1 Ñ3ñóÇÝ μ3ó3ë3Ï3Ý å3ï3ëË3Ý ï3ÛÇ, μ3Ûó 3Ûë ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ûñÁ ï»ëÝ»Éáí Ù»ñ Ññ3ß3ÉÇ »ñÇï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñÇÝa ÑÇÙ3 3õ»ÉÇ É3õ3ï»ëûñ¿Ý »Ù ïñ3- Ù31ñáõ3Í:
ÆÑ3ñÏ¿, 100 ÿ 150 1ñ3ÙÁ »õ 3ñ13ñ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ï3ñμ»ñ §ù3ß»ñǦ Ñ3ñó»ñ »Ý, »õ Ýñ3Ýù,
Üëï3óáÛóÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáÕ »ñÇï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñÁa ßñç3å3ïáõ3Í áëïÇÏ3ÝÝ»ñáí
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áíù»ñ í»ñçÇÝ 18 ï3ñáõÙ Ï»ÕÍ»É »Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ »õ Ùï31Çñ »Ý 3Û1å¿ë ¿É ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É, 1ÇÙ31ñ»- Éáõ »Ý Ï3ï3ÕÇ Ó»õáí:  ́3Ûó Ý3Ëa 3Û1 ËÝ1ÇñÁ å¿ïù ¿ Ñ»ï3ùñùñÇ Ù»ñ »ñÇï3ë3ñ1 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñÇÝ. »ë ã·Çï»Ùa Ýñ3Ýù Ñ3ëÏ3Ýá±õÙ »Ý Ñ3ñóÇ Ï3ñ»õáñáõÃÇõÝÁ, ÿa áã:  ́3Ûó »Ã¿ Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõÙ ¿, 3å3 Ñ3- Û»ó3Ï3ñ·Á å¿ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ, Ñ3õ3Ý3μ3ñ, Ñ»ï»õ»3ÉÁ: Ø»1⁄2 ãÇ Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõÙ, ÿ áíù»ñ »Ý áõ1⁄2áõÙ Ý3Ë3- ·3Ñ 13éÝ3É (»ÝÃ31ñ»Ýù, ËûëùÁ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ ¿)a ÏáÙáõÝÇëïÝ»±ñÁ, ý3- ßÇëïÝ»±ñÁ, ÉÇμ»ñ3ÉÝ»±ñÁ, ÿ± ÙÇ3ë»é3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÁ, Ù»1⁄2 ã»Ý Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõÙ Ýñ3Ýó Íñ3·ñ»ñÁ, Ù»1⁄2 ãÇ Ûáõ- 1⁄2áõÙ, ÿ DZÝã Ù»Õù»ñ »Ý 3Û1 Û3õ3ÏÝáñ1Ý»ñÁ ·áñÍ»É 1, 10, 20 Ï3Ù, 3ë»Ýù, 106 ï3ñÇ 3é3ç: Ø»1⁄2 Ñ3- Ù3ñ Ï3ñ»õáñ ã¿a Ýñ3Ýù Õ»Ï3í3ñ»Éáõ ÷áñÓ, Ï3Ù3ÛÇÝ Û3ïÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»±Ý, ÿ± ãáõÝ»Ý: Ø»1⁄2 Ñ»- ï3ùñùñáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ ÙÇ μ3Ýa áñ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÝ ÁÝïñáõÇ ÅáÕáíñ1Ç ùáõ¿áí: ÜÙ3Ý Ñ3Û»ó3Ï3ñ·áí »ñÇï3- ë3ñ1Ý»ñÁ ß3Ýë»ñ áõÝ»Ý Ýå3ëï»Éáõ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ 3ñ13ñáõû3ÝÁ: 2Û1 Ýå3ï3ÏÝ Çñ3·áñÍ»Éáõ Ó»õ»ñÁ Ýñ3Ýù ÏÁ ·ïÝ»Ýa í»ñçÇÝ ß3μ3ÃÁ 13 Ñ3ëï3ï»É ¿:  ́3Ûó Ñ»Ýó áñ Ýñ3Ýù 3ë»Ýa ã»Ýù áõ1⁄2áõÙ äûÕáëÇÝ, 3ÛÉ áõ1⁄2áõÙ »Ýù ä»ïñáëÇÝ, Ýñ3Ýù Ù3ë ÏÁ Ï31⁄2Ù»Ý Ïáõë3Ïó3Ï3Ý-Ã3Ûý3Û3Ï3Ý Ë3Õ»ñÇa 1ñ3Ýó Û3ïáõÏ å3ñ3ÝáÛ3Ûáí: ÎÁ ÉÇÝÇ 3ÛÝ, ÇÝã »Õ»É ¿ 1996 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇó ëÏë3Ía »ë §åûÕáë3Ï3Ý »Ù¦, 1áõa §å»ïñáë3Ï3ݦ, μ3 ·Ç￱ù, áñ Ó»ñ äûÕáëÝ 3ÛëåÇëÇÝÝ ¿, ÇëÏ ä»ïñáëÁa 3ÛÝåÇëÇÝÁ:  ̧3 3ñ1¿Ý áã ÿ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙ ¿, 3ÛÉ §»ñÇïûõ¦a 1ñ3ÝÇó μËáÕ μáÉáñ Ñ»ï»õ3ÝùÝ»ñáí: ÀÝ1 áñáõÙ, Û3ÝáõÝ 3ñ13ñ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ å¿ïù ¿ å3Ûù3ñ»É ÑÇÙ3 (»Ã¿, ÏñÏÝ»Ù, 3Û1åÇëÇ ó3ÝÏáõÃÇõÝ Ï3Û), áã ÿ Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý Ï»ÕÍáõ3Í ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó Û»ïáÛ: λÝïñáÝ3Ï3Ý ÀÝïñ3Ï3Ý Ú3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÁ å¿ïù ¿ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñÇ Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÙ ÁÝïñáõ3Í Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ 3ÝáõÝÁa ×Çßï 3ÛÝå¿ë, ÇÝãå¿ë î3ñûÝ Ø3ñ·3ñ»3ÝÁ å3ßïûÝ3å¿ë Ï3ë»óñ»É ¿ Çñ ÇëÏ áñáßáõÙÁ:
λÝïñáÝ3Ï3Ý ÀÝïñ3Ï3Ý Ú3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÇ §ëË3ɦ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÇó Û»ïáÛ μéáõÝóùÝ»ñ Ã3- ÷3Ñ3ñ»ÉÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë óáÛó ¿ ï3ÉÇë ÷áñÓÁ, 3ÝÇÙ3ëï ¿: ÆëÏ ÇÝãá±õ 3Û1 3Ù¿ÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ »Ý 3Ý»É Û3ïÏ3å¿ë »ñÇï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñÁ: àñáíÑ»ï»õ 3é3ÛÅÙ Ýñ3Ýó Ùï31ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ùñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç Ï3ëÏ3ÍÝ»ñ ãÏ3Ý: ØÝáõÙ ¿a Ýñ3Ýù Ùûï ãÃáÕÝ»Ý áã-Ù3ùáõñ §1Ç31Ç3Ý»ñÇݦ:
§2è2ôúî¦
Â3⁄4Ä 2Ø2èàô2Ú ¶ÈÊ2ôàð  ̧2êÀ Ð2ÚÎ 2ð2Øo2Ü
2Ù3éÝ 3Ûë 3Ý·3٠ÿŠëï3óáõ»ó, ûñ»õë 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù: ØÇÝã 3Ûë, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÁ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó Ëáëï3ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ã¿Å ·3ñáõÝÝ»ñ áõ 3ßáõÝÝ»ñ, ÇëÏ 3Ùé3ÝÁ »õ ÓÙé3ÝÁ Ñ3Ý·ëï3ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, ßá·Ç áõ óñïÇ å3ï×3é3μ3Ýáõû3Ùμ: Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÇÝ 1ÇåáõÏ ·Ý3Ñ3ï3Ï3Ý ïñáõ»óa §ë»1⁄2áÝ3ÛÇݦ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3óÇÝ»ñÝ 3å3óáõó»óÇÝ, áñ ÏÉÇ- Ù3Ý Ï3å ãáõÝÇ Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñÁ å3ßïå3Ý»Éáõ ·áñÍáõÙ:
oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ 3ÝÝ3Ë31¿å μ3Ý: âÝ3Û3Í μ3Ý13·áõß3ÝùÝ»ñÇÝa ÿ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ Ù»é»É ¿, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3óÇÝ»ñÝ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óñÇÝ í3é áõ 3ñ1ÇõÝ3õ¿ï 3ÏóÇ3, óáõó3μ»ñ»Éáí »Õμ3Ûñáõû3Ý, Ñ3Ù»ñ3ßËáõû3Ý ûñÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñ, áñáÝù 3Û1ù3Ý å3Ï3ëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ñ3Ýñáõ- û3ÝÁ:
oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ ÇëÏ3Ï3Ý ïûÝ ¿ñ, å3Ûù3ñÇ, ÇÝù1⁄2ÇÝùÁ 3ñÅ»õáñ»Éáõ áõ ·Çï3Ïó»Éáõ ïûÝ: ØÇ μ3Ý, áñ μÝáñáß ã¿ñ ÁÝ11ÇÙ31Çñ Ïáõë3Ïó3Ï3Ý å3Ûù3ñÝ»ñÇÝ: 2ÏóÇ3ÛÇÝ ÙÇ3ó3Ý ï3ñμ»ñ ß»ñï»ñÇ, Ë3õ»ñÇ, ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ý3Ë3ëÇñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ï¿ñ Ù3ñ1ÇÏ, »õ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ §Ññ3ßùÁ¦a Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ å3ï- Ùáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ·áõó¿ 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù Ó»õ3õáñáõ»ó ëáóÇ3É3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅÙ3Ý ÑÇÙùÁ:
Ü3ËÏÇÝáõÙ, Ñ3Ù3ËÙμáõÙÝ»ñÁ ï»ÕÇ ¿ÇÝ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç, áñáÝù Ç í»ñçáÛ Ý»ñùÇÝ Ï»3ÝùáõÙ é»ÅÇÙÝ»ñÇ áõ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó í»ñ ¿ÇÝ 3ÍõáõÙ ß3Ñ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñÇ »õ §Çß- Ë3Ýáõû3Ý Çñ3õáõÝùǦ ÑÇÙÝ3õáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ áõ ÉÍ3ÏÇ, ×Ýß»Éáí Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ Çñ3õáõÝùÝ»ñÇ áÕç Ñ3Ù3ÉÇ- ñÁ:
ø3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó Ñ»ï μ»ñ»óÇÝ å3Ûù3ñÇ Ýáñ ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç3Ý»ñ, ÏñÇ3ïÇõ ÑÝ3ñùÝ»ñ, áñáÝù μÝáñáß ã¿ÇÝ ÁÝ11ÇÙ31Çñ å3Ûù3ñÝ»ñÇÝ: êáíáñ3μ3ñ, ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 1ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ §·Éáμ3ɦ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ áõ å3ñïõáõÙ, ù3ÝÇ áñ Ù»Ãá1Ý»ñÇ, é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ áõ ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç3Ý»ñÇ 3éáõÙáí 1⁄2ÇçáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÇßË3Ýáõû3ÝÁ:  ̧3 μÝ3Ï3Ý ¿ñ, ù3ÝÇ áñ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ïÇñ3å»ïáõÙ ¿ñ 3ÝÑ3Ù»Ù3ï Ù»Í é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ: ø3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÝ, Ç ï3ñμ»ñáõÃÇõÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÇ, 1ÝáõÙ »Ý ß3ï ÏáÝÏñ»ï ËÝ1Çñ, Ûëï3Ï ë3ÑÙ3ÝáõÙ 1ñ3 ÉáõÍÙ3Ý áõÕÇÝ»ñÝ áõ ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç3Ï3Ý ëË»Ù3Ý »õ Ó»é- Ý3ÙáõË ÉÇÝáõÙ ÉáõÍÙ3ÝÁ:
Ú3×3Ë ÁÝ1áõÝáõ3Í ¿ 3ë»É, ÿ Ýñ3Ýó 1ñ3Í ËÝ1ÇñÁ §÷áùñ¦ ¿ »õ ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ áñ»õ¿ μ3Ý ÷áË»É: Æ-
3
ñ3Ï3ÝáõÙ, 3Û1 §÷áùñ¦ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ÉáõÍáõÙÁ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·3ÛÇÝ ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ¿ ß3ï 3õ»ÉÇ Ù»Í ¿ý»ÏïÇõáõÃÇõÝ, ù3Ý §·Éáμ3ɦ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù Áëï ¿áõû3Ý 3ÝÑÝ3ñ ¿ ÉáõÍ»É Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ- ·Ç å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñáõÙ:  ̧3 Ëáëïáí3ÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýùa ÁÝ11ÇÙ31Çñ áõÅ»ñÁ:
¶áõó¿ 3é3çÇÝ Ñ3Û»3óùÇó ï3ñûñÇÝ3Ï ¿, ë3Ï3ÛÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ 3é3çÇÝÝ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ 1⁄2·3- ó»É ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÇ åáï»ÝóÇ3ÉÝ áõ íï3Ý·Ý Çñ Ñ3Ù3ñ: oõ ÝáÛÝù3Ý ¿É ï3ñûñÇÝ3Ï ¿, áñ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ù¿ç íï3Ý· »Ý ï»ë»É Ý3»õ áã ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ: ¿»õ, Ëáñù3ÛÇÝ 3éáõÙáí, áã ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÇ å3Ñáõ3ÍùáõÙ 1⁄23ñÙ3Ý3ÉÇ áãÇÝã ãÏ3ñ. ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙ- Ý»ñÝ 3Ï3Ù3Û å3ïéáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÁÝ11ÇÙ31Çñ å3Ûù3ñÝ»ñÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ å3ñï31ñáõ3Í å3ï- Ï»ñ3óáõÙÝ»ñÁ, ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç3Ý»ñÝ áõ ÙáïÇõ3óÇ3Ý: ¶ñ3Ýó»Éáí 3ñ1ÇõÝùÝ»ñ, ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñ- ÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÷3ëï3óÇ Ù3ñ·ÇÝ3É3óÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÇÝ, áñáÝù 3Ûë ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ ÁÝ1áõÝ3Ï ã»Ý »Õ»É áñ»õ¿ Ýß3Ý3Ï3ÉÇ 3ñ1ÇõÝù ·ñ3Ýó»É Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ-å»ï3Ï3Ý Ï»3ÝùÇ áñ»õ¿ áÉáñ- ïáõÙ:
1⁄4áõñ ã¿, áñ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÇ 1¿Ù ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ëÏë»óÇÝ 3ñß3õ, ÷áñÓ»Éáí í3ñÏ3μ»Ï»É »õ Ï3ëÏ3Í ë»ñÙ3Ý»É: ê3Ï3ÛÝ, »Ã¿ ÇÝã-áñ å3ÑÇ 3Û1 ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõÃÇõÝÝ ÇÝã-áñ 3ñ1ÇõÝù ï3ÉÇë ¿ñ, 3å3 Û»ï3·3ÛáõÙ 3ÛÝ ëå3é»ó Çñ»Ý: ÀÝ1 áñáõÙ, ëå3é»ó Ý3»õ 3ÛÝ å3ï×3éáí, áñ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÁ ï»ë3õa ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ »õ áã ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÝ 3Ûë Ñ3ñóáõÙ áõÝ»Ý ÝáÛÝ Ùûï»óáõÙÁa áã ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ í»ñ3·ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÇßË3Ýáõû3ÝÁ, í»ñçÇÝë ¿É §û·ïõáõÙ¦ ¿ñ 1ñ3ÝÇó:
ì»ñçÇÝ ûñ»ñÇÝ oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ Í3õ3Éáõ3Í ß3ñÅáõÙÁ óáÛó ïáõ»ó ÝÙ3Ý ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõû3Ý ëÝ3ÝÏáõÃÇõÝÁ: Ü3Ë»õ3é3ç 3ÛÝ å3ï×3éáí, áñ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÝ 31⁄23ïáõ»É ¿ Ï»ÕÍ áõ å3ñï31ñáõ3Í å3ïÏ»ñ3óáõÙ- Ý»ñÇó, »õ Ýñ3 íñ3Û 3ÛÉ»õë ã»Ý 31⁄21áõÙ ÝÙ3Ý ÑÝ3ñùÝ»ñÁ: 2é3çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ, 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñÁ óáÛó ïáõ»- óÇÝ, áñ Ï3ñ»õáñ ã¿a áí ÇÝã ¿ 3ëáõÙ áõ ÇÝã ¿ Ùï3ÍáõÙa Ï3Û ËÝ1Çñ, »õ 3ÛÝ å¿ïù ¿ ÉáõÍ»É: 2Ûë Ùûï»óÙ3Ý 1¿Ù 3ñ1¿Ý 3Ý1⁄2ûñ ¿ áñ»õ¿ ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõÃÇõÝ:
 ́3óÇ 3Û1, ÇÝãå¿ë ä»ïñáë Ô31⁄23ñ»3ÝÝ ¿ ÝÏ3ï»É, ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý ó3Ýó3ÛÇÝ ëË»Ù3Ûáí, áñï»Õ ãÏ3Ý ÉÇ1»ñÝ»ñ, ãÏ3Û áõÕÕáñ1áõ3ÍáõÃÇõÝ, »õ 3Ù¿Ý Ù¿ÏÝ Çñ ·áñÍÝ ¿ 3ÝáõÙ: ÜÙ3Ý ëË»Ù3ÛÇ å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñáõÙ 3ñ1¿Ý áñ»õ¿ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÃÇõÝ ãáõÝÇa áí ÇÝã ÙáïÇõ3óÇ3Ûáí ¿ Ùï»É 1ñ3 Ù¿ç, Ï3Ù ÇÝã áõÕÕáñ1Ù3Ùμ: ê3 3ÛÝåÇëÇ ëË»Ù3 ¿, »ñμ μáÉáñÁ ÉáõÍáõÙ »Ý ÝáÛÝ ËÝ1ÇñÁ: ÊÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ÉáõÍÙ3Ý 3ÛÉ Ù»Ãá1Ý»ñ 3ßË3ñÑáõÙ å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë ãÏ3Ý, Û»Õ3÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ ¿É Û3çáÕáõû3Ý »Ý Ñ3ë- ÝáõÙ ó3Ýó3ÛÇÝ ëË»Ù3Ûáí:
ØÇõë Û3ïÏ3Ýß3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ý·3Ù3ÝùÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ í»ñçÇÝ ûñ»ñÇ 3ÏóÇ3Ý»ñÇÝ É3ÛÝ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ áõ- Ý»ó3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ï3ñμ»ñ áõÅ»ñÇ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñ, ÇÝãÁ Ù»Í3å¿ë å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñ»ó ·ñ3Ýóáõ3Í 3ñ1ÇõÝùÁ: Æ í»ñçáÛ, ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÝ ¿É »Ý Ñ3ëÏ3ÝáõÙ, áñ »Ã¿ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Ý Çñ»Ýó Ý3Ëáñ1 ï3ñÇ- Ý»ñÇ å3Ñáõ3ÍùÁa 3õ»ÉÇ »Ý Ëáñ3óÝ»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó Ù3ñ·ÇÝ3É3óáõÙÁ, áñÇ Ù¿ç, Ç 1¿å, ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ áñ»õ¿ Ù»Õù ãáõÝ»Ý:  ́3óÇ 3Û1, Ýñ3Ýù Ï3ñÍ»ë Ñ3ëÏ3ó»É »Ý, áñ Ñ3Ýñáõû3ÝÝ Çñ ËÝ1Çñ- Ý»ñÝ »Ý Ûáõ1⁄2áõÙ, »õ áñ Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ÉáõÍÙ3ÝÁ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ Ñ3õ3ë3ñÇ ëÏ1⁄2μáõÝùáí: ê3 ¿ Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñÇó ãÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ÷3Ëã»É: oÿ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ Ñ3Ù3ñÅ¿ù ã·ïÝáõ»Ý 3Ûë ÇñáÕáõû3ÝÁ, §·Éáμ3ɦ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÝ 3ñ1¿Ý ÏÁ Ó»õ3Ï»ñå»Ý »õ ÏÁ ÉáõÍ»Ý ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3- Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ:
Ü»ñÏ3ÛÇë ÿŠ3Ù3éÝ, 3Ûë ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó, 3Ý·Ý3Ñ3ï»ÉÇ 13ë»ñ áõ ÷áñÓ ¿ Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ña ë»- ÷3Ï3Ý ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ÉáõÍÙ3Ý Çñ3Ï3Ý Ù»Ë3ÝÇ1⁄2ÙÝ»ñÇ áõ ×3Ý3å3ñÑÝ»ñÇ ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó: 2Ûë ÁÝÃ3óùÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ Û3Ý·»óÝ»É 3Ù»Ý3Ï3ñ»õáñÇÝa Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ-å»ï3Ï3Ý ÑÇÙÝ3ñ3ñ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É á- ñáßáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ï3Û3óÙ3ÝÁ »õ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý Ó»õ3õáñÙ3ÝÁ Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý Ù3ëÝ3Ïóáõû3Ý 3å3ÑáíÙ3ÝÁ, 3ÛëÇÝùÝa ë3ÑÙ3Ý31ñ3Ï3Ý Ï3ñ·Ç Ñ3ëï3ïÙ3ÝÁ: àñÇó Ñ3Ýñáõû3ÝÁ ËÝ3Ùùáí Ñ»é3óñ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý-ûÉÇ·3ñËÇÏ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Á:
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4
2Þàî Ø2Üàôâ2ðo2Ü.- §oðÆî2ê2ð ̧ÜoðÀ §êî2ò2ܦ Æð2Î2Ü Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÀ¦
îñ3ÝëåáñïÇ ·Ý»ñÇ Ã3ÝÏ3óáõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ »ñÇï3ë3ñ1áõÃÇõÝÁ ÷áÕáó 1áõñë »Ï3õ ÇÝùÝáõñáÛÝ »õ Ï3Û3óñ»ó ÙÇ ÙÇç3í3Ûñ, áñÁ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÝ ¿: Èñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3ÝÁ ÝÙ3Ý Ï3ñÍÇù Û3ÛïÝ»ó §Ô3ñ3μ3Õ¦ ÏáÙÇï¿Ç 3Ý13Ù 2ßáï Ø3Ýáõã3ñ»3ÝÁ »õ Ýß»ó, áñ 3ÛëåÇëÇ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ ãÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ß÷á- Ã»É áã ÙÇ μ3ÝÇ Ñ»ï:
§oñμ Ù3ñ1ÇÏ ëÏëáõÙ »Ý Çñ3ñ Ù»ù»Ý3Ý»ñáí ï3Ý»É, »ñμ Ù3ñ1ÇÏ Çñ3ñ ÅåïáõÙ »Ý, »ñμ Ù»Í ÛáÛë ¿ 3é3ç3ÝáõÙ ÙÃÝáÉáñïÇ Ù¿ç, 13 3ñ1¿Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÝ ¿, »ñÇï3ë3ñ1Ý»ñÁ ëï3ó3Ý 3Û1 Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ: ê3 ï»õ»ó ÙÇ 3ÏÝÃ3ñÃ, ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, áõ ÑÇÙ3 ã·Çï»Ýù, ÿ Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ ÇÝã忱ë ÏÁ 1⁄23ñ·3Ý3Ý, μ3Ûó ë3 Ù»Í3·áÛÝ ß3Ýë ¿ Ù»1⁄2 Ñ3Ù3ñ:  ̧3 3Ùñ3åÝ1áõ»ó 31⁄23ï3Ù3ñïÇÏÝ»ñáí, áñáÝù »ñÇï3ë3ñ1- Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï áñáß»óÇÝ Ï»ñï»É 3ÝÏ3Ë Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ¦,- 3ë3ó Ý3 »õ ÁÝ1·Í»ó, áñ ×»ÕùÙ3Ý 3Ûë Ï3ñ»õá- ñ3·áÛÝ ÷áñÓáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ 13éÝ3É ÇëÏ3Ï3Ý 3ÝÏ3Ë »ñÏÇñ:
2ßáï Ø3Ýáõã3ñ»3ÝÝ ÁÝ1·Í»ó, áñ ó3ÝÏ3ó3Í å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ßïûÝ»3Û, áñÁ ùÇã ÿ ß3ï áõ1⁄2áõÙ ¿ ÙÇ μ3Ý 3Ý»É »ñÏñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ, Ýñ3 Ñ3Ù3ñ ß3ï Ï3ñ»õáñ ¿ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ×ÝßáõÙÁ:
§2ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñÁ, áñÁ ÙÇ ï»Õ áõ1⁄2áõÙ ¿ 3ë»Éa áã, Ëáõë3÷»É ÇÝã-áñ μ3ÝÇó, ß3ï Ï3ñ»õáñ ¿, áñ ÃÇÏáõÝùáõÙ áõÝ»Ý3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1, áñÁ Çñ»Ý å3ñï31ñáõÙ ¿: Ü3Ë3·3ÑÁ, áñ áõ1⁄2áõÙ ¿ Ù3Ý»õñ»É, ß3ï Ï3ñ»õáñ ¿, áñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1 áõÝ»Ý3Û: ä3ßïå3Ýáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÁ, »ñμ áõ1⁄2áõÙ ¿ óáÛó ï3É, áñ ÇÝùÝ áõ- Å»Õ ¿, ß3ï Ï3ñ»õáñ ¿ áõÝ»Ý3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1, áñÝ 3ëÇ 3Ûë μ3ÝÁ, 3ÛÝ μ3ÝÁ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝáõÙ 3Ûëå¿ë ãÇ, μ3Ûó »Ã¿ ë»Ýó μ3Ý ÉÇÝÇ, μáÉáñë ÙÇ3Ñ3Ùáõé Ó»õáí Ï3Ý·ÝáõÙ »Ýù¦,- μ3ó3ïñ»ó 2ßáï Ø3Ýáõã3ñ- »3ÝÁ »õ Ýß»ó, áñ Ñ»Ýó 3Ûë 3Ù¿ÝÝ ¿ Ï3ñ»õáñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3ña μáÉáñ Ù3ñï3Ññ3õ¿ñÝ»ñÇÝ 1ÇÙ3Ý3- Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:
Tert.am-Ç Ñ3ñóÇÝ, ÿ 3ëáõ3ÍÇó ãDZ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ »ÝÃ31ñ»É, áñ ÝáÛÝ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ Ï3Ý·Ý3Í Ñ3ë3- ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ÁÝ1í1⁄2Ù3Ý Û»ï»õáõÙ, 2ßáï Ø3Ýáõã3ñ»3ÝÁ Ýß»ó, áñ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý 1⁄2ÇÝ3ÝáóáõÙ ÙÇßï ·áñ- ÍáõÙ ¿ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3ÝÁ 3ÏïÇí3óÝ»Éáõ ÙÇçáóÁ:
§1991-ÇÝ ÐÐ μáÉáñ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 3ßË3ï»É »Ýa 3å3Ñáí»Éáí ÐÐ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ: 2ÛÝ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñÁ ó3ÝÏ3ÝáõÙ ¿ 3ßË3ï»É, 3Û1å¿ë ¿ ·áñÍáõÙ, ÑÇÙ3 ¿ë í»ñçÇÝ ß3μ3Ãáõ3Û Ù¿ç áõÝ»ó»É »Ýù ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ý»Õ 3ñ1ÇõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ3ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ »õ áõÝ»ó»É »Ýù Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ÁÝ1í1⁄2áõÙ, áñÁ É3ÛÝ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝ ¿ μ3ó»Éa 3Û1 ÃõáõÙ Ý3»õ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ3- Ù3ñ¦,- 3ë3ó Ý3:
2ßáï Ø3Ýáõã3ñ»3ÝÁ 1ñ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ»ó 3ÛÝ, áñ ß3ñÅáõÙÁ ÉÇ1»ñ ãáõÝ¿ñ, ù3ÝÇ áñ Áëï Ýñ3a Ð3- Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ 3õ»ÉÇ 3ñ1ÇõÝ3õ¿ï 3ßË3ïáõÙ »Ý ÏáÉ»ÏïÇõ Ï3é3í3ñáõáÕ ß3ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ: àñå¿ë ûñÇÝ3Ï μ»ñ»ó §Ô3ñ3μ3Õ¦ ÏáÙÇï¿Ý, áñÁ ãáõÝ¿ñ ÉÇ1»ñ »õ ß3ï É3õ ¿ñ Ï3é3í3ñáõÙ ß3ñÅáõÙÁ:
§oñÇï3ë3ñ1áõÃÇõÝÁ, áñ Ï3ñáÕ3ó3õ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ Ã3÷ ï3É, Ï3ñÍáõÙ »Ù, áñ 3ÛÝ Ùï3- õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇÝ, áñáÝù 3õ»ÉÇ Ïñ3õáñ3Ï3Ý »Ý, ÏÁ Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3Û ÙáμÇÉÇ1⁄23óÝ»É: ÐÇÙ3 ÙÝ3ó»É ¿ ß3ï Ïáßï Ñ3ïáõ3ÍÁ, áñáÝù 1ÝáõÙ »Ý ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñÁa »ñÏÇñÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ ÇÝùÝáõñáÛÝ, ï¿ñ áõÝ»Ý3Û, ï¿ñÝ ¿É ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ý ¿¦,- 3ë3ó Ý3:
§2ÞÜ2ÜÀ Â3⁄4Ä 1⁄42ð¶2òàôØÜoð oÜ êä2êôàôئ ø3Õï»ËÝáÉá· Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ ãÇ μ3ó3éáõÙ, áñ ù3Õ3-
ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ ÷áñÓ»Ý áõÕÕáñ1»É ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÁ: 2Û1 Ù3ëÇÝ ù3Õï»ËÝáÉá·Ý 3ë3ó NEWS.am-Ç ÃÕÃ3ÏóÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ:
Ü3 ãÇ Ï3ñÍáõÙ, áñ 3ÛÅÙ ÝÙ3Ý Ï3å ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ áõÝÇ, μ3Ûó ãÇ μ3ó3éáõÙ, áñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ ÷áñÓ»Ý 3Ý»É 13: §ÆÝãÁ ÷áñÓ»óÇÝ 3Ý»É Ý3»õ 3ÛÝ ûñ»ñÇÝ: âÇ μ3ó3éáõ»Ý, áñ û·ï3- ·áñÍáõ»Ý, μ3Ûó »Ã¿ ÝÏ3ï»óÇùa áí ùÇÃÁ Ùïóñ»ó, ß3ï 3ñ3· »ï ù3ß»ó: â»Ù Ï3ñÍáõÙ, áñ 3Ûë íÇ×3Ïáí, »ñμ Ýëï3óáÛó »Ý 3ÝáõÙ, 3Û1 ù3Ý3Ïáõû3Ùμ ÏÁ ÷áñÓÇ ÇÝã-áñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ 1Çåã»É: ø3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÇÝ å¿ïù ¿ ÏñÇïÇÏ3Ï3Ý Ù3ëë3, áñ Ýáñ ÷áñÓ»Ý Çñ»Ýó íñ3Û ù3ß»É: Î3Ý áõÅ»ñ, áñ Ï3ñáÕ »Ý ÷áñÓ»É å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë ï3ù å3Ñ»É, ·áÝ¿ ÙÇÝã»õ 3ßáõÝ: àñù3Ý ¿É 3Ûë 3Ù- ñ3ÝÁ ÿŠ¿ñ, ï3ñûñÇÝ3Ï Ã¿Å ¿ñ, 3ßÝ3ÝÝ 3õ»ÉÇ Ã¿Å ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ: oõ
ø3Õ3ù3·¿ï Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3Ý
5
ÏÁ ÷áñÓ»Ý å3Ñ»É ÙÇÝã»õ 3ßáõÝ, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç 1⁄2ñáÛÇó ãëÏë»Ý¦,- Ï3ÝË3ï»ë»ó ù3Õï»ËÝáÉá·Á: ì»ñçÇÝë Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ3Í ¿, áñ 3ßÝ3ÝÁ Éáõñç 1⁄23ñ·3óáõÙÝ»ñ »Ý ÉÇÝ»Éáõ: §oõ ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ý»ñëÇó ã¿, 3ÛÉ»õ 1ñëÇó »Ý ß3Ñ3·ñ·éáõ3Í ÉÇÝ»Éáõ: èáõë3ëï3Ý, oõñáå3, 2ëáó3óÙ3Ý Ð3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñ»ñ... 3ÝÁÝ1Ñ3ï μ1⁄2μ1⁄2»Éáõ »Ý: oñμ Ñ»ñÃÁ ·3Û Ñ3ëÝÇ 3ÛÉ ëáóÇ3É3Ï3Ý ËÝ1ñÇ, »ñμ ·31⁄2Ç »õ ¿É»Ïïñ3¿Ý»ñ·Ç3ÛÇ Ã3ÝÏ3- óáõÙÁ 1⁄2·3ÉÇ ÉÇÝÇ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó íñ3Û, ãÇ μ3ó3éõáõÙ, áñ 3Û1 Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ¿É Ý»ñëÇó ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ ÉÇÝ»Ý ÇßË3-
Ýáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ: ÜÏ3ïÇ áõݻ٠ëáóÇ3É3Ï3Ý μáõÝïÇ ï»ëùáí¦,- 3Ù÷á÷»ó Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ:
ø2Ô2ø2Î2Ü àôÄoðÀ ä3⁄4îø 3⁄4 Ð2Ø2ä2î2êÊ2Ü o1⁄4ð2Î2òàôÂÆôÜÜoð 2ÜoÜ oðoô2ÜàôØ  ́àÔàøÆ Þ2ðÄàôØÆò
oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ ïñ3ÝëåáñïÇ áõÕ»í3ñÓÇ Ã3ÝÏ3óÙ3Ý 1¿Ù ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÁ Ï3ñ× Å3Ù3- Ý3ÏáõÙ Û3çáÕáõû3Ý Ñ3ë3õ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 1Åáõ3ñ ¿ Ï3ÝË3ï»ë»É, ÿ ÇÝã 1⁄23ñ·3óáõÙ 3ÛÝ ÏÿáõÝ»Ý3Û Û»ï3- ·3ÛáõÙ: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ NEWS.am-Ç ÃÕÃ3ÏóÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Ýß»ó ù3Õ3ù3·¿ï oñáõ3Ý1  ́á1⁄2áÛ»3ÝÁa 3Ý1- ñ313éÝ3Éáí μáÕáùÇ 3ÏóÇ3Ý»ñÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý »ñ3Ý·3õáñáõÙ Ó»éù μ»ñ»Éáõ Ñ»é3ÝÏ3ñÝ»ñÇÝ:
Üñ3 Ëûëùáía 3é3çÇÝ å3Ñ3ÝçÁa áõÕ»í3ñÓÁ ÃáÕÝ»É ÑÇÝÁ, ß3ï Ñ3ë3Ý»ÉÇ »õ Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3ÉÇ ¿ñ ù3- Õ3ù3óÇÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ: §¶3ÕïÝÇù ã¿, áñ 1Å·áÑáõÃÇõÝÁ å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñáõ3Í ¿ áã ÙÇ3ÛÝ 50 1ñ3Ùáí, 3ÛÉ ß3ï 3õ»ÉÇ ËáñÁ μÝáÛà áõÝÇ: oÿ ß3ñÅáõÙÁ Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3Û Ñ3Ù3ËÙμ»É ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÇ Ù¿ç Ùï3Í Ýáñ ß»ñ- ï»ñÇ, 3å3 3ÛÝ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ 3å3·3Û áõÝ»Ý3ɦ,- ÁÝ1·Í»É ¿ ù3Õ3ù3·¿ïÁa Û3õ»É»Éáí, áñ ß3ñÅÙ3Ý Ù3ñ»- Éáõ 1¿åùáõÙa Ù»Ýù ÏñÏÇÝ ÏÁ í»ñ313éÝ3Ýù 3ÛÝ ÷áõÉÇÝ, »ñμ 1»é 3Û1 ß3ñÅáõÙÁ ãÏ3ñ:
ø3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ, Áëï  ́á1⁄2áÛ»3ÝÇ, å¿ïù ¿ Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3Ý »1⁄2ñ3Ï3óáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ 3Ý»Ý: §Üñ3Ýù å¿ïù ¿ 3Ýó»3ÉáõÙ ÃáÕÝ»Ý ëï3Ý13ñï Ó»õ3Ï»ñåáõÙÝ»ñÁ »õ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇÝ 3é3ñÏ3Û3Ï3Ý ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñ ï3Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó Ñ»ï Ëûë»É Ù3ñ1Ï3ÛÇÝ É»1⁄2áõáí¦,- ÁÝ1·Í»ó Ý3:
Àêî ÐÐÎ-2Î2Ü ä2î¶2Ø2ôàðÆa ÜoðÎ2ÚÆê ø2Ô2ø2òÆ2Î2Ü Þ2ðÄàôØÀ âÆ Î2ðàÔ ìoð2ÖoÈ êàòÆ2È2Î2Ü  ́àôÜîÆ
2ÝËûë, ÷áñÓ»ñ »Ý Ó»éÝ3ñÏáõ»É ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñÃáõÃÇõÝ ï»Õ3÷áË»Éáõ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñ- ÅáõÙÁ, áñÁ Ó»õ3õáñáõ»É ¿ñ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ïñ3ÝëåáñïÇ áõÕ»í3ñÓÇ Ã3ÝÏ3óÙ3Ý 1¿Ù: 2Û1 Ù3ëÇÝ NEWS.am-Ç ÃÕÃ3ÏóÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ 3ë»É ¿ ÐÐÎ-3Ï3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñ, 2Ä Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê3Ùáõ¿É ÜÇÏáÛ»3ÝÁ:
Üñ3 Ëûëùáí, ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ áñáßáõÙÁ Ï3ë»óÝ»Éáõó Û»ïáÛ ÑÝã»É »Ý ï3ñμ»ñ ù3Õ3ù3- Ï3Ý Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ: §2ÝÑñ3Å»ßï ¿ ÙÇßï ï3ñμ»ñ»É Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ ß3Ñ»ñÁ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ß3Ñ»ñÇó: Ü»ñÏ3ÛÇë ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÁ ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ í»ñ3×»É ëáóÇ3É3Ï3Ý μáõÝïÇ Ù¿Ï å3ï×3éáí, oñ»- õ3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÝ ÁÝïñáõ»É ¿ μÝ3ÏÇãÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó »õ ÙÇßï å3ïñ3ëï ¿ Éë»É Ýñ3Ýó¦,- ÁÝ1·Í»É ¿ ê3Ùáõ¿É ÜÇÏáÛ»3ÝÁ: Ü3 Ý3»õ Û3õ»É»É ¿, áñ 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï ¿ ß3ï ÝáñÙ3É í»ñ3μ»ñáõ»É 3Û1 ·áñÍÁÝÃ3ó- Ý»ñÇÝ, ù3ÝÇ áñ 1ñ3Ýù ÅáÕáíñ13í3ñ3Ï3Ý »Ý:
ÐÜâ2Îo2Ü øê2ÜÜoðàôÜ ÜàôÆðàô2Ì  ́2ò2èÆÎ oðoÎàÚ ö2ê2îÆÜ2ÚÆ Ø3⁄4æ
ÚáõÉÇë 25-ÇÝ, ê ̧ÐÎ ö3ë3ïÇÝ3ÛÇ Î»1ñáÝ¿Ý Ý»ñë ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý øë3Ý Î3Ë3Õ3ÝÝ»- ñáõÝ ÝáõÇñáõ3Í »ñ»ÏáÛa §ö3ñ3Ù31⁄2¦ »õ §2ñë¿Ý ÎÇïáõñ¦ Ù3ëÝ3×ÇõÕ»ñáõ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ùμ, ·ÉË3õáñ Ýå3ï3Ï áõÝ»Ý3Éáí ÚáõÝÇë 13-15-ÇÝ äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í øë3ÝÝ»ñáõ 98-ñ1 ï3ñ»ÉÇóÇ Ñ3Ý1ÇëáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ μ3ó3éÇÏ ï»ë3Å3å3õ¿ÝÇ óáõó31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ:
oñ»ÏáÛÇ μ3óÙ3Ý ËûëùÁ Ï3ï3ñ»ó ûñáõ3Û Ñ3Ý1Çë3í3ñ ÀÝÏ. ì3Ñ¿ 2ç3å3Ñ»3Ý: 2Ý Áë3õ, áñ øë3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ ÝáõÇñáõ3Í Ñ3Ý1ÇëáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý »ñ»õáÛà ¿ÇÝ, áñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ å¿ïù ¿ áÕçáõÝ»É Ãáõñù Û3é3ç31¿Ù »ñÇï3ë3ñ1áõû3Ý ï3ñ3Í 3ßË3ï3ÝùÁa Ç ·ÇÝ 3Ù¿Ý 1⁄2áÑáÕáõû3Ý: §ÂáõñùÇáÛ 3Ûëûñáõ3Û Ó3Ë3ÏáÕÙ»3Ý »ñÇï3ë3ñ1áõÃÇõÝÁ Í3ÝûÃ3Ý3Éáí ö3ñ3Ù31⁄2Ç áõ 3Ýáñ ÁÝ-
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Ï»ñÝ»ñáõ Ï»Ýë3·ñáõû3Ý, Ïáõ ·3Û ï»ëÝ»Éáõ ÿ 3ÛÅÙáõ Çñ»Ýó Ñ»ï3åÝ13Í Ýå3ï3ÏÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ, 3Û1 ÑáÕ»ñáõÝ íñ3Û ï3ëÝ3Ù»3ÏÝ»ñ 3é3ç ÝáÛÝ å3Ûù3ñÁ ÙÕ3Í áõ Ý3Ñ3ï3Ïáõ3Í »Ý 31⁄2·áõû3Ùμ Ñ3Û»ñ¦,- Áë3õ ûñáõ3Û Ñ3Ý1Çë3í3ñÁ:
ÀÝÏ»ñ 2ç3å3Ñ»3Ý Çñ ËûëùÇÝ Ù¿ç Áë3õ, ÿ 3ÝóÝáÕ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ 3ÙÇëÝ»ñáõÝ ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý å3ïÙáõ- û3Ý Ù¿ç 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõ»ó3Ý »ñÏáõ Ï3ñ»õáñ Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù »Ï3Ý Áëï 3ñÅ3ÝõáÛÝ ·Ý3- Ñ3ï»Éáõ ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý 1»ñ3Ï3ï3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ñ3Û Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÃ»Ý¿Ý Ý»ñë: 2é3çÇÝÁa Îáõ- ë3Ïóáõû3Ý 125-3Ù»3ÏÇÝ ÝáõÇñáõ3Í ·Çï3ÅáÕáíÝ ¿ñ, áñ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ Èáë 2Ý×»ÉÁëÇ Ù¿ç, Ù3ëÝ3Ï- óáõû3Ùμ ë÷Çõéù3Ñ3Û ï3ëÝ»3Ï ÙÁ å3ïÙ3μ3ÝÝ»ñáõ »õ ·ÇïÝ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ, ÇëÏ »ñÏñáñ1Áa ÚáõÝÇë 13-15-ÇÝ äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ:
§Î3Ûͦ oñÇï3ë3ñ13Ï3Ý ØÇáõû3Ý 3Ý13Ù Ä3Ýû Êáï3Ý»3Ý 3Ý·É»ñ¿Ý É»1⁄2áõáí »ÉáÛà áõÝ»Ý3- Éáí, Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝ 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ3õ øë3ÝÝ»ñáõ ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõû3Ý áõ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó 3Û1 Ñ»ñáëÝ»ñáõ Ñ»- ï3åÝ13Í Ýå3ï3ÏÝ»ñÝ áõ Íñ3·ÇñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ÿ»õ ÙÝ3óÇÝ 3ÝÏ3ï3ñ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ Ï3Ë3Õ3ÝÝ»ñáõ íñ3Û¿Ý 3ÝáÝó Ó·3Í Ïï3ÏÁ ë»ñáõÝ1¿-ë»ñáõÝ1 ÏÁ ÷áË3ÝóáõÇ ÑÝã3Ï»3Ý »ñÇï3ë3ñ1áõû3Ý:
Ú3Ûï3·ñÇÝ Çñ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóáõÃÇõÁ μ»ñ3õ oñ»õ3ÝÇ êáõÝ1áõÏ»3ÝÇ 3Ýáõ3Ý Ã3ïñáÝÇ Û3ÛïÝÇ 1»ñ3- ë3Ý Ú3ñáõà üáïáõÉ»3Ý, ÁÝûñó»Éáí ö3ñ3Ù31⁄2Ç ×3éÁa 3ñï3ë3Ýáõ3Í Ãñù3Ï3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇÝ 3é- ç»õ:
úñáõ3Û ·ÉË3õáñ ËûëùÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó ê ̧ÐΠλ1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõû3Ý 3Ý13Ù ÀÝÏ. ¶ñÇ·áñ Ëá- ï3Ý»3Ý, Ý3Ë3μ3ÝÁ Ï3ï3ñ»Éáí äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ: 2Ý 3Ûë 3éÃÇõ Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ øë3ÝÝ»ñáõ ï3ñ»ÉÇóÇ ÝßáõÙÁ Ãáõñù ÁÝÏ»ñí3ñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõ- û3Ùμ, å¿ïù ¿ 1Çï»É Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý ×3Ý3ãÙ3Ý ·Íáí Ãáõñù Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3Ý Ùûï ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»óáÕ 1ñ3Ï3Ý ï»Õ3ß3ñÅ»ñáõ ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ å3ñáõÝ3ÏÇÝ Ù¿ç:
ÀÝÏ. Êáï3Ý»3Ý å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý 3ÏÝ3ñÏ ÙÁ Ý»ï»ó oÕ»éÝÇ ÛÇëÝ3Ù»3Ï¿Ýa 1965-¿Ý ëÏë»3É 3ÛÝ Ï3- ñ»õáñ3·áÛÝ Ñ3Ý·ñáõ3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ »õ »Õ»ÉáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ íñ3Û, áñáÝù Ýå3ëï»óÇÝ ù3Ý1»Éáõ ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ù¿ç Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ3ñóáí Ñ3ëï3ïáõ3Í Ééáõû3Ý å3ïÁ: 2Û1 Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ß3ñùÇÝa 3Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí ¶áõñ·¿Ý o3ÝÇ·»3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿ Ãáõñù 1Çõ3Ý3·¿ïÝ»ñáõ ëå3Ýáõû3Ý, Ð3ÛÏ3- Ï3Ý ¶3ÕïÝÇ  ́3Ý3ÏÇ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ, ÂáõñùÇáÛ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍáó Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ æ3ÕÉ3Û3ÝÏÇÉÇ »õ Ñ3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ÙÇç»õ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÇÝ, 3⁄4ñïáÕ3ÝÇ 2ñ13ñáõÃÇõÝ »õ 1⁄43ñ·3óáõÙ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý ·3ÉáõÝ, Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÇ ëå3Ýáõû3Ý Û3çáñ13Í Åá- Õáíñ13ÛÇÝ Ûáõ1⁄2áõÙÝ»ñáõÝ, Ãáõñù Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝ3Ía Ñ3ÛáõÃ»Ý¿Ý Ý»ñáÕáõÃÇõÝ ËÝ1ñ»- Éáõ ëïáñ3·ñ3Ñ3õ3ùÇÝ »õ 3å3 ãáñë ï3ñÇ 3é3ç ëÏë3Ía 2åñÇÉ 24-ÇÝ äáÉëáÛ »õ 3ÛÉ ù3Õ3ùÝ»ñáõ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»óáÕ ÙÇçáó3éáõÙÝ»ñáõÝ, áñáÝù μáÉáñÁ Ýå3ëï»óÇÝ, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Ãáõñù Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ Ñ»- ï3ùñùñáõÇ Çñ 3Ýó»3Éáí »õ Í3ÝûÃ3Ý3Û Çñ å3ïÙáõû3Ý ë»õ ¿ç»ñáõÝ:
§ ́31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ Ãáõñù Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ3Í »Ý, áñ ÑáÕÁ å3ïñ3ëï ¿, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Û3é3çÇÏ3Û 10 ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõÝ Ãñù3Ï3Ý å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ ×3ÝãÝ3Û Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2ÝáÝù 3Ûë »1⁄2ñ3Ï3óáõ- û3Ý »Ï3Í »Ý áã áñå¿ë å3ñ1⁄2 ·áõß3ÏáõÃÇõÝ Ï3Ù ó3ÝÏáõÃÇõÝ, 3ÛÉa ÑÇÙÝáõ»Éáí Çñ»Ýó ÏáÕÙ¿ Ï3ï3ñ- áõ3Í áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ »õ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ íñ3Û¦, Áë3õ ÀÝÏ. Êáï3Ý»3Ý áõ 3õ»Éóáõó. §ì»ñç»ñë Ãáõñù Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3ËûëÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÁ ·ñ3Í ¿ñ, Áë»Éáí ÿ Å3Ù3óáÛóÇ ëÉ3ùÁ ëÏë3Í ¿ ß3ñÅÇÉ »õ ÏÁ Ùûï»Ý3Ýù ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý 100-3Ù»3ÏÇÝ: 2ßË3ñÑÁ ÏÁ Ý3ÛÇ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇÝ áõ Ïÿ3ÏÝÏ3É¿ áñ 3Ý 1¿Ù Û3Ý1ÇÙ3Ý ·3Û Çñ Ùûï3õáñ 3Ýó»3ÉÇ å3ïÙáõû3Ý Ñ»ï: ÎÁ ëå3ë¿ Ý3»õ Ñ3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ áõ å3ï- ñ3ëï ¿ Ýáñ ¿ç ÙÁ μ3Ý3Éáõ Çñ 1ñ3óÇ »ñÏñÇÝ áõ 3Ýáñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1ÇÝ Ñ»ï, »Ã¿ 3Ý í»ñ3Ï3Ý·Ý¿ å3ïÙ3- Ï3Ý ×ßÙ3ñïáõÃÇõÝÁ áõ Ñ3ïáõóáõÙ Ï3ï3ñ¿ Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1ÇÝ: êå3ë»Éáí 3Û1 ûñáõ3Ý, ÃáÕ 3Ù¿Ý 2å- ñÇÉ 24-ÇÝ »õ ÚáõÝÇë 15-ÇÝ Ù»ñ μáÉáñ Ý3Ñ3ï3ÏÝ»ñáõ Ñá·ÇÝ»ñÁ ë3õ3éÝÇÝ äáÉëáÛ »õ ÂáõñùÇáÛ μáÉáñ ù3Õ3ùÝ»ñáõ Ññ3å3ñ3ÏÝ»ñáõÝ íñ3Û¦,- »1⁄2ñ3Ï3óÝ»Éáí Çñ ËûëùÁ, Áë3õ ÁÝÏ»ñ ¶ñÇ·áñ Êáï3Ý»3Ý:
2å3 óáõó31ñáõ»ó3õ äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ï»ë3Å3å3õ¿ÝÁ, áñ Û3- ïáõÏ 3Ûë 3éÃÇõ å3ïñ3ëïáõ3Í ¿ñ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ ßñç3ÝÇ ê ̧ÐÎ ì3ñÇã Ø3ñÙÇÝÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ »õ §ÇÝÃÁñÝ»ÃǦ ÙÇçáó3õ ÷áË3Ýóáõ3Í 2Ù»ñÇÏ3ÛÇ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñáõÝ: Ü»ñÏ3Ý»ñÁ 3éÇÃÁ áõÝ»ó3Ý 1Çï»Éáõ Ñ3ïáõ3ÍÝ»ñ Ãáõñù Ùï3õáñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõ »õ ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñáõ Ù3ëÝÏóáõû3Ùμ Ï3Û3ó3Í ·Çï3ÅáÕáí¿Ý, ä3Û31⁄2ÇïÇ Ññ3- å3ñ3ÏÇÝ íñ3Û ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í 3ñ3ñáÕáõûݿÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý å3ïáõÇñ3Ïáõû3Ý Ñ3Ý1Ç- åáõÙÝ»ñ¿Ý:
2Ûë »1⁄23ÏÇ óáõó31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ áã ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ûáõ1⁄2áõÙ Û3é3ç3óáõó Ý»ñÏ3Ý»ñáõÝ Ùûï, 3ÛÉ Ý3»õ ·áÑáõÝ3- ÏáõÃÇõÝ, áñ ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ 1ÇÙ3Í ¿ñ 3ÛëåÇëÇ Û3Ý1áõ·Ý ù3ÛÉÇ ÙÁ:
úñáõ3Û ·»Õ3ñáõ»ëï3Ï3Ý μ3ÅÇÝáí ä3ñáÛñ ê»õ3ÏÇ §Ð3Û3ëï3ݦÁ 3ñï3ë3Ý»ó Èáë 2Ý×»ÉÁëÇ 2ñß3Ï îÇ·ñ3Ý»3Ý í3ñÅ3ñ3ÝÇ áõë3ÝáÕ »õ å3ï3ÝÇ μ3Ý3ëï»ÕÍ Ü3ñ»Ï ¶ÉÁ×»3Ý: Ú3ÛïÝ»Ýù, áñ 3Ý í»ñç»ñë Ù3ëÝ3Ïó3Í ¿ñ 2Ù»ñÇÏ3ÛÇ å3ï3ÝÇ μ3Ý3ëï»ÕÍÝ»ñáõ ÙñóáÛÃÇÝ »õ 3ñÅ3Ý3ó3Í Ùñó3-
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Ý3ÏÇ: Ð3Ûñ»Ý3ëÇñ3Ï3Ý »ñ·»ñáõ ·»Õ»óÇÏ Ï3ï3ñáõÙÝ»ñáí Ñ3Ý1¿ë »Ï3õ Éáë3Ý×»ÉÁë3Ñ3Û »ñ·Çã îáÝ¿: 2ñ»õÙï»3Ý 2Ù»ñÇÏ3ÛÇ ì3ñÇã Ø3ñÙÇÝÇ 3ï»Ý3å»ï ÁÝÏ»ñ ¶3μñÇ¿É ØáÉáÛ»3Ý ÁÝûñó»ó ûÙÇë
3é3çÝáñ1 î¿ñ ÚáíÝ3Ý 2ñù. î¿ñï¿ñ»3ÝÇ áÕçáÛÝÇ ·ÇñÁa ÛÕáõ3Í »ñ»ÏáÛÇ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñáõÝ: ÀÝÏ. ØáÉáÛ- »3Ý Ý3»õ ßÝáñÑ3Ï3ÉáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ ßñç3ÝÇ Ù»ñ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñáõÝ, áñáÝù Ýå3ëï»óÇÝ »ñ»Ïá- ÛÇ Û3çáÕáõû3Ý, 3ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ Ññ3õÇñáõ»ó 2ñ»õÙï»3Ý 2Ù»ñÇÏ3ÛÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ »ñÏ3ñ3Ù»3Û 3é3çÝáñ1 ì3ã¿ 2ñù. Úáíë¿÷»3ÝÁ, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Ï3ï3ñ¿ ÷3ÏÙ3Ý ËûëùÁ:
êñμ31⁄23Ý Ñ3ÛñÁ Çñ Ù»Í3·áÛÝ ·áÑáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ Û3ÛïÝ»ó ûñáõ3Û μ3Ý3ËûëÇ »ÉáÛÃÇÝ »õ Û3ïÏ3- å¿ë ï»ë3»ñÇ1⁄2Ç μáí3Ý13Ïáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ, ûÉ31ñ»Éáí áñ 3ÛÝ óáõó31ñáõÇ Èáë 2Ý×»ÉÁëÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ñ»é3ï»ëÇÉÝ»ñáõ 3ÉÇùÝ»ñáía ïñ3Ù31ñ»ÉÇ 13ñÓÝ»Éáí 3õ»ÉÇ É3ÛÝ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3Ý: 2Ý ·Ý3Ñ3ï»ó ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ áõ Ù3Õûó 3Ýáñ Ýáñ3Ýáñ Û3çáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ:
êàôðÆ2.- ÎðÎÆÜa Ð2Úoð 2èoô2ܶàô2Ì oÜ
ÚáõÉÇë 26-ÇÝ, Ãñù3Ï3Ý ë3ÑÙ3ÝÇÝ Ùûï, 1⁄2ÇÝ»3É ËÙμ3Ï ÙÁ ×3Ùμ3Ý Ïïñ3Í ¿ Ð3É¿å¿Ý oñ»õ3Ý ·3óáÕ ÙÇÝÇåÇõëÇ ÙÁ: 2é»õ3Ý·áõ3Í »Ý 3Ýáñ ãáñë Ñ3Û ×3Ùμáñ1Ý»ñÁ »õ Ñ3Û í3ñáñ1Á, ÇëÏ ÝáÛÝ Ï3é- ùÇÝ Ù¿ç ·ïÝáõáÕ »ñ»ù Ñ3Û ÏÇÝ»ñ 3É 3é3çÝáñ1áõ3Í »Ý 1¿åÇ øÇÉÇëÇ å3Ý1áÏÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÁ:
Ú3çáñ1 ûñ ÏÁ Ññ3å3ñ3Ïáõ¿ñ 3é»õ3Ý·áõ3ÍÝ»ñáõÝ 3ÝáõÝÝ»ñÁ: 2ÝáÝù »Ý.- ¶3ñ»·ÇÝ Ð3ó3·áñÍ- »3Ý, Î3ñû ä3åûÕÉ»3Ý, Ü3ñ»Ï ì3ñÅ3å»ï»3Ý »õ ê3·û 2ë3ïáõñ»3Ý£
2ðoôØîo2Ü Ð2Ú2êî2Ü.- êàôð ́ ÂàìØ2ê oÎoÔoòÆÜ öÈàô1⁄4Ø2Ü o1⁄4ðÆÜ 3⁄4
ì3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÇ 3ñáõ»ëïÇ å3ïÙáõû3Ý Ù3ëÝ3·¿ï Ø»ëáõï ÎÇõÉ, 3Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí 3õ»- ñ3ÏÇ í»ñ3Íáõ»Éáõ íï3Ý·ÇÝ ï3Ï ·ïÝáõáÕ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý êáõñμ ÂáíÙ3ë »Ï»Õ»óÇÇÝ, ÏþÁë¿, ÿ 3Ý å¿ïù ¿ Éáõñç áõß31ñáõû3Ý 3ñÅ3Ý3Ý3Û å»ïáõû3Ý ÏáÕÙ¿:
Âñù3Ï3Ý §î¿Ùáùñ3à Ð3å¿ñ¦ Ï3Ûù¿çÇÝ Ñ»ï Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ Ø. ÎÇõÉ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿, áñ èßïáõÝÇÝ»ñáõ, ÇëÏ 3ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ 2ñÍñáõÝ»3ó ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý ï3Ý ïÇñáÛà Ñ3Ý1Çë3ó3Ía 2ñ»õÙï»3Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ì3ÝÇ ·3õ3éÇÝ Ù¿ç ·ïÝáõáÕ êáõñμ ÂáíÙ3ë »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ ÷Éáõ1⁄2Ù3Ý »1⁄2ñÇÝ ¿: Àëï å3ïÙáõ- û3Ý Ãáõñù Ù3ëÝ3·¿ïÇÝa Éùáõ3Í »Ï»Õ»óÇÇÝ ï3ñÇÝ»ñ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï Ù»Í íÝ3ëÝ»ñ Ñ3ëóáõó3Í »Ý ·3ÝÓ áñáÝáÕÝ»ñáõ §å»ÕáõÙÝ»ñÁ¦, »õ 3Ý Ï3ñÇù áõÝÇ 3ÝÛ3å3Õ í»ñ3Ï3Ý·ÝáõÙÇ:
ÎÇõÉ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ¿, áñ 1801 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ í»ñ3Ýáñá·áõ3Í »õ 1895-ÇÝ Ã3É3Ýáõ»É¿ »ïù Éùáõ3Í íÇ×3ÏÇ Ù¿ç Û3ÛïÝáõ3Í »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ μ3õ3Ï3Ý å3ïÏ3é»ÉÇ ï»ëù áõÝÇ:
2Ûë »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ 3É, ßñç3Ï3Û ·ñ»Ã¿ μáÉáñ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñáõÝ ÝÙ3Ý, ÏÁ Í3é3Û¿ áñå¿ë 3Ëáé:
oϻջóÇ¿Ý 100 Ù»Ãñ Ñ»é3õáñáõû3Ý íñ3Û ÏÁ ·ïÝáõÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ·»ñ»1⁄2Ù3ÝáóÁ, áõñ ·»ñ»1⁄2Ù3ÝÝ»- ñáõ Ù»Í3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ÷áñáõ3Í ¿, ·»ñ»1⁄2Ù3Ýù3ñ»ñÁ ï»Õ3Ñ3Ý »Õ3Í »Ý ·3ÝÓ3ËáÛ1⁄2Ý»ñáõ ÏáÕÙ¿:
Sýuanürv muðüueðndkrdz AUWÐÞZUMRJZÞÐG MG AÐUDRÐNDRZ ÖRÐUÐ SUIZÞLND
Kndð=rnw Uhuanfndkþuz Iz+ðtzndkrdzg ünð,ueðndkþuz hrýr ezt znð eðndkrdz sg^ nðnf þðm- ðr çzumrvzþðg çujt r çuj hrýr aðudrðndrz suýzrvr eþð iýuzqzþlnd! Giý huýðuiýndu, ,ðuüðrz^ kupþðt zþði wuðsuð fuwðþðnd st< hrýr eðndrz lðuýndndkþuz^ mus uwl uzndusç% {suý- zndkþuz ́ ýndyþð^ nðnzj st< auwðþzumrjzþðg hrýr muðþzuz üðudnð mus quwzudnð mþðhnf üuz- üuýzþð zþðmuwujzþl iu mus zu uzqrz zmuýsusç^ mus suýzndkrdzzþð gzþl^ uxuzj iýrhndþlnd rðþzj uzndzg ýulnd!
Uwi ünð,ueðndkþuz aþprzumzþðg qþxzuðmg m'uðeuðujzþz hzeþlnf nð auwðþzumrjzþðg öu- zuöuz üuzüuýzþð ndzrz audu=umuzndkþuz uzenððndkrdzg .uzüuðnpzþðnd nd uh+ðtz ünð,þ- ðnd suizumrjzþðnd suirz^ çuwj ausuðqumndkrdzg vndzrz rðþzj uzndznf st<ýþp þllþlnd nd üuz- üuý wuwýzþlnd! Arsu lðuýndndkþuz eðndkrdzg udþlr uhuanf qþdnf hrýr =ult! Çzumuzuçuð
8
uðetz üuzüuýr quwzþð çuðqðujuz ,ðuüðndu, uwi znð eðndkþuz ets! Muðü sg suizuütýzþð erýþl ýndrz nð uirmu gzendzþlr vt^ nðnfaþýþd uwi mþðhnf auwðþzumrjzþðg hrýr =u
    §Ø3ñÙ3ñ3¦
    ØÞàÚ Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü îàôÜoðàô ø2Ü ̧àôØÀ 2èÎ2Êàô2Ì 3⁄4 2ð ̧3⁄4Ü 2ôoðàô2Ì 3⁄4 80%À
    ØßáÛ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï3ñ3ÝÁ áñáß3Í ¿ áãÝã3óÝ»É ØßáÛ ø3É¿ ( ́»ñ1 - å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý 3ÝáõÝáía Øáõß»ÕÇ  ́»ñ1) Ã3Õ3Ù3ëÇ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý Å3é3Ý·áõÃÇõÝ ÝÏ3ïáõáÕ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ïáõÝ»ñÁ, ï»ÕÁ Ï3éáõó»Éáõ Ñ3- Ù3ñ å»ï3Ï3Ý 1ñ3Ù3·ÉáõËáí ÑëÏ3Û ß¿Ýù»ñ »õ Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇ 500 ïáõÝ»ñÁ ÷áË3ñÇÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ 770 Û3ñ- Ï3μ3ÅÇÝáí: 2ñ1¿Ý ù3Ý1áõÙÇ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñáõÝ ßáõñç 80% 3É Ï3ï3ñáõ3Í ¿:
    ê3Ï3ÛÝ Ãñù3Ï3Ý §è3ïÇù3ɦ ûñÃÁ ÚáõÉÇë 30-Ç Çñ ÃÇõÇÝ Ù¿ç ÏÁ ·ñ¿, ÿ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï3ñ3ÝÇ 3Û1 Íñ3·ÇñÁ ã¿ Ñ3ë3Í Çñ 3õ3ñïÇÝ, ßÝáñÑÇõ ì3ÝÇ ä3ßïå3Ýáõû3Ý ÊáñÑáõñ1ÇÝ ÏáÕÙ¿ ËÝ1ñáÛ 3- é3ñÏ3Û ïáõÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏáõÝ Ù3ëÇÝ ïñáõ3Í å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ßïå3Ýáõû3Ý áñáßáõÙÇÝ:
    äáÉë3Ñ3Û Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ ·áñÍÇã Î3ñû ö3ÛÉ3Ý, áñ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Å3é3Ý·áõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ñ3ñóÇÝ Ùûï¿Ý ÏÁ Ñ»ï»õÇ, 3Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿, áñ 3Û1 ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç 3éÝáõ31⁄2Ý »ñÏáõ Ã3Õ3Ù3ë å¿ïù ¿ å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ßïå3Ýáõû3Ý ï3Ï í»ñóáõÇ, 3ñ1¿Ý Ù»Í 3õ»ñÝ»ñ ·áñÍ3Í Íñ3·ÇñÁ í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý3å¿ë çÝç»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:
    2Ý Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿ Ý3»õ, áñ 3é 3Ûëûñ ù3Ý1áõÙÁ »Õ3Í ¿ 3ÝûñÇÝ3Ï3Ý, ù3ÝÇ áñ áñáßáõÙÁ μáÕáù3ñ- Ï»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ã¿ ïñ3Ù31ñáõ3Í: Àëï ö3ÛÉ3ÝÇ, ·3ÝÓ3ËáÛ1⁄2Ý»ñÝ 3É Çñ»Ýó Ï3ñ·ÇÝ Ù»Í íÝ3ë Ñ3ëóáõó3Í »Ý ßÇÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝa ÷áñ»Éáí-÷áñ÷ñ»Éáí 3ÝáÝó ÑÇÙù»ñÁ:
    §ØßáÛ Ù¿ç 299 »Ï»Õ»óÇ, 94 Ù»Ý3ëï3Ý, 53 áõËï3ï»ÕÇ, 135 1åñáó »Õ3Í ¿` 5,669 3ß3Ï»ñïáí: ØÝ3ó3Í »ñ»ù ÷áÕáóÝ»ñÁ å¿ïù ã¿ ù3Ý1áõÇÝ: 2Ý3ïáÉÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Å3é3Ý·áõÃÇõÝÁ Ù»Í 3ñ3·áõ- û3Ùμ ÏþáãÝã3Ý3Û: oÿ 3Ûë 3ÙμáÕçÁ äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç ÁÉÉ3ñ, 200 ï3ñáõ3Ý ß¿Ýù»ñáõÝ ·3Ù ÙÁ 3Ý·3Ù ã¿ÇÝ ÏñÝ3ñ ·3ٻɦ, Áë3Í ¿ 3Ý:
    ö3ÛÉ3Ý ó3õáí 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ3Í ¿ Ý3»õ, áñ Çñ»Ýù 3Ûó»É3Í »Ý ØßáÛ êáõñμ Î3ñ3å»ï í3Ýù, áñÙ¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ñ31⁄2Çõ ù3ÝÇ ÙÁ å3ï ÙÝ3ó3Í ¿, 3ÛÝ 3É ÏÁ ·áñÍ3ÍáõÇ Çμñ»õ 3Ëáé: ÆëÏ ·ÇõÕÇ »ñ3Ë3Ý»ñÁ íñ3Ý Ë3ã å3ïÏ»ñáõ3Í 1500-3Ù»3Û ù3ñ»ñÁ ÏÁ í3×3é»Ý: §2Ù¿Ý ÇÝã áñ Ñ3Û»ñ¿Ý ÙÝ3ó3Í ¿, 3ÝÓ3ÛÝ ÏþáãÝã3óáõǦ, »1⁄2ñ3Ï3óáõó3Í ¿ ö3ÛÉ3Ý:
    BDP Îàôê2ÎòàôÂÆôÜÀ ÊÜ ̧ÆðÀ öàÊ2 ̧ð2Ì 3⁄4 21⁄4¶2ÚÆÜ ÄàÔàì
    øñï3Ù¿ï BDP Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý »ñ»ë÷áË3Ý î¿ÙÇñ â¿ÉÇù ØßáÛ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ïáõÝ»ñáõ ù3Ý1áõÙÇ Ñ3ñóÁ ÷áË31ñ3Í ¿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÄáÕáí: 2Ý áõÕÕ3Í ¿ Ñ»ï»õ»3É Ñ3ñóáõÙÁ, áñáõÝ å3ï3ëË3Ý Ïþ3ÏÝÏ3É¿ ßñç3å3ïÇ »õ ù3Õ3ù3ßÇÝáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ¿Ý.- §ø3É¿ Ã3Õ3Ù3ëÁ ÇÙ ÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý ßñç3- ÝÇÝ Ù3ë ÏÁ Ï31⁄2Ù¿. 3Û1 ßñç3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç ·ïÝáõáÕ Ñ3Û»ñ¿Ý ÙÝ3ó3Í μ3ÕÝÇùÝ»ñ, »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñ »õ ïáõÝ»ñ ÏÁ ù3Ý1áõÇÝ, ï»ÕÁ Ï3éáõó»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ TOKI (å»ï3Ï3Ý Ý»ñ1ñáõÙáí μÝ3Ï»ÉÇ ß¿Ýù»ñ) Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñ: 2Ûë Ï3ñ·31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÁ íÝ3ë¿ ßñç3ÝÇ μ31⁄2Ù3Ùß3ÏáÛà Ï3éáÛóÇÝ »õ å3ïÙ3Ï3Ý μÝáÛÃÇÝ: ØßáÛ Ù¿ç TOKI- Ç Ó»éÝ3ñÏ3Í ßÇÝ3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Íñ3·ñÇ ÙñóáõÙÁ »±ñμ Ï3ï3ñáõ3Í ¿: 2Û1 Íñ3·ñáí ù3ÝDZ μÝ3Ï3ñ3ÝÇ Ï3éáõóáõÙ ÏÁ Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõÇ: ƱÝã ·ÇÝ áñáßáõ3Í ¿ 3Û1 Û3ñÏ3μ3ÅÇÝÝ»ñáõ Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñ ù3é. Ù»ÃñÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ: à±ñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3Ù ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ß3Ñ3Í ¿ Ï3Ù ß3Ñ3Í »Ý ÙñóáõÙÁ: ä3ßïûÝ3å¿ë á±ñ Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÁ ×ß1áõ3Í ¿ Û3ñÏ3μ3ÅÇÝÝ»ñáõ Û3ÝÓÝáõÙÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ¦:
    9
    KUWSÖ^ BYRMTL ÞD ZSUZ*ÐRZUM *IUÐ KÞÐKÞÐ ÜL:UJUD MG HUIOUXÞZ FUÐVUHÞI TÐINPUZRZ
    Uzülrumuz Kuwsö kþðkr st< çuösukrd +ýuð uðndþiýuütýzþðnd nd sýudnðumuzzþðnd iýn- ðuüðndkþuisç Kndð=rnw fuðvuhþý Tðýnpuzr ets aðuýuðumndu, ,uzndjndsg^ rzvhti uðqu- üuzüu, trz= uðetz^ sþ, öuwðnwk wuxu
    Fuðvuhþý Tðýnpuzr yuiýuçuzzþðg rimuhti euý hrýr çuzu#z {Kuwsö ́ kþðkrz ets^ wuwýzr vt^ çuwj susndlr st< u
    Þðç ýumudrz ustz suðe mg .+itð uzülrumuz {Kuwsö ́ kþðkr uwi uzauonw aðuýuðumnd- kþuz suirz^ Üþðsuzrnw st< ul Byrmtl zbuzudnð usiuürðg aðuýuðumþj Ku=irsr Mtör auzðu- huðýtör ýuüzuhrz zndrðndu, suizudnð krd sg! Aþýu=ð=ðumuzz uwz t nð uwi uzüus üþðsuz huðçþðukþðkg çujuxndkrdz sg gðud nd Kndð=rnw suirz rð w+endu,zþðg aðuýuðumþj üþðsuzþ- ðtz nd kð=þðtz öndüuaþx huýotzzþðnf! Kþðkg uwi mþðhnf mg
    Wuwýzr t nð fuðvuhþý Tðýnpuz fupg aumuöeþjndkrdz jnwj hrýr ýuw üþðsuz huðçþðu- kþðkrz ets þdi! Rim kndð= susndlr st< muz =ðnzrmuürðzþð^ nðnz= mg wrbþjzþz kt Tðýnpuz ktþd Kndð=rnw st< buý erdðndkþusç mg buar rð çuju, auýndjsuz euýþðg^ çuwj znwzg muðþlr vt ihu- iþl endðir kþðkþðnd ets çujndu, euýþðnd st<! Suzuduze nð uwe euýþðg buý c.ýumuz huý- mþð sg hrýr iýþp,þz fuðvuhþýrz nd uwi+ðnduz Kndð=rnw suirz!
    §Ø3ñÙ3ñ3¦
    êàØ2ÈÆ.- Ú2ðÒ2ÎàôØ Âðø2Î2Ü  ̧oêä2Ü2î2Ü ìð2Ú êáÙ3ÉÇÇ Ù3Ûñ3ù3Õ3ù ØáÏ3ïÇßáõÇ Ù¿ç, ÚáõÉÇë 27-ÇÝ, Ãñù3Ï3Ý 1»ëå3Ý3ï3Ý 1¿Ù 3ÝÓÝ3ëå3Ý3Ï3Ý á×ñ3÷áñÓ ÙÁ ·áñÍáõ3Í ¿:  ̧»ëå3Ý3ï3Ý 3å3Ñáíáõû3Ý 3ÝÓÝ3Ï31⁄2ÙÁ Û3çáÕ3Í ¿ ÙÇç3Ùï»É, Ý3Ëù3Ý áñ 3Ñ3μ»ÏÇãÝ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó Ïñ3Í éáõÙμ»ñÁ å3ÛûóÝ»Ý, 3ÛÝå¿ë ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3Ë3ï»ë3Í ¿ÇÝ: î»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í μ3ËáõÙÇÝ, 3Ñ3μ»ÏÇãÝ»ñáõÝ »ñ»ùÝ 3É ëå3ÝÝáõ3Í »Ý, μ3Ûó »ññáñ1Á Ý3Ë3å¿ë Û3çáÕ3Í ¿ å3ÛûóÝ»É Çñ Ïñ3Í éáõÙμÁ: Âáõñù å3Ñ3Ï ÙÁ ëå3ÝÝáõ3Í ¿, »ñÏáõ áõñÇßÝ»ñ 3É íÇñ3õáñáõ3Í »Ý: ÎþÁëáõÇ, ÿ 3ñ3ñùÇÝ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÝ ¿ 3É- Þ3å3åÁ, áñ 3É-ø3Çï3ÛÇ ï»Õ3Ï3Ý ×ÇõÕÁ ÏÁ ÝÏ3ïáõÇ: ÆÝã ÏÁ í»ñ3μ»ñÇ 1ñ13å3ï×3éÇÝ, 3ÛÝå¿ë ÏÁ ÃáõÇ, ÿ 3Ñ3μ»Ïã3Ï3Ý 3Û1 ËÙμ3õáñáõÙÁ 1Å·áÑ ¿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ ÏáÕÙ¿ êáÙ3ÉÇÇ óáÛó
    ïñáõáÕ 1⁄2ûñ3ÏóáõûݿÝ:
    10
    AUWNJ HUIÐUÝINDKRDZG 2015-R AUSUÐ Hþlcrnw st< huýðuiýndu, fudþðuüðumuz sg mg .+ir Uðuðuýr suirz
    {Uübus ́ kþðkr st< =ðnzrmuürð (rüðtk Uwýtsrð {2015 ́ .nðuüðþul rð w+endu,rz st< mg wuwý- zt nð Auwuiýuz wuwýzuhti sþ, ub.uýuz= mg ýuzr nðhtiör usçnp< ub.uðar wrbþjzt 1915-r huýuauðzþðg!
    Uwýtsrð mg .+ir Cuz Ltwgðö uzndz buðcuzmuðrvr mnpst huýðuiýndu, fudþðuüðumuz cu- hudtzr sg suirz^ nðndz st< suizudnð çucrz sg wuýmujndu, t Auwuiýuzr! Fudþðuüðumuzrz st< mg wrbþjndr Auwuiýuzr zu.uüua Ýuðüriþuzr mnpst þðrýuiuðendkþuz ndppndu, aþýþdþul .+i=g$ {Puðuhupg sþz= uxrz=^ Uðuðuýz ul qþð ünð,z t ́! Fudþðuüðumuzrz st< mg çujuý- ðndr nð Upðg lþxg Auwuiýuzr uöüuwrz .nðaðeuzbuzz t þd m'udþljndr nð auwþðnd ausuð uwe=uz muðþdnð uwe .nðaðeuzbuzg {70 ýuðr uxu<^ þðç iuasuzzþðg mg ü,ndtrz^ wudrýþzumuz kbzusr Kndð=rnw s+ý szuj ́!
    Upðg lþxg auwþðnd ausuð buý muðþdnð t nðnfaþýþd uznz= mg auduýuz nð Znwþuz Iuhuzg mg üýzndr Upðgr fðuw þd Znwþuz Iuhuzr st< üýzndnp srum þðmnd uzqþðg auwþð trz!
    Auwuiýuzr þd Þðþduzr ynpnjzþðndz st< ustz suðe Upðg lþðuz suirz mg sýu,t^ uwz=uz nð iuasuzusþðq :nð Frðuhr st< Upðg lþxg erýþlnd suizudnð çþsuauðkum sg muxndjndþð t!
    W+endu,uürðg mg wrbt zuþd wuwýzr huýsuçuz Fþðcrzt Ýfuölþuzg þd mg üðt nð uwi ürýzu- muzg rð usçnp< mþuz=g wuýmujndju, t 1915-r auwmumuz jþpuihuzndkþuz! 1915-r suirz 70 ürð= üðu, t^ auöuðudnð çuzu.+indkrdzzþð iuð=u, t þd uznð ul þðuöz t ýþizþl nð +ð sg Kndð- =ru hubý+zuhti mg ouzvzuw 1915-r jþpuihuzndkrdzg þd Upðg lþxg mg fþðueuðqzt Auwuiýu- zr! Ýfuölþuz aþýþdþulg mg auðjzt$ {Ýnfþýumuz iuasuzzþðg 90-umuz kndumuzzþðndz euðq- þul ü,ndþjuz^ zu.mrz Þndmniludruwtz 7-8 znð þðmrðzþð iýþp,ndþjuz! Riðuwtl euðqþul arszndþ- jud^ ndðþsz rzvn#d euðqþul vü,ndrz zuþd Auwuiýuz-Kndð=ru iuasuzzþðg ́!
    Hþlcrnw hþýumuz aþxuýþirlr mnpst huýðuiýndu, fudþðuüðumuzrz st< m'gzü,ndrz þðþ= zrdkþð! 1/ 1915-r jþpuihuzndkrdzg^ 2/ Upðg lþxg^ 3/ V=udnðndkþuz huýouxud Ýnfþýumuz Srndkþuz bð
    Uau kt rzvn#d =ðnzrmuürð (r=ðtk Uwýtsrð m'þöðumujzt$ {Uwzhti mg auimjndr nð Auwuiýuz 2015-r ausuð lndð< huýðuiýndkrdz mg ýþizt^ nðhtiör usçnp< ub.uðarz st< wrbuýumt 1915-r huýuauðzþðg þd uhuanft nð uwe huýuauðzþðg vsnxjndrz ́!
    §Ø3ñÙ3ñ3¦
    üð2Üê2.- òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü ÜÆôÂÆÜ Þàôðæ § ̧ÆØ2¶Æðø¦o2Ü ¶2ÚÂ2ÎÔàôÂÆôÜ ØÀ
    üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ §oñÇï3ë3ñ1 ÀÝÏ»ñí3ñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñ¦ ß3ñÅáõÙÇÝ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÁ § ̧ÇÙ3·Çñù¦Ç (Facebook-Ç) Çñ ¿ç¿Ýa Ãáõñù»ñáõÝ áõÕÕ3Í ¿ Ñ»ï»õ»3É Ñ3ñóáõÙÁ.- §Æ±Ýã ÏÁ Ùï3Í¿ù Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3- Ýáõû3Ý Ù3ëÇݦ:
    2ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ, 3ÝÍ3Ýûà ÙÁ å3ï3ëË3Ý3Í ¿ Ýß»Éáí, áñ §Ð3Ûáó ò»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ï»ÕÇ ã¿ áõÝ»- ó3ͦ: Æ å3ï3ëË3Ý` §oñÇï3ë3ñ1 ÀÝÏ»ñí3ñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñ¦ ß3ñÅáõÙÇ áõñÇß 3Ý13Ù ÙÁ § ̧ÇÙ3·Çñù¦Ç Çñ ¿çÇÝ íñ3Û ·ñáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ 1⁄2»ï»Õ3Í ¿, áõñ 13ï3å3ñï3Í ¿ ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý ÅËïáõÙÁ: Î3ñ× Å3- Ù3Ý3Ï Û»ïáÛ, 3Ûë ·ñáõÃÇõÝÁ çÝçáõ3Í ¿ § ̧ÇÙ3·Çñù¦Ç Õ»Ï3í3ñáõû3Ý ÏáÕÙ¿, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õa ÁÝÏ»ñ3- ÛÇÝ 3Ûë ó3ÝóÇÝ ·áñÍ3ÍáõÃÇõÝÁ 12 Å3Ù 3ñ·ÇÉáõ3Í ¿ ÅËïáÕ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý 1¿Ù 3Û1 ·ñáõû3Ý Ñ»ÕÇÝ3- ÏÇÝ: Âñù3Ï3Ý §ØÇÉÉÇۿæ ûñÃÁ ÏÁ ·ñ¿, áñ §oñÇï3ë3ñ1 ÀÝÏ»ñí3ñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñ¦ ß3ñÅáõÙÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ ÂÇ¿ñÇ Ø3éß3É-ä¿ù Ý3Ù3Ï ÙÁ ·ñ3Í ¿ § ̧ÇÙ3·Çñù¦Ç üñ3Ýë3ÛÇ ïÝûñ¿ÝÇÝ, å3ï3Ñ3ñÇÝ Ù3ëÇÝ 3ÝÏ¿ å3Ñ3Ýç»Éáí μ3ó3ïñáõÃÇõÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ ·áñÍ3Íáõû3Ý 3ñ·»ÉùÇÝ 3ÝÙÇç3Ï3Ý çÝçáõÙÁ: Ø3éß3É- ä¿ù 3Ûë ÝÇõÃÇÝ Ù3ëÇÝ Ëûë»Éáí ýñ3Ýë3Ï3Ý §lelab¦ Ï3Ûù¿çÇÝ Ñ»ï, Ýß3Í ¿. §ÎÁ 1⁄23ñÙ3Ý3Ýù, áñ ò»- Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É ·ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ·ñ3ùÝÝáõû3Ý »ÝÃ3ñÏáõ»ó3õ, Ñ3ñó»ñ Í3·»ó3Ý: â»Ýù Ñ3ëÏÝ3ñ, ÿ ÇÝãá±õ çÝç»óÇÝ 3Û1 ·ñáõÃÇõÝÁ¦:
    Üß»Ýù, áñ §oñÇï3ë3ñ1 ÀÝÏ»ñí3ñ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñ¦ ß3ñÅáõÙÁ ÏÁ í3ۻɿ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ üñ3Ýëáõ3 ÐáÉ3Ý- ïÇ Ý»óáõÏÁ:
    11
    2è2æÆÜ ÎÆê2Øo2ÎàôØ ØÆ2ÚÜ ú ̧2ÚÆÜ Ö2Ü2ä2ðÐàì 2ðî2¶2ÔÂoÈ 3⁄4 39,897 Ø2ð ̧
    Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ 3ñï3·3ÕÃÁ Ñ3ë»É ¿ 3Ñé»ÉÇ ã3÷»ñÇ, 3Ûë ï3ñáõ3Û 3é3çÇÝ ÏÇë3Ù»3ÏáõÙ ÙÇ3ÛÝ û13ÛÇÝ ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí 3ñï3·3ÕÃ»É ¿ 39 Ñ31⁄23ñ 897 Ù3ñ1: ÐÐ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý 3õÇ3óÇ3ÛÇ ·ÉË3- õáñ í3ñãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»É ¿ 3Ûë ï3ñáõ3Û 3é3çÇÝ ÏÇë3Ù»3ÏáõÙ û13ÛÇÝ ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí áõÕ»õá- ñ3ÑáëùÇ íÇ×3Ï3·ñ3Ï3Ý ïáõ»3ÉÝ»ñÁ: Àëï 3Û1Ùa §1⁄4áõ3ñÃÝáó¦ û13Ý3õ3Ï3Û3ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ 363,009 »õ Å3Ù3Ý»É 330,484 Ù3ñ1: ÆëÏ §ÞÇñ3Ϧ û13Ý3õ3Ï3Û3ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ 19,693, Å3Ù3Ý»Éa 12,339 Ù3ñ1: àõ ë3 ÙÇ3ÛÝ û13ÛÇÝ ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí:
    2ÛÝÇÝã Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇó ß3ï»ñÝ 3ñï3·3ÕÃáõÙ »Ý Ý3»õ 3õïáμáõëÝ»ñáí: oõ 1ñ3Ýó Ñ3Ýñ3·áõÙ3ñÁ Ùï3Ñá·Çã ÃÇõ ¿ Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ:  ́3Ûó, ÇÝãå¿ë ÷áË3ÝóáõÙ »Ý §ÄáÕáíáõñ1¦ ûñÃÇ 3ÕμÇõñÝ»ñÁ, ÇßË3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ 3Ù¿Ý ·Ýáí ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý Û»ï3Ó·»É 3Û1 ïËáõñ Ãáõ»ñÇ Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙÁ: ä3ï3Ñ3Ï3Ý ã¿, áñ 1ñáõû3Ùμ 2ìÌ-Ý ã¿ñ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»É Çñ ÏÇë3Ù»3Ï3ÛÇÝ Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý 1⁄2»ÏáÛóÁ, áñï»Õ 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ ¿ ÉÇ- Ý»Éáõ Ý3»õ 3ñï3·3ÕÃÇ Í3õ3ÉÝ»ñÇݦ,- ·ñáõÙ ¿ ûñÃÁ:
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    12
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    ÈoèÜ2ÚÆÜ Ô2ð2 ́2ÔÆ Ð2Üð2äoîàôÂÆôÜÀ ÎÀ Þ2ðàôÜ2Î3⁄4 êä2è21⁄4ÆÜàôÆÈ
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    §Ø»Ýù »ñμ»õÇó¿ 3ÛëåÇëÇ Çñ3íÇ×3Ï ã»Ýù áõÝ»ó»É, ÇÝã áõÝ»Ýù 3Ûëûñ ÏáÝÏñ¿ï ëå3é31⁄2ÇÝáõû3Ý, é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý ï»ËÝÇÏ3ÛÇ Ñ3Ù3ÉñÙ3Ý áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ¦,- Ýß3Í ¿ Ú3Ïáμ»3Ýa 3õ»ÉóÝ»Éáí, áñ 3ÛÅÙ §Éáõñç¦ ËÝ1Çñ Ï3Û Ó»éù μ»ñáõ3Í 1⁄2ÇÝ3ÙûñùÇ ï»Õ3õáñÙ3Ý 3éÝãáõ3Í »õ 3Û1 Ñ3ñóÁ ÉáõÍ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ù»Í 1⁄2Ç- Ý3å3Ñ»ëï ÏÁ Ï3éáõóáõÇ:
    Øáíë¿ë Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý ã¿ áõ1⁄23Í Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝ»É, ÿ Ç°Ýã ï»ë3ÏÇ 1⁄2¿Ýù»ñ Ó»éù μ»ñáõ3Í »Ý£
    21⁄2¿ñå3Û×3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿ 1⁄2ÇÝáõáñ3Ï3Ý Ýáñ ë3ñù»ñáõ Ó»éùμ»ñÙ3Ý 3éÝãáõû3Ùμ Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»Éáía å3ßïå3Ýáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÁ ÙÇ3Ý·3Ù3ÛÝ Ýß3Í ¿, áñ 3Û1 »ñÏÇñÁ ï3Ï3õÇÝ Ç íÇ×3ÏÇ ã¿ å3ï»ñ31⁄2Ù ëÏë»Éáõ »õ Û3ÕûÉáõ:
    Øáíë¿ë Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý Ý3»õ ï»Õ»Ï3óáõó3Í ¿, áñ í»ñçÇÝ 3ÙÇëÝ»ñáõÝ Û3ñÓ3ÏáÕ3Ï3Ý Ñ»ï3Ëáõ- 1⁄23Ï3Ý ËáõÙμ»ñáõ Ñ3õ3Ý3Ï3Ý Ý»ñÃ3÷3ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ï3ÝË»Éáõ áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ Ù»Í 3ßË3ï3Ýù ï3ñ- áõ3Í ¿, 1Çñù»ñáõ Ù»ñÓ3Ï3ÛùÁ Ñ3Ï3Ñ»ï»õ3Ï3ÛÇÝ 3Ï3ÝÝ»ñ 1⁄2»ï»Õáõ3Í »Ý£
    13
    Ô2ð2 ́2ÔÀ ÎÀ ìoð2 ́Ü2ÎoòàôÆ ìÆÖ2Î2Ê2Ôàì
    §Ø»Ýù å¿ïù ¿ ï3ñ»ñ3ÛÝûñ¿Ý í»ñ3μÝ3Ï»óÙ3ÝÁ í»ñç ï3Ýù¦,- 31⁄23ï3·ñáõ3Í ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñÇ í»ñ3μÝ3Ï»óÙ3Ý 3éÇÃáí Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3ÝÝ 3ë»É ¿ ÈÔÐ ÷áË-í3ñã3å»ï 2ñÃáõñ 2- Õ3μ»Ï»3ÝÁ:
    Ô3ñ3μ3ÕáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ å3ßïå3Ýáõû3Ý Ý3ËÏÇÝ ÷áË-Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÁ ÷áË-í3ñã3å»ïÇ å3ß- ïûÝáõÙ å3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõ ¿ 31⁄23ï3·ñáõ3Í ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñÇ í»ñ3μÝ3Ï»óÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ: 1994-Çó, »ñμ Ññ31313ñ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõ»ó, μ31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ μÝ3Ï3í3Ûñ»ñ í»ñ3μÝ3Ï»óáõ»óÇÝ ÁÝ13Ù¿ÝÁ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ÁÝï3- ÝÇùáí »õ 3Ýáõ3Ýáõ»óÇÝ ·ÇõÕ»ñ: ä¿ïù ã¿ñ 3Û1å¿ë 3Ý»É. §Øûï3Ï3Û 50-60 ï3ñáõ3Û ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ 3Û1 μÝ3Ïãáõû3Ý ÃÇõÁ Ñ31⁄23ñÇ ãÇ Ñ3ëÝ»Éáõ, 13 Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿ ×3Ý3å3ñÑ3ßÇÝáõÃÇõÝÁ, çñ3Ù3ï3Ï3ñ3- ñáõÙÁ, Ñáë3ÝùÇ ·ÍÇ 3ÝóÏ3óáõÙÁ, 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï 3Ù»Ý3ÙÇÝÇÙ3É Ñ3Ù3ÛÝù3ÛÇÝ Ýß3Ý3Ïáõû3Ý ëáóÇ3- É3Ï3Ý Íñ3·ñ»ñÁa 1ñ3Ýù ÉÇÝ»Éáõ »Ý »ñÏñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ í3ïÝáõ3Í é»ëáõñëÝ»ñ¦:
    öáË-í3ñã3å»ïÁ Ñ3Û3ëï3ÝóÇÝ»ñÇ »õ ë÷Çõéù3Ñ3Û»ñÇ í»ñ3μÝ3Ï»óáõÙÁ 31⁄23ï3·ñáõ3Í ï3- ñ3ÍùÝ»ñáõÙ ·3ÛÃ3ÏÕÇã 13ñÓÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ, Ùï3Í»É ¿ å»ï3Ï3Ý íÇ×3Ï3Ë3Õ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»Éáõ Íñ3- ·Çñ: 2Ûë 1¿åùáõÙ ÷áÕ ãÇ Ë3Õ3ñÏáõ»Éáõ, 3ÛëÇÝùÝa 1ñ3Ùáí ·Ý»Éáõ »Ý íÇ×3Ï3Ë3ÕÇ ïáÙëÁ, μ3Ûó ß3- ÑáÕÁ ß3Ñ»Éáõ ¿ 3åñ3Ýù: §ÆëÏ ß3ÑáõÙÁ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ »Ý ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3ÝáõÙ 2ñó3ËáõÙ 3ñï31ñáõ3Í Ó»é3·áñÍ ·áñ·»ñ »õ ëÇÙíáÉÇÏ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ¿ μÝ3Ï3ñ3Ýa êï»÷3Ý3Ï»ñï ù3Õ3ùáõÙ, ÙÇ ·áõó¿ Ý3»õ ÞáõßÇ ù3Õ3- ùáõÙ¦,- 3ë»É ¿ ÷áË-í3ñã3å»ïÁ: ìÇ×3Ï3Ë3ÕÇ Ù¿Ï ïáÙëÁ 3ñÅ¿ 2 Ñ31⁄23ñ 1ñ3Ù: 220 Ñ31⁄23ñ íÇ×3- Ï3Ë3ÕÇ ïáÙë 3ñ1¿Ý ßñç3Ý3éáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ¿:
    Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆ Ð2Üð2äoîàôÂo2Ü êöÆôèøÆ Ü2Ê2ð2ðàôÂÆôÜ Ø2ØàôÈÆ oô Ð2ê2ð2Î2ÚÜàôÂo2Ü Ðoî Î2äoðÆ ì2ðâàôÂÆôÜ
    îoÔÆ àôÜoò2ô Ø2ØÈàÚ 2êàôÈÆê §Üàð Ð2È3⁄4ä¦ Â2Ô2Ø2êÆ Î2èàôòØ2Ü ìoð2 ́oðo2È
    ÚáõÉÇë 25-ÇÝ ÐÐ ë÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ú3Ïáμ»3ÝÇ Ù3ÙÉáÛ 3ëáõÉÇëÁ` ÝáõÇñáõ3Í êáõñÇáÛ Ù¿ç ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙÇ Ñ»ï»õ3Ýùáí ÐÐ ï»Õ3÷Áë- áõ3Í ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ 2ßï3ñ3Ï ù3Õ3ùÇÝ Ù¿ç §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ Ã3Õ3Ù3ëÇ Ï3éáõóÙ3Ý: 2ëáõÉÇ- ëÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»ó3Ý ÐÐ ù3Õ3ù3ßÇÝáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÇ ï»Õ3Ï3É 2É»ùë3Ý Î3ñ3å»ï»3Ý, 2ßï3ñ3- ÏÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï 2ñÙ¿Ý 2ÝïáÝ»3Ý, §êáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÐÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ Ð3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕ Î»1ñáݦ ÐÎ-Ç Ý3Ë3·3Ñ È»Ý3 Ð3É3×»3Ý, oäÖÞÐ-Ç ×3ñï3ñ3å»ïáõû3Ý μ3Å3ÝÙáõÝùÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ îÇ·ñ3Ý  ́3ñ- ë»Õ»3Ý:
    àÕçáõÝ»Éáí Ý»ñÏ3Ý»ñÁ` Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý Áë3õ, áñ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ ÐÐ Ü3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ Û3ÝÓÝ3ñ3ñ3Ï3ÝÇ` 3ñ1¿Ý Ù»ÏÝ3ñÏ3Í »Ý μÝ3Ï3ñ3Ý3ßÇÝáõû3Ý §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ Íñ3·Ç- ñÇ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÙ3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ. 2013 Ã. ÚáõÝÇë 6-ÇÝ ÐÐ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÁÝ1áõÝ3Í ¿ §2ßï3- ñ3Ï ù3Õ3ùÇÝ Ù¿ç §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ Ã3Õ3Ù3ëÇ Ï3éáõóÙ3Ý 3ç3Ïó»Éáõ Ù3ëÇݦ áñáßáõÙÁ »õ 1ÇÙ3Í ¿ 2ß- ï3ñ3ÏÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇÝ, áñáõ ÑÇÙ3Ý íñ3Û 2ßï3ñ3ÏÇ 3õ3·3ÝÇÝ 2013 Ã. ÚáõÉÇë 23-ÇÝ áñáßáõÙ Ï3- Û3óáõó3Í ¿ 2ßï3ñ3ÏÇ Ù¿ç §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ 3ÝáõÝáí μÝ3Ï»ÉÇ Ã3Õ3Ù3ë ÑÇÙÝ»Éáõ »õ 1⁄23ÛÝ Ï3éáõó3å3- ï»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí §êáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÐÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ Ð3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕ Î»1ñáݦ ÐÎ-ÇÝ 4.8 Ñ3. ÑáÕ3- Ù3ë 3ÝÑ3ïáÛó ë»÷3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Çñ3õáõÝùáí ÝáõÇñ3μ»ñ»Éáõ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É:
    §êáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÐÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ Ð3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕ Î»1ñáݦ ÐÎ-Ç ÏáÕÙ¿ Ûëï3Ï»óáõ3Í μÝ3Ï3ñ3- Ý3ÛÇÝ å3Ñ3Ýç3ñÏÇ ÑÇÙ3Ý íñ3Û oäÖÞÐ-Ý »õ §Ö3ñï3ñ3å»ïÝ»ñáõ »õ ÞÇÝ3ñ3ñ-Ö3ñï3ñ3·¿ïÝ»- ñáõ Ð3Ù3Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÀÝÏ»ñ3ÏóáõÃÇõݦ ÐÎ-Ý Ñ3Ù3ï»Õ μ3ñ»·áñÍ3Ï3Ý ÑÇÙáõÝùÝ»ñáí Ï’Çñ3Ï3- Ý3óÝ»Ý §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ μÝ3Ï»ÉÇ Ã3Õ3Ù3ëÇ Ï3éáõó3å3ïÙ3Ý Ý3Ë3·Í3ÛÇÝ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ: ÎÁ Ý3- Ë3ï»ëáõÇ Ï3éáõó»É 5-10 »ñÏáõ Ùáõïù áõÝ»óáÕ ãáñë Û3ñÏ3ÝÇ μÝ3Ï»ÉÇ ß¿Ýù »õ ßáõñç 100 3é3ÝÓÝ3- ïáõÝ: §êáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÐÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ Ð3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕ Î»1ñáݦ ÐÎ-Ç ÏáÕÙ¿ Ñ3ßáõ3éáõ3Í ¿ ßáõñç 300 ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û ÁÝï3ÝÇù, áñáÝù ÏÁ ó3ÝÏ3Ý μÝ3Ï3ñ3Ý Ó»éù μ»ñ»É §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ μÝ3Ï»ÉÇ Ã3Õ3Ù3- ëÇÝ Ù¿ç, 3ÝáÝóÙ¿ Ù3ë ÙÁ Ñ3É¿å3μÝ3Ï »Ý »õ Ùßï3Ï3Ý μÝ3Ïáõû3Ý Ýå3ï3Ïáí åÇïÇ í»ñ313éÝ3Ý oñ»õ3Ý: Î31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÁ 1⁄2μ3ÕÇ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ Ï3ñÇùÝ»ñáõ ·Ý3Ñ3ïÙ3Ùμ »õ ÏÁ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñ- å¿ μÝ3Ï3ñ3ÝÝ»ñáõ μ3ßËáõÙÁ:
    Ü3Ë3ñ3ñÁ Ýß»ó, áñ Íñ3·ÇñÁ Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõ3Í ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»É å»ïáõû3Ý, Ñáí3Ý3õáñÝ»ñáõ,
    14
    μ3ñ»ñ3ñÝ»ñáõ 3ç3Ïóáõû3Ùμ: ¶áõÙ3ñÇÝ Ù¿Ï Ù3ëÁ åÇïÇ í×3ñ»Ý ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÁ: §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ μÝ3Ï»ÉÇ Ã3Õ3Ù3ëÇ Ï3éáõóÙ3Ý Ýå3ï3Ïáí 3é3çÇÝ ÝáõÇñ3ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ Áñ3Í ¿ §Îñ3Ýï ÐáÉïÇÝϦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý ë»÷3Ï3Ý3ï¿ñ Ðñ3Ý1 ì3ñ13Ý»3ÝÁ` ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ û·Ý»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí ÝáõÇñ3μ»- ñ»Éáí 100 Ñ31⁄23ñ 2ØÜ ïáÉ3ñ:  ́3ñ»ñ3ñÝ»ñ Î3ñ¿Ý »õ ê3Ùáõ¿É Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÝ»ñÁ »õë å3ïñ3ëï3- Ï3ÙáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ3Í »Ý 3ç3Ïó»Éáõ 3Ûë Íñ3·ÇñÇÝ: Ü3Ë3ñ3ñÁ Ýß»ó, áñ 36 Ñ3Û ÝÏ3ñÇãÝ»ñ »õë Ï’3- ç3ÏóÇÝ 3Ûë Íñ3·ÇñÇÝ »õ 3ÝáÝó 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñáõ óáõó3Ñ3Ý1¿ë-í3×3éù¿Ý ëï3óáõ3Í ·áõÙ3ñÝ»ñÁ åÇïÇ ÝáõÇñ3μ»ñ»Ý ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ 3ç3Ïóáõû3Ý ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇÝ: Ü3Ë3ñ3ñÁ Ïáã áõÕÕ»ó 3ñáõ»ëïÇ 3ÛÉ μÝ3·3õ3éÝ»ñáõ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñáõÝ »õë Çñ»Ýó μ3ñ»·áñÍ3Ï3Ý Ó»éÝ3ñÏÝ»ñáí 3ç3Ïó»Éáõ 3Ûë Íñ3·ÇñÇÝ:
    oäÖÞÐ-Ç ×3ñï3ñ3å»ïáõû3Ý μ3Å3ÝÙáõÝùÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ îÇ·ñ3Ý  ́3ñë»Õ»3Ý Áë3õ, áñ Ý3Ë3- ·Í3ÛÇÝ ù3ÛÉ»ñÁ Ï3ï3ñ»ÉáõÝ Û3ïáõÏ Ùûï»óáõÙ åÇïÇ óáõó3μ»ñ»Ý »õ Ý3Ë3·Í3ÛÇÝ 3é3ç31ñ3ÝùÇ Ûëï3Ï»óÙ3Ý å3ñ3·3ÛÇÝ, Ý3Ë3·ÇÍÁ í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý ï»ëù åÇïÇ ëï3Ý3Û:
    ø3Õ3ù3ßÇÝáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÇ ï»Õ3Ï3É 2É»ùë3Ý Î3ñ3å»ï»3Ý Ýß»ó, áñ ÏÁ Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõÇ 3- Ù»Ý3áñ3Ï»3É Ï3éáõóáõ3ÍùÝ»ñáí »õ μ3ñÓñ ë¿ÛëÙ3Ï3ÛáõÝáõû3Ùμ ß¿Ýù»ñ Ï3éáõó»É: Ú3é3çÇÏ3ÛÇÝ ÏÁ ëÏëÇÝ ßÇÝ3ñ3ñ3Ï3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ:
    §êáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÐÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ Ð3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕ Î»1ñáݦ ÐÎ-Ç Ý3Ë3·3Ñ È»Ý3 Ð3É3×»3Ý ßÝáñÑ3Ï3ÉáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó Ð3Ûñ»ÝÇùÇ »õ ê÷ÇõéùÇ Ù¿ç 3ç3ÏÇó μáÉáñ ·»ñ3ï»ëãáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ »õ Ï3- éáÛóÝ»ñáõÝ, Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõÝ 3ç3Ïó»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí μ3óáõ3Í 1ñ3Ù3ïÝ3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ßáõ»- Ñ3Ù3ñÁ »õ Ïáã Áñ3õ Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñÇÝ Çñ Ù3ëÁ áõÝ»Ý3Éáõ 3Ûë Íñ3·ÇñÇ Ï3Û3óÙ3Ý ·áñÍÇÝ Ù¿ç:
    ì»ñç3õáñáõû3Ýa 3ëáõÉÇëÇ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ å3ï3ëË3Ý»óÇÝ Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñáõ Ñ3ñó»ñáõÝ:
    ÐÐ êöÆôèøÆ Ü2Ê2ð2ð Ðð2ÜàÚÞ Ú2Îà ́o2Ü ÀÜ ̧àôÜoò Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆ Øúî 2ØÜ  ̧oêä2Ü ÖàÜ ÐoüoðÜÀ
    ÚáõÉÇë 25-ÇÝ ÐÐ ë÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý ÁÝ1áõÝ»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ùûï 2ØÜ 3ñï3- Ï3ñ· »õ ÉÇ31⁄2ûñ 1»ëå3Ý ÖáÝ Ð»ý»ñÝÁ: Ð3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û ¿ñ Ý3»õ §êáõñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÐÇÙÝ3ËÝ1Çñ- Ý»ñÁ Ð3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕ Î»1ñáݦ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3·3Ñ È»Ý3 Ð3É3×»3Ý:
    Ðñ3ÝáÛß Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý ÖáÝ Ð»ý»ñÝÇÝ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó êáõñÇáÛ Ù¿ç ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙÇ Ñ»- ï»õ3Ýùáí Ð3Û3ëï3Ý ï»Õ3÷áËáõ3Í Ñ3Û»ñáõ ÑÇÙÝ3ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñáõ ÉáõÍÙ3Ý áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ ÐÐ Çß3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ 1ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ áõ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõó3Í Íñ3·ÇñÝ»ñÁ: Ø3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÁ 3Ý1ñ313ñ- Ó3õ ÏñÃáõû3Ý, 3éáÕç3å3Ñáõû3Ý, ·áñÍ3ñ3ñáõû3Ý áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç ÐÐ Çñ3õ3Ï3Ý 13ßïÇÝ Ù¿ç Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõ3Í ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ` 3ßË3ï3Ýùáí »õ Ï3ó3ñ3ÝÝ»ñáí 3å3ÑáíÙ3Ý áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ Ï3ï3ñáõ3Í 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñáõÝ: Ü3Ë3ñ3ñÁ Ýß»ó, áñ 2ßï3ñ3ÏÇ Ù¿ç ÑáÕ3ï3ñ3Íù Û3ïÏ3óáõ3Í ¿ §Üáñ Ð3É¿å¦ 3ÝáõÝáí Ã3Õ3Ù3ë ÑÇÙÝ31ñ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ÐÐ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ »õ ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Û ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñÁ 3Ûë Í3õ3ÉáõÝ Íñ3·ÇñÇ Çñ3·áñÍÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ áõÝÇÝ ýÇÝ3Ýë3õáñÙ3Ý ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ: 2Ý ËÝ1ñ»ó, áñ 1»ëå3ÝÁ ËÝ1ñáÛ 3é3ñÏ3Ý Çñ31⁄2»Ï 13ñÓÝ¿ 2ØÜ-Ç Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý 3Ûë Íñ3·ÇñÇÝ ûÅ3Ý13ÏáõÃÇõÝ óáõó3μ»ñ»Éáõ, Ï3ñ»õáñ »õ Ï»Ýë3Ï3Ý ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñáõ ÉáõÍÙ3Ý ûÅ3Ý13Ï»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:
    2ðØ3⁄4Ü Ø2ðîÆðàêo2Ü.- §ØoÜø Ø2Ð2ò2Ì âoÜø, àð ìoð2ÎoÜ ̧2Ü2Üø¦
    §Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݦ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ÷Áë-Ý3Ë3·3Ñ 2ñÙ¿Ý Ø3ñïÇñáë»3ÝÁ ãÇ Ï3ñÍáõÙ, áñ Ïáõ- ë3Ïóáõû3Ý 3é3çÝáñ1 ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 13ßï í»ñ313éÝ3Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ Ëûë3Ï- óáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ï»ÕÇÝ »Ý: §Ø»Ýù Ù3Ñ3ó3Í ã»Ýù, áñ í»ñ3Ï»Ý13Ý3Ý3Ýù, Ù»Ýù 3Ù»Ý33ÏïÇõ áõÅ»ñÇó »Ýù »õ° ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý, »õ° ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý 13ßïáõÙ¦,- Tert.am-Ç Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ 3ë3ó Ý3:
    Àëï Ýñ3a 3Û1 Ëûë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ áõÕÕáñ1áõ3Í ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõÃÇõÝ »Ý. §2ÛÝå¿ë áñ 13 Ýáñ Çñ3íÇ×3Ï ã¿, áñ Ù»Ýù í»ñ3Ï»Ý13Ý3Ý3ù Ï3Ù 3ÏïÇíáõû3Ý Ýß3ÝÝ»ñ óáÛó ï3Ýù¦:
    ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 13ßïÇó, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇó Ñ»é3Ý3Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë 2ñÙ¿Ý Ø3ñïÇñáë»3ÝÁ Ýß»ó, ËûëõáõÙ ¿ñ 1»é 1992Ã.-ÇÝ:  ̧3 20 ï3ñáõ3Û í3Õ»ÙáõÃÇõÝ áõÝÇ, ÇÝãÇó »ÉÝ»Éáí ¿É §Ä3é3Ý·áõû3ݦ 3Ý13ÙÁ Ï3ñÍáõÙ ¿, áñ 3Û1 áõÕÕáñ1áõ3Í Ñ3Ï3ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ëá-
    15
    ñÁ Ù»ÏÝ3μ3Ýáõû3Ý Ï3ñÇù ãáõÝÇ: §ì»ñçÇÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3Ñ3ïáõ3ÍáõÙ ã·Çï»ë ÇÝãáõ ë»õ PR ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óõáõÙ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3-
    ÝÇ »õ §Ä3é3Ý·áõû3ݦ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ, Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ ·ÉáõËÁ Ïïñ»Éáía ·ÉË3ó3õÁ μáõÅõáõÙ ¿: ÆëÏ ËÝ1ÇñÁ áã ÿ Ïáõë3Ïó3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·Ý ¿, 3ÛÉa 3ÛÝ, áñ ï3ñμ»ñ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ï3ñμ»ñ ÏáÕÙ- ÝáñáßáõÙÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý, §Ä3é3Ý·áõû3ݦ Ï3Ù ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ å3ñ3·3ÛáõÙ »ë ã»Ù Ï3ñÍáõÙ, áñ 3Ûë å3Ûù3ñÁ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ3Ï31ñ»É ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý å3Ûù3ñÇ Ñ»ï: àõëïÇ áõÕÕáñ1áõ3Í Ñ3Ï3ëáõ- ÃÇõÝ ëï»ÕÍ»ÉÝ 3ñ13ñ3óÇ ã¿¦,- 3ë3ó Ý3a Û3õ»É»Éáí, ÿ å¿ïù ¿ ÝÏ3ïÇ áõÝ»Ý3É, áñ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3Ý- ÝÇë»3ÝÁ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ 3ÙÇë 3é3ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Û3ÕÃ3Í Ã»ÏÝ3ÍáõÝ ¿, áí Ëáßáñ ÁÝïñ3Ï»ÕÍÇùÝ»ñÇ å3ï×3éáí ã13ñÓ3õ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ:
    2ñÙ¿Ý Ø3ñïÇñáë»3ÝÇ Ëûëùáía 3ÝÏ3Ë Ýñ3ÝÇó, ÿ ÇÝãåÇëDZ ã3ñ3ËûëáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ Ïáõ- ë3Ïóáõû3Ý 3é3çÝáñ1Ç Ñ3ëó¿ÇÝ, Çñ»Ýù å3ñï3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý, áñ å¿ïù ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»Ý. §ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 21-ÇÝ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÝ Çñ Ùûï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ïþ3ëǦ:
    ÆÝã í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ÑÝãáÕ Ï3ñÍÇùÝ»ñÇÝ, ÿ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÁ å3ñå»ó ÅáÕáíñ1Ç ¿Ý»ñ- ·Ç3Ý, Ý3 Ýß»ó, áñ 3Û1 Ï3ñÍÇùÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñÇó ß3ï»ñÁ å¿ïù ¿ Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÇÝ §21⁄23ïáõû3ݦ Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ ÉÇÝ¿ÇÝ, å¿ïù ¿ áã ÿ Ñ3Ï3ñ3ýýÇ3Ï3Ý ù3ñá1⁄2ãáõÃÇõÝ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ¿ÇÝ, 3ÛÉ å¿ïù ¿ ÷áñÓ¿ÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ï»Õ Íñ3·ñ»ñáí Ñ3Ý1¿ë ·3É, ß3ï»ñÁ ÷áË3Ý3Ï ÇßË3Ýáõû3ÝÁ ùÝÝ313ï»Éáõ, 3- ÝÁÝ1Ñ3ïa ÝáÛÝÇëÏ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó 3é3ç ëÏë»óÇÝ §3å3ïÇ3ÛǦ ë»ñÙ»ñ ó3Ý»É:
    Ð2ê2ð2ÎàôÂÆôÜ 2è2Üò  ́èÜàôÂo2Ü ÐÎ.- §Ð2Ú2êî2ÜàôØ ä3⁄4îø 3⁄4 2è2ÜÒÆÜ úð3⁄4Üø ÀÜ ̧àôÜoÈ ÀÜî2ÜoÎ2Ü  ́èÜàôÂo2Ü Ø2êÆܦ
    îÇ·ñ3Ý Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 3ÙáõëÝáõû3Ý 13 ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ î3ûõ ÜÇÏáÕáë»3ÝÁ 3ÙáõëÝáõ ÏáÕÙÇó μ31⁄2ÙÇóë μéÝáõû3Ý ¿ »ÝÃ3ñÏáõ»É: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ÚáõÉÇëÇ 30-ÇÝ Ï3Û3ó3Í Ù3ÙáõÉÇ 3ëáõÉÇëÇ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ §Ð3- ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ 2é3Ýó  ́éÝáõû3ݦ ÐÎ 3ñ3· 3ñÓ3·3Ý·Ù3Ý ËÙμÇ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕ ÈÇ13 ØÇÝ3ë»3ÝÁ:
    §î3ûõÇÏÁ ù3ÝÇóë 3é3ÝÓÇÝ 3åñ»- Éáõ »õ μéÝáõÃÇõÝÝ 3ÛÉ»õë ãÑ3Ý1áõñÅ»Éáõ ÷áñÓ»ñ ¿ 3ñ»É, ë3Ï3ÛÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë μ31⁄2Ù3- ÃÇõ 1¿åù»ñáõÙ, 3ÙáõëÇÝÁ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2»É ¿ Ýñ3Ý å3Ñå3Ý»É ÁÝï3ÝÇùÁ: 2ñ1ÇõÝùáõÙa μéÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ïáõ»É ¿¦,- ÁÝ1·Í»É ¿
    ÈÇ13 ØÇÝ3ë»3ÝÁ: Üñ3 Ëûëùáía í»ñçÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù 3ÙáõëÇÝÁ Ýñ3Ý 13Ý3ÏÇ 25 Ñ3ñ- áõ3Í ¿ Ñ3ëóñ»É, ÇÝãÇ 3ñ1ÇõÝùáõÙ î3ûõÇ- ÏÇ ëÇñïÁ »ñÏáõ ï»ÕÇó íÝ3ëáõ»É ¿: ìÝ3ë-
    áõ»É »Ý Ý3»õ Ãáù»ñÝ áõ É»3ñ1Á: ÆÝãå¿ë Ñ3Õáñ1»É ¿ ÈÇ13 ØÇÝ3ë»3ÝÁ, 1⁄2áÛ·Ý áõÝÇ 2 »ñ»Ë3Ûa 10-3Ù- »3Û áñ1Ç »õ 7-3Ù»3Û 1áõëïñ: §ØÇç31¿åÇó Û»ïáÛ îÇ·ñ3Ý Ð3Ùμ3ñÓáõÙ»3ÝÁ Û3ÝÓÝáõ»É ¿ Çñ3õ3å3Ñ- Ý»ñÇÝ, Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÙë Ý3ËÝ3Ï3Ý Ñ»ï3ùÝÝáõÃÇõÝ ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óõáõÙ¦,- Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·áÕÁ:
    Ø3ÙáõÉÇ 3ëáõÉÇëÇ Ù¿Ï 3ÛÉ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇó, Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý Íñ3·ñ»ñÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ 2ÝÝ3 ÜÇÏáÕáë- »3ÝÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿, áñ §Ð3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ 2é3Ýó ê3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñǦ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏáÕÙ ¿, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç ÁÝ1áõÝáõÇ 3é3ÝÓÇÝ ûñ¿Ýù §ÀÝï3Ý»Ï3Ý μéÝáõû3Ý Ù3ëÇݦ, áñÝ 3õ»ÉÇ í3Õ Ù»ñ- Åáõ»É ¿ñ: úñ¿ÝùÁ å3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ ß3ñù Ï3ÝË3ñ·»ÉáÕ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ, Ù3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ëa μéÝáõû3Ý ÏÇ- ñ3éÙ3Ý 1¿åù»ñÇ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï áëïÇÏ3Ýáõû3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ å3ñï31Çñ ÙÇç3ÙïáõÃÇõÝÁ:
    Àëï §Ð3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ 2é3Ýó  ́éÝáõû3ݦ ÐÎ-Ç, í»ñçÇÝ ï3ñáõ3Û ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ·ñ3Ýóáõ»É ¿ ÁÝï3Ý»Ï3Ý μéÝáõû3Ý 20 1¿åù£
    Ð3Û Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝáõÙ Ï3Ý3Ûù ß3ï Û3×3Ë Ñ3Ý1áõñÅáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñáõÙ ïÇñáÕ
    §Ð3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ 2é3Ýó  ́éÝáõû3ݦ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõû3Ý 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÁa Ù3ÙÉáÛ 3ëáõÉÇëÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ
    16
    μéÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ï3ñμ»ñ ·áñÍûÝÝ»ñÇ å3ï×3éáía 3Ýã3÷3Ñ3ë »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñ, ýÇÝ3Ýë3Ï3Ý 3ÝÏ3Ëáõû3Ý μ3ó3Ï3ÛáõÃÇõÝ, í3Ë Ñ3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ Ï3ñÍÇùÇó: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ÚáõÉÇëÇ 30-ÇÝ Ï3Û3ó3Í Ù3ÙáõÉÇ 3ëáõÉÇëÇ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ §Ð3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ 2é3Ýó μéÝáõû3ݦ ÐÎ-Ç ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ »õ ïÝûñ¿Ý 2ÝÝ3 2- ñáõ×»3ÝÁ:
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    ÆÝãå¿ë 2ñáõ×»3ÝÝ ¿ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É, 3ñ3· 3ñÓ3·3Ý·Ù3Ý ËáõÙμÁ, áñÁ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõ- û3Ý ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñáõÙ, í»ñçÇÝ ï3ñáõ3Û ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ å3ñ1⁄2»É ¿, áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñ»É »õ 3ñÓ3·3Ý·»É ·»Ý1»- ñ3ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙùáí ÁÝï3Ý»Ï3Ý μéÝáõû3Ý 20 1¿åù»ñÇ: §14 1¿åù»ñáõÙ ·ñ3Ýóáõ»É ¿ ýÇ1⁄2ÇÏ3Ï3Ý μéÝáõ- ÃÇõÝ, áñáÝóÇó 7-Á Ù3Ñ3óáõ 3õ3ñï »Ý áõÝ»ó»É: ÜÏ3ï»ÉÇ ¿ 1ñ3Ï3Ý ÙÇïáõÙ, áñ μéÝáõû3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ ëÏë»É »Ý Ëûë»É, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 13 μÝ3õ ãÇ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ, áñ μéÝáõû3Ý 1¿åù»ñÇ ÃÇõÝ 3×áõÙ ¿¦,- »1⁄2ñ3÷3Ï»É ¿ 2ñáõ×»3ÝÁ:
    Ðð2Ü ̧  ́2¶ð2îo2ÜÀa 2êàê2òØ2Ü Ð2Ø2Ò2ÚÜ2¶ðÆ Ø2êÆÜ.- §ÜØ2Ü 2ðØ2î2Î2Ü Ð2ðòoðÀ  ̧ð3⁄4ø Ð2Üð2øàô3⁄4Æ oô ØÆ° àðàÞ3⁄4ø Ø3⁄4ÎÆ Î2ðÌÆøàì¦
    ÚáõÉÇëÇ 24-ÇÝ, oõñáå3Ï3Ý ØÇáõÃÇõÝÝ áõ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ Û3çáÕáõ- û3Ùμ 3õ3ñï»óÇÝ μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ña ÊáñÁ »õ Ð3Ù3å3ñ÷3Ï 21⁄23ï 2é»õïñÇ ¶ûïáõ ëï»ÕÍÙ3Ý ßáõñç, áñÝ 2ëáó3óÙ3Ý Ð3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñÇ 3Ýμ3Å3Ý Ù3ëÝ ¿ Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ: ÆÝãDZ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ Û3Ý·»óÝ»É Ð3Û3ëï3Ý-oØ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ëáñ3óáõÙÁ, »õ, Ç í»ñçáÛ, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÁÝïñÇ oõñáå3Ï3±Ý ØÇáõÃÇõÝÁ, ÿ± 1»é»õë Ýáñ Ó»õ3õáñáõáÕ oõñ3ëÇ3- Ï3Ý ØÇáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2Ûë »õ ËÝ1ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï3åáõ3Í 3ÛÉ Ñ3ñó»ñÇ ßáõñç Tert.am-Á 1⁄2ñáõó»ó §Ð3Û 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÎáÝ·ñ¿ë¦ ËÙμ3Ïóáõû3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñ, ÐÐ Ý3ËÏÇÝ í3ñã3å»ï Ðñ3Ý1  ́3·ñ3ï»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï:
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    - ÆÝãå¿±ë ¿ù í»ñ3μ»ñõáõÙ Ñ3ñóÇÝ, áñ 2ëáó3óÙ3Ý Ð3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·ñÇ ÷3ëï3ÃáõÕÃÁ ãÇ Ññ3å3- ñ3ÏõáõÙ »õ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÁ, Ï3ñÍ»ë, 3ÙμáÕçáíÇÝ å3ïÏ»ñ3óáõÙ ãáõÝÇ, ÿ 3ÛÝ Çñ»ÝÇó DZÝã ¿ Ý»ñÏ3Û3ó- ÝáõÙ:
    - oë 1ñ3Ý 1¿Ù »Ù: oë Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»É »Ù oõñ3Ý»ëïÇ ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ÁÝÃ3óáÕ μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, áñáß μ3Ý»ñ ÇÝÓ Û3ÛïÝÇ »Ý, »ë 1ñ3Ý 1¿Ù »Ù, »õ Ï3ñÍáõÙ »Ù, áñ ÝÙ3Ý ÷3ëï3ÃÕûñÁ å¿ïù ¿ 1ñáõ»Ý Ñ3Ýñ3ùáõ¿Ç:
    - oõñáå3Ï3Ý ØÇáõÃÇõ±Ý, ÿ± Ýáñ Ó»õ3õáñáõáÕ oõñ3ëÇ3Ï3Ý ØÇáõÃÇõÝ: à±ñ Ï3éáÛóÇÝ å¿ïù ¿ ÙÇ3- Ý3Û Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ:
    - Ü3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ »ë Ñ3Ý1¿ë »Ï3Û, ÇÝÓ ÃõáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ3Ï, áã ÙÇ3ÛÝ ïÝï»ë3Ï3Ý, 3ÛÉ Ý3»õ ÙÇ3Ï 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý ÏáÝó»åïáí: ÎáÝó»åïÇ ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ ë3 ¿ñ. ÝÙ3Ý 3ñÙ3- ï3Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñÁ 1ñ¿ù Ñ3Ýñ3ùáõ¿Ç »õ ÙÇ° áñáß¿ù Ù¿ÏÇ Ï3ñÍÇùáí: Î3ñáÕ »Ù ÇÙ 3ÝÓÝ3Ï3Ý Ï3ñÍÇùÝ 3ë»É: 2Ûë å3ÑÇ 1ñáõû3Ùμ »ë 13õ3×3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ÏÁ Ñ3Ù3ñ¿Ç 3ÛÝ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, á- ñáÝù 3ëáõÙ »Ýa Ë1⁄2»Ýù èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï3Ù 1áõñë ·3Ýù Ð2äÎ-Çó:
    Ø»Ýù å¿ïù ¿ ÛÇß»Ýùa 1918Ã-ÇÝ Ç±Ýã »Õ3õ: Æ í»ñçáÛ, È»ÝÇÝÁ 1⁄2¿Ýù ïáõ»ó 2Ã3ÃáõñùÇÝ, 2Ã3ÃáõñùÁ ·ñ3õ»ó ·ñ»Ã¿ 3ÙμáÕç Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ: Î3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ í»ñ3å3ÑáõÙÝ»ñ 3Ý»É Ð2äÎ-Ç Ï3Ù èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï ÏÝùáõ3Í é31⁄2Ù3ëïñ3ï»·Ç3Ï3Ý ÝáñÙÇÝ, μ3Ûó ÙÇ3ÏáÕÙ3ÝÇ 13 Ë3Ëï»É, Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿ ÃßÝ3ÙáõÃÇõÝ 3é3ç3óÝ»É: ØÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó, ë3Ï3ÛÝ, »ë ÝáñÙ3É å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñ ã»Ù ï»ëÝáõÙ oõñ3ëÇ3Ï3Ý ØÇáõû3Ý Ù3-
    17
    ëáí: 2Û1 ÙÇáõÃÇõÝÁ ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ ãáõÝÇ: Ø»Ýù ã·Çï»Ýùa 13 É3±õ ¿, ÿ± í3ï: Ø»Ýù 3Ûë å3ÑÇ 1ñáõû3Ùμ Ù»Í-Ù»Í ãå¿ïù ¿ Ëûë»Ýùa oõñáå3Ï3Ý ØÇáõÃDZõÝ, ÿ± oõñ3ëÇ3Ï3Ý ØÇáõÃÇõÝ:
    Ø»Ýù 31⁄23ï áõ ëáõí»ñ»Ý å»ïáõÃÇõÝ »Ýù »õ oõñáå3ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Çñ3õáõÝù áõÝ»Ýù ÏÝù»Éáõ 21⁄23ï 2é»õïñÇ ¶ûïáõ ëï»ÕÍÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ3·Çñ, áñÝ 3é3ÛÅÙ ãÇ Ë3Ý·3ñáõÙ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Û3- ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ:
    - 2Ûë å3ÑÇ 1ñáõû3Ùμ  ̧áõù Ñ3Ïáõ3Í ¿ù §»õ-»õ¦ ï3ñμ»ñ3ÏDZÝ:
    - §oõ-»õ¦ ï3ñμ»ñ3Ï ãÇ ÉÇÝÇ, ÙÇ ûñ 13 ÏÁ Ëáñ3Ý3Û »õ Çñ3ñ ÏÁ Ñ3Ï3ë»Ý, ë3 Ù»Ýù ÝáÛÝå¿ë å¿ïù ¿ Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3Ýù: 2Ûë å3ÑÇ 1ñáõû3Ùμ 1»é §»õ-»õ¦ áõ §Ï3Ù-Ï3Ù¦ ï3ñμ»ñ3ÏÝ»ñÇÝ ã»Ýù Ñ3ë»É: Ú3Ù»- Ý3ÛÝ1¿åë, 3ÛÝ ÝáñÙ»ñÁ, áñáÝù »ë Ï3ñ13ó»É »Ù Ø3ÛÇëÇ í»ñçÇÝ  ́ñÇõë»ÉáõÙ, 3é3ÛÅÙ ã¿ñ Ë3Ý·3ñáõÙ áã ÙÇ μ3ÝÇ:
    - ä3ñáÝ  ́3·ñ3ï»3Ý, Ð3Û3ëï3Ý-oØ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ëáñ3óÙ3Ý å3ñ3·3ÛáõÙ, èáõë3ë- ï3ÝÝ Çñ §Ù3Ñ3ÏÝ»ñÁ¦ ·áñÍÇ ãDZ 1ÝÇ:
    - â¿, ã»Ù Ï3ñÍáõÙ: èáõë3ëï3ÝÝ ¿É ¿ ÷áËõáõÙ, Ý3 ¿É ¿ áõß Ã¿ ßáõï ÇÝï»·ñáõ»Éáõ oõñáå3ÛÇ Ñ»ï: 2Û1å¿ë Ù»Ýù ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ùï3ÍáõÙ »Ýù Ù»ñ Ý»Õ ï»ë3ÝÏÇõÝÇó: ÊÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇÝ å¿ïù ¿ É3ÛÝ Ý3Û»É: ÊÝ1ÇñÝ»- ñÇÝ ã»Ý Ý3ÛáõÙ 3ÛÝ ï»ë3ÝÏÇõÝÇó, ÿ éáõë 3Ûë Ï3Ù 3ÛÝ ãÇÝáíÝÇÏÁ Ï3Ù åáÉÇïï»ËÝáÉá·Á ÇÝã Ïþ3ëÇ, ËÝ1ÇñÁ Ý3ÛáõÙ »Ý, ÿ ÇÝãå¿±ë »Ý ¿íáÉÇáõóÇ3Ý áõ åñáó¿ëÝ»ñÁ ÁÝÃ3ÝáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý-oØ »õ èáõë3ë- ï3Ý-oØ Ù3ëáí:
    - ƱÝã ¿ù Ï3ñÍáõÙ, èáõë3ëï3ÝÁ Û3×3Ë ÝáÛÝ ãÇÝáíÝÇÏÝ»ñÇ áõ ù3Õ3ù3·¿ïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçáóáí 㿱, áñ Çñ Ï3ñÍÇùÁ Ñ3ëóÝáõÙ ¿ Ñ3Û Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3ÝÁ:
    - à°ã: ø3Õ3ù3·¿ïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçáóáí èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ ãÇÝáíÝÇÏÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ ó3ÝÏ3Ý3ÛÇÝ 3ë»É, áñ Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝÝ 3ÏïÇõáõÃÇõÝ ãóáõó3μ»ñ»ñ, μ3Ûó Ù»Ýù ëïñáõÏ ã»Ýù: oë ã»Ù ¿É Ï3ñÍáõÙ, Ûáõëáí »Ù 3Û1å¿ë ¿É ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 3Û1ù3Ý åñÇÙÇïÇõ ã»Ý ÉÇÝÇ, áñ ÑÇÙ3 1Ý»Ý áõ ÷ã3óÝ»Ý èáõ- ë3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ: ÆëÏ ÇÝã í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ Ýñ3Ý, áñ ÇÝã-áñ ù3Õï»ËÝáÉá· ÇÝã-áñ μ3Ý ¿ ËûëáõÙ, Ù»Ýù ¿É áõÝ»Ýù 3Û1åÇëÇ ù3Õï»ËÝáÉá·Ý»ñ, áñáÝù Ï3ñáÕ »Ý 3õ»É-å3Ï3ë μ3Ý»ñ Ëûë»É:
    §êöÆôèø¦ 2Ø2èÜ2ÚÆÜ  ̧äðàòÆÜ 2Úê î2ðÆ Ø2êÜ2ÎòoÈ 3⁄4 220 êöÆôèø2Ð2Ú
    2Ûë ï3ñÇ §ê÷Çõéù¦ 3Ù3é3ÛÇÝ 1åñáóÇÝ Ù3ë- Ý3Ïó»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ 1ÇÙ»É ¿ 500 ë÷Çõéù3Ñ3Û, áñáÝóÇó ÁÝïñáõ»É »Ý 220-Á: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3ÝÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó ê÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Íñ3·ñ»ñÇ í3ñãáõû3Ý å»ï 2ïáÙ ØËÇÃ3ñ»3ÝÁ: Ü3 Ýß»ó, áñ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ3- Ï3ÝáõÙ áõëáõó3Ýáõ»É ¿ Ñ3Ûáó É»1⁄2áõ, μ3Ûó »Õ»É »Ý Ý3»õ Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ ËÙμ3Ï, »ñÇï3ë3ñ1 3é3çÝáñ1- Ý»ñÇ ËÙμ3Ï, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õa 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ »ñ· áõ å3ñÇ: Ìñ3·ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ í»ñ3å3ïñ3ëïáõ»É »Ý Ñ3Ûáó É»1⁄2áõ áõëáõó3ÝáÕ ÙÇ ß3ñù ë÷Çõéù3Ñ3Û áõëáõóÇã- Ý»ñ:
    §ê÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ 3å3Ñáí»É μáÉáñ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ Í3Ëë»ñÁ, ÇëÏ ×3Ý3å3ñÑ3- Í3ËëÁ Ñá·3ó»É »Ý Ñ3Ù3ÛÝù3ÛÇÝ Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3ÏóáõÙ »Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ñ»ï: Æ ï3ñμ»ñáõÃÇõÝ Ý3Ëáñ1 ï3ñáõ3Ûa 3Ûë ï3ñÇ μáÉáñ 3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ 3åñáõÙ ÇÝ ÙÇ3ëÇÝa Ì3ÕÏ3ÓáñáõÙ, ÇÝãÁ 1ñ3Ï3Ý ¿ 31⁄21áõÙ Ýñ3Ýóa ÙÇÙ»3Ýó Ñ»ï ß÷áõ»Éáõ ÇÙ3ëïáí¦,- 3ë3ó Ý3 »õ Ýß»ó, áñ Íñ3·ÇñÁ Ù»ÏÝ3ñÏ»É ¿ ÚáõÉÇëÇ 8-ÇÝ, »õ ÷3ÏáõÙÁ ï»ÕÇ ÏÿáõÝ»Ý3Û ú·áëïáëÇ 2-ÇÝ:
    2ïáÙ ØËÇÃ3ñ»3ÝÁ Ýß»ó, áñ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù3ëÁ 2äÐ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó »Ýa èáõë3ëï3ÝÇó, àõÏ- ñ3ÇÝ3ÛÇó »õ ÙÇ ß3ñù 3ÛÉ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó:
    §àñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Ù»ñ ë÷Çõéù3Ñ3Û»ñÇÝ Ñ3Õáñ13ÏÇó 13ñÓÝ»Ýù Ñ3Û ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý-Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï»3ÝùÇÝ, å3ñμ»ñ3μ3ñ Ù»1⁄2 »Ý ÑÇõñÁÝÏ3ÉõáõÙ ï3ñμ»ñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñ, Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñ »õ 3ÛÉÝ: Ø»1⁄2 ÑÇõñ ¿ñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ß3ËÙ3ïÇ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3õ3ù3Ï3ÝÁ: ÐÇõñÁÝÏ3É»Éáõ »Ýù 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñ- Í»ñÇ ÷áË-Ý3Ë3ñ3ñÇÝ: Î31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÙ »Ýù Ý3»õ ¿ùëÏáõñëÇ3Ý»ñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ï3ñμ»ñ å3ïÙ3- Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ í3Ûñ»ñáõÙ, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç Ýñ3Ýù Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3Ý ï»ëÝ»É Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇùÁ, ù3ÝÇ áñ ß3ï»ñÁ 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù »Ý Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇùáõÙ¦,- 3ë3ó Ý3:
    18
    ¶ðàÔÜoðàô ØÆàôÂo2Ü Ü2Ê2¶2Ð ìoðÀÜîðàô2Ì 3⁄4 ÈoôàÜ 2Ü2Üo2Ü
    Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ¶ñáÕÝ»ñáõ ØÇáõû3Ý ÚáõÉÇë 27-ÇÝ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í 16-ñ1 3ñï3Ï3ñ· Ñ3Ù3·áõÙ3- ñÇÝ, Ý3Ë3·3Ñ í»ñÁÝïñáõ3Í ¿ È»õáÝ 2Ý3Ý»3Ý: ÚÇß»óÝ»Ýù, áñ 3Ý 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù 2001-ÇÝ ÁÝï- ñáõ3Í ¿ 3Û1 å3ßïûÝÇÝ, Û»ïáÛ Û3çáñ13μ3ña 2005-ÇÝ »õ 2009-ÇÝ:
    Ð3Ù3·áõÙ3ñÁ Ý3»õ ÁÝ1áõÝ3Í ¿ ÙÇáõû3Ý Ñ3ßáõ»ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ »õ Ñ3ëï3ï3Í ¿ Ýáñ Ï3ÝáÝ3·ñáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ:
    âÆÜ2êî2ÜÆ Ø3⁄4æ äÆîÆ  ́2òàôÆ Ð2Úàò Èo1⁄4àôÆ oô Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü ØÞ2ÎàÚÂÆ Îo ̧ðàÜ
    Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÏñÃáõû3Ý »õ ·Çïáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ 2ñÙ¿Ý 2ßáï»3Ý Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ áõÝ»ó3Í ¿ âÇÝ3ë- ï3ÝÇ ÏñÃáõû3Ý »õ ·Çïáõû3Ý ÷áË-Ý3Ë3ñ3ñ Ð3û öÇÝÏÇ Ñ»ï, áñ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿, ÿ Û3é3çÇÏ3ÛÇÝ âÇ- Ý3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3Éë3ñ3ÝÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏáõÝ Ù¿ç åÇïÇ μ3óáõÇ Ñ3Ûáó É»1⁄2áõÇ »õ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ùß3ÏáÛÃÇ Ï»1ñáÝ:
    öÇÝÏ Ï3ñ»õáñ Ñ3Ù3ñ3Í ¿ ÏñÃáõû3Ý »õ ·Çïáõû3Ý áÉáñïÇÝ Ù¿ç »ñÏÏáÕÙ3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3·áñÍ3Ïóáõ- û3Ý Ëáñ3óáõÙÁ »õ ÁÝ1É3ÛÝáõÙÁ, Ù3ëÝ3·¿ïÝ»ñáõ, áõë3ÝáÕÝ»ñáõ, 13ë3ËûëÝ»ñáõ »õ ·ÇïÝ3Ï3ÝÝ»- ñáõ ÙÇç»õ ÷áË3Ý3ÏáõÙÁ:
    2ßáï»3Ý Ýß3Í ¿, áñ í»ñçÇÝ ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç Ù»Í Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõÃÇõÝ Û3é3ç3ó3Í ¿ ãÇÝ3ñ¿Ý É»1⁄2áõÇ ÝÏ3ïÙ3Ùμ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ 3ÝÝ3Ë31¿å Ï»ñåáí 3×3Í ¿ ãÇÝ3Ï3Ý 3é3ç3ï3ñ μ3ñÓ- ñ3·áÛÝ áõëáõÙÝ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ëï3ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ù¿ç áõë3ÝÇÉ áõ1⁄2áÕÝ»ñáõ ÃÇõÁ, áñáõÝ í3é 3å3óáÛóÝ »Ý âÇÝ3ëï3ÝÇ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý ÏáÕÙ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇÝ ïñ3Ù31ñáõáÕ ÏñÃ3Ãáß3Ï3ÛÇÝ Íñ3·ÇñÝ»ñáõ ÙñóáÛÃÝ»ñÁ:
    Ü3Ë3ñ3ñÁ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿ Ý3»õ, áñ Û3é3çÇÏ3Û ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ù¿ç åÇïÇ μ3óáõÇ ãÇÝ3- ñ¿ÝÇ Ëáñ3óáõ3Í áõëáõóÙ3Ùμ ·ÉË3õáñ 1åñáó:
    ÐÜ ̧Î2êî2ÜÆ Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü 4000 ÚàôÞ2ðÒ2ÜÜoðÀ oô Ð2Úoð3⁄4Ü ÊúêàÔ ØÆ2Î ÐÜ ̧Î2Ð2ÚÀ
    Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ×3ñï3ñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáÕ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ 6 Ñá·Ç¿ μ3ÕÏ3ó3Í ËáõÙμ ÙÁ áõ- ëáõÙÝ3ëÇñ»ó ÐÝ1Ï3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñÁ: Ü3Ë3å¿ë 3É Ð3Û3ëï3Ý¿Ý ËáõÙμ»ñ ·3ó3Í ¿ÇÝ ÐÝ1Ï3ëï3Ý, ë3Ï3ÛÝ ÝÙ3Ý áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáõÃÇõÝ 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù Ï3ï3ñáõ»ó3õ: ÊáõÙμÁ ã3÷3·ñ»ó ÃÇõáí 10 μáÉáñ Ï3Ý·áõÝ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñÁ, ï»ë3õ áõ Ñ3ßáõ3é»ó Ùûï 4,000 Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñ: §2Û1 4,000 Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñÁ 3ÝÙ3Ñ3óáõóÇÝù 5,200 Éáõë3ÝÏ3ñÝ»ñáí: 90%-áí »õ ûñ»õë 3õ»ÉÇ Û3çáÕ»ó3Ýù ÐÝ1Ï3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñÁ ï»ëݻɦ, Ù3ÙÉáÛ 3ëáõÉÇëÇÝ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ×3ñï3ñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝÁ áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáÕ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê3Ùáõ¿É Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ:
    ÎÁ Ý3Ë3ï»ëáõÇ, áñ Ù¿Ï ï3ñáõ3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÁ Ý3Ë å3ïñ3ëï¿ ýÇÉÙ ÙÁ, 3å3 Ññ3ï3ñ3Ï¿ Í3õ3ÉáõÝ Ñ3ïáñ` ÐÝ1Ï3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ûáõß3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É:
    2õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý 20 ÙÇÉÇáÝ μÝ3ÏãáõÃÇõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ ù3Õ3ùÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç 1Åáõ3ñ ¿ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ûáõß3ñÓ3Ý ß÷áÿÇÝ §army¦ (μ3Ý3Ï) μ3éÇÝ Ñ»ï£
    ÊáõÙμÁ 3Ûó»É»ó ÐÝ1Ï3ëï3ÝÇ μáÉáñ 3ÛÝ í3Ûñ»ñÁ, áõñ »Õ3Í »Ý Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ·3ÕáõÃÝ»ñ. Ù3Û- ñ3ù3Õ3ù î»ÉÑÇ, Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ù3Ûñ3ù3Õ3ù 2Ïñ3, 3õ»ÉÇ Ñ3ñ3õ` Îáõ3É¿ûñ, 3ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ ì3ñ3Ý3ëÇ
    Î3ÉÏ3Ã3ÛÇ ê. Ü31⁄23ñ¿Ã »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ
    19
    (Ý3ËÏÇÝ ä»Ý3ñ¿ë) »õ Î3ÉÏ3Ã3: Î3ÉÏ3Ã3 ù3Õ3ùÁ áõÝÇ 3 Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñ` êμ. ¶ñÇ·áñ Èáõë3õáñÇã, êμ. 2ëïáõ3Í3ÍÇÝ »õ Ù3Ûñ »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ` êμ. Ü31⁄23ñ¿ÃÁ: Ð3Û3ß3ï Î3ÉÏ3Ã3ÛÇ Ù¿ç ÏÁ ·áñÍ¿ Ð3Ûáó Ø3ñ13ëÇñ3Ï3Ý Ö»Ù3ñ3ÝÁ, áñ áõÝÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ã»ùáõÙ: Ö»Ù3ñ3Ý ÏÁ Û3×3Ë»Ý 90 Ñ3Û 3ß3Ï»ñïÝ»ñ, áñáÝù »Ï3Í »Ý Æñ3Ý¿Ý, Æñ3ù¿Ý »õ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý¿Ý:
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    COVER PAGE Konstantin Aghaparonovich Orbelian was born on July 29, 1928 in the town of Armavir.
    A talented composer of classical music (symphony, ballet, chamber ensemble), jazz, and popular songs, Konstantin Orbelian is one of the brightest phenomena of Soviet and post-Soviet musical culture. He is the recipient of significant awards in the former Soviet Union, the Armenian Republic, and the international musical community. He has received the highest accolades from the three Soviet presidents: the award “For Services to Labor” from Khrushchev; the title “People’s Artist of the USSR” from Brezhnev, and, finally, the “Friendship of Peoples” prize from Gorbachev in 1989.
    Konstantin Orbelian has been acknowledged as a pianist and improviser since he was in his teens. At age fifteen, he was invited to perform with the Armenian State Pop Orchestra; and subsequently became its conductor. Under his able direction for thirty-six years, the Orchestra rose to become one of the most accomplished of its kind. As a result, it came to represent Soviet jazz in more than thirty countries in Eastern and Western Europe, the Near East, Africa, and Southeast Asia. One of the Orchestra’s highlights was its American tour in 1975, which included twenty-five concerts in major cities from coast to coast.
    Graduating in composition and piano from Edward Mirzoyan’s class of composition at Yerevan’s Komitas Conservatory in 1963, Orbelian achieved early recognition for his String Quartet, winning the coveted First Prize at the International Competition in Moscow, where the chairman of the Competition’s panel of judges was the composer Dmitri Shostakovich. As a result, Orbelian’s rising talent and success were noted with great appreciation by the doyen of Armenian music of the time, Aram Khachaturian. Next followed the premiere of Orbelian’s First Symphony in Moscow’s famous Tchaikovsky Hall by the USSR State Symphony Orchestra. For this Symphony, Orbelian was awarded the title “Laureate of the All-Union Competition.” His subsequent Celebration Overture achieved the same acclaim. His ballet symphony
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    “Immortality” was composed in 1975 and performed by the Yerevan Opera and Ballet Theater. This work, too, won First Prize in an All-Union Competition devoted to music for the stage.
    One of Orbelian’s more recent compositions in the classical idiom, an orchestral miniature with solo piano, was written in memory of George Gershwin, and was first performed by the Moscow Chamber Orchestra under the direction of Orbelian’s nephew, Constantine Orbelian.
    Ever versatile in the scope of his repertoire, Konstantin Orbelian has written musical scores for a number of films, including Krkesi Chanaparhin [On the Way to the Circus] and Sirte Yergum e [The Heart Sings]; music for the theater; pop songs; jazz; and scores for stage musicals. Several of these compositions have won prestigious prizes. The subject of two documentary films in Russian, Orbelian is currently vice- president of the International Association of the Union of Musicians in Moscow.
    YEREVAN MAYOR SUSPENDS TRANSPORT FARE HIKES YOUTH ACTIVISTS CALL FOR RESIGNATION OF SENIOR TRANSPORT OFFICIALS
    YEREVAN -- After six days of protests over the rise in public transport fares in Yerevan Mayor Taron Margarian has suspended his decision to raise the fares until mechanisms are developed to ensure that it does not hit the poor.
    The Yerevan Municipality released a statement, which reads: “It is obvious that we cannot lay the burden of fare rise on socially vulnerable sections of the population. Complete formation of the system will take about a year, but this burden has been placed on pensioners, students and other socially vulnerable sections. I have ordered a commission to be formed of professionals and interested people to work out mechanisms that would allow us to review the fare rates..."
    Hundreds of mostly young activists were continuing social protests against the rise in public transport fares in Yerevan. They had urged commuters to continue to pay 50 and 100 drams per ride. Leaders of the movement pledged to carry on with their campaign backed by opposition parties and a growing number of Armenian celebrities that have not been involved in civic activism until now.
    Many of the celebrities have taken to the streets offering ordinary Armenians rides in their cars. The tactic, billed Free Car, is meant to dissuade people from using public transportation and keep the pressure up on the authorities.
    Meanwhile, dozens of youth activists held a non-stop sit-in just outside the Mayor’s Office for a sixth consecutive day, demanding the resignation of two senior transport officials. They say the municipal administration must also compensate those Yerevan commuters who paid higher bus fares for almost a week.
    Speaking to Tert.am, one of the activists, Vahagn Minasian, said no employees of the municipality paid attention to them early in the morning except Anahit Bakhshian of the opposition Barev Yerevan (Hello Yerevan) bloc.
    “We issued a statement today, expressing our demands in detail,” he said. The protesters are calling for the resignation of the Transport Department head, Henrik Navasardian, and the director of the Yerevantrans company, Vahagn Minasian.
    Markarian on Tuesday ruled out through a spokesman the dismissal of two senior municipal officials. “Any sacking of a local official must be substantiated,” Armen Gevorgian, the Yerevan municipality spokesman, told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am). “Just because some people have come up with some demands doesn’t mean that they must be fired.”
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    COMMENTARY: CAN A BUS BOYCOTT LEAD TO SHIFT
    IN THE POLITICAL DYNAMIC IN ARMENIA? By Marianna Grigoryan
    It was a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, back in 1955 that catalyzed the civil rights movement in the United States. These days in Armenia, some observers believe a recent bus boycott in Yerevan may reinvigorate the country’s democratization process.
    The Yerevan public transport boycott started July 20, after the city government decided to raise transportation fares in Armenia’s capital city by at least 50 percent – a move that many saw as benefiting private companies with perceived ties to pro-government politicians. Hundreds of protesters, mostly young people, took to the streets to express their anger, boycotting public transportation and standing at bus stops with posters that demanded the city government reinstate the former 100-dram (about 25 cents) fare. To support the campaign, some celebrities also started a carpooling campaign that offered free rides to people all over the city.
    The strategy worked. After five days, Yerevan Mayor Taron Margarian, a leader of the governing Republican Party of Armenia (RPA), reversed the price hike, while hinting that an increase was still possible in the future.
    “No doubt, this is a victory,” stressed Stepan Safarian, a senior member of the opposition Heritage Party. “Society made authorities understand that [people] will no longer . . . put up with robbery and the violation of its rights.”
    Sociologist Isabella Sarksian, a former prominent civil-rights activist, added that the boycott may motivate young Armenians to get more civically active. “Civil society is developing thanks to constant large and small initiatives, through the media, Internet penetration, and so on,” Sarksian said. “The most important thing is that young people have realized their power.”
    Boycotters celebrated their victory by drinking champagne and waving Armenian flags in the streets. Yet, given the country’s recent history of mass protests leading nowhere, the question remains about whether the boycott has permanently altered the political dynamic in Yerevan.
    Past protests generated large crowds complaining about everything from oligarchs’ alleged immunity from prosecution for wrongdoing to alleged rigging of national elections. But such mass actions didn’t push political leaders to make lasting policy changes. The most recent example of this phenomenon was Raffi Hovhannisian’s short-lived “Barevolution” over the 2013 presidential election results.
    Independent political analyst Yervand Bozoian believes the bus boycott could be different. “Authorities were simply terrified by this situation, and we can name this a triumph,” Bozoian said. “The movement put forward a very specific problem and solved it, which means this can be continued in the future.”
    Although pushed off balance by the boycott, RPA leaders continue to exude confidence in their authority. Some party leaders stressed that they still control the country’s political agenda. “If the government wants, it can stop the movement in a night,” declared the Republican Party’s fiery deputy chairperson, Galust Sahakian, at a July 25 news conference. The government, however, “has no such wish,” he added.
    “I do not want these protest actions to fade away,” Sahakian continued, calling them, in a rare show of RPA support for demonstrations, “very positive.” He urged the public, though, “to show restraint and not act as heroes.”
    Some observers expect the government to study the lessons of the boycott and try to take action to prevent similar popular protests in the future. But Tsovinar Nazarian, an activist with The Army in Reality, a group that promotes awareness of alleged abuses in the Armenian army, contends this boycott movement is more resistant to government pressure than previous mass protests.
    Nazarian suggested that the boycott had enjoyed more initial success than earlier anti-government outburst, but stopped short of labeling it a “victory.” The boycott’s most significant aspect is it showed that Armenian young people could come up with creative ways to address problems, she said. “Authorities, indeed, are trying and will try to govern the movement through their people and methods, but they will hardly succeed in this,” Nazarian asserted. “Neither will they manage to stop this wave of young people when they face new issues and problems.”
    Not all analysts subscribed to the idea that the boycott marks a civil-society turning point. One of the skeptics, independent political analyst Armen Badalian, contended that the boycott was not so much a spontaneous expression of public frustration, but more of an orchestrated initiative designed to erode Mayor Margarian’s political standing. Magarian has been rumored to be a possible Republican Party presidential candidate to succeed the incumbent, Serzh Sargsyan.
    “It is impossible for people to go out into the streets spontaneously and be organized like this, and have the
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    right slogan,” argued Badalian. “This was mere PR that served its purpose — it harmed Taron Margarian.” Safarian, the opposition Heritage party politician, sees hope for lasting change in the country’s political culture in the not-so-distant future. “Even if we don’t say that a civil society has been formed in Armenia, we can definitely
    state that society has become smarter” about how it goes about securing change, he said.
    Marianna Grigoryan is a freelance reporter based in Yerevan and editor of MediaLab.am.
    "THE TWENTY HUNCHAKIAN MARTYRS" COMMEMORATED
    PASADENA, CA -- As part of Social Democrat Hunchakian Party’s events worldwide, commemorating the 98th anniversary of the “Twenty Gallows”, the Paramaz and Arsen Gidour Chapters of SDHP’s western region, in their turn, organized an event on July 25 to honor the memory of the twenty Armenian activists who were hung in Istanbul’s Sultan Bayazid Square on June 15, 1915.
    This year’s event was significant and different in its format from past years because its purpose was to analyze the unprecedented commemorative events that took place in Turkey on June 13 and 15 of this year.
    The evening’s Master of Ceremonies Vahe Atchabahian emphasized that the activities commemorating the “Twenty” in Istanbul were historical, stating that the efforts of the Turkish progressive youth who worked tirelessly to coordinate the activities should be commended. “Today’s progressive youth, by acquainting themselves with Paramaz and his friends, have come to realize the goals that they are pursuing within present day Turkey, were pursued decades ago by the martyred Armenians.”
    SDHP Gaidz Youth Organization member Jano Khodanian presented in details the activities and program objectives pursued by the “Twenty.” Khodanian said, “Although their plans did not come to fruition, the ‘Twenty’ have been a source of inspiration for thousands of young Armenians throughout the world, but most notably, to those who joined the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party.”
    Sundukyan State Academic Theatre’s famous actor Harut Fodoulyan, eloquently narrated Paramaz’s legendary speech during trials in the Turkish court.
    Delivering the keynote address of the evening, S. D. Hunchakian Party Central Committee member, Krikor Khodanian, stated that the observance of the anniversary by the Turkish Progressive Movements of the martyrdom of the “Twenty,” is considered a positive step towards recognition of the Armenian Genocide. At the same time, he cautioned of being overly optimistic taking into consideration the ulterior motives of the Turkish government tolerating such activities.
    Mr. Khodanian presented a historical overview on Genocide recognition, from the 1965 worldwide demonstration in Soviet Armenia and the Diaspora, to the 2007 assassination of Hrant Dink. Events that both reawakened the Armenian people to pursue justice and brought the Armenian case to the forefront of the international court breaking the wall of silence in Turkey.
    Significant events occurring along the 1965 protest included Gourgen Yanikian’s assassination of two Turkish consular officials, the formation and activities of the Armenian Secret Army, Turkish Foreign Minister Caglayangil
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    meeting with the traditional three Armenian political parties, the Justice and Development Party coming to power in Turkey, the assassination of Hrant Dink and the subsequent reaction by Turkish society and lastly, the commemorations of the Armenian Genocide on April 24 in major Turkish cities in the last four years initiated by Turkish intellectuals in an effort to engage Turkish society with the historical realities of Turkey and apologize to Armenians.
    “Consequently, many Turkish intellectuals are convinced the country is ready and within the next ten years the Turkish government will acknowledge the Armenian Genocide,” Mr. Khodanian addeed. “These intellectuals do not base their assessment on hopes and desires, but rather on study and analysis. Recently, a Turkish lecturer wrote ‘the hands of the clock are moving, and we are approaching the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. Hence the world examines Turkey
    “Armenians are waiting as well and are ready to open a new page with our neighbor and its people if Turkey recognizes the historical truth of the Armenian people and arranges appropriate compensation,” added Khodanian. “Until that day comes to fruition, let the souls of our martyrs be venerated on April 24 and June 15 throughout Turkey.”
    Mr. Khodanian’s remarks were followed by a video presentation documenting the historical events that took place on June 13 and June 15 in commemoration of the “Twenty” in Istanbul, Turkey this year. The twenty-minute coverage included the panel discussion, along with the commemoration which took place at Sultan Bayazid Square (Bayazit Meydani) on June 15, organized by various Turkish human rights activists, Turkish intellectuals and Turkish political figures and included the Chairman of the S.D. Hunchak party Executive Committee of Lebanon, Mr. Alexander Keushkerian.
    The evening’s program included a recitation of Barouyr Sevak’s “Hayastan” by Nareg Klejian, a student of Arshak Dikranian Armenian school. Renowned Los Angeles-based Armenian American singer Done invigorated the audience with his powerful performance of patriotic songs.
    SDHP Western Region Executive Committee Chairman Mr. Gabriel Moloyan, delivered a message on behalf of His Eminence Archbiship Hovnan Derderian, Primate of the Western Diocese of the Armenian Church. The message expressed the importance of the “Twenty” martyrs reiterating the significance of commemorating their legacy not only in the Diaspora, but within Turkey as well. His Eminence Archbishop Vatche Hovsepian, former Primate of the Western Diocese expressed his astonishment for not only the progression of the Turkish society’s willingness to confront their government’s denialist agenda, but also for the steps taken to commemorate the “Twenty” on the very same soil where they were martyred. Archbishop Hovspeian commended the activities of the Hunchakian Party and wished them continued success.
    INTERVIEW WITH ACA LOUISIANA CHAIRMAN VASKEN KALTAKDJIAN
    On May 30, 2013, the Louisiana State Senate, passed a Resolution recognizing the Nagorno Karabakh Republic and expressing support for its development as a free and independent nation in order to guarantee its citizens those rights inherent in a free and independent society.
    The Resolution also urges the President of the United States and Congress to support the self-determination and democratic independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic and its constructive involvement with the international community’s efforts to reach a just and lasting solution to security issues in that strategically important region. The Louisiana State Legislature became the fourth state legislative body to recognize the Nagorno Karabakh Republic, previous States to do so are Massachusetts,
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    Rhode Island and Maine. The Resolution was spearheaded by Louisiana State Senator Edwin R. Murray (D-New Orleans), who worked
    closely with Mr. Vasken Kaltakdjian, Chairman of the Armenian Council of America (ACA) Louisiana chapter. The following is an interview with Mr. Kaltakdjian regarding the passage of the historic Resolution: Massis: How did the Resolution regarding NKR come about?
    In early April, I had a long conversation with the Permanent Representative of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic to the United States, Mr. Robert Avetisyan, contemplating how our Louisiana community could be of help towards the NKR Republic. One has to remember that the Azeri government is actively engaged in propagandizing and falsifying the region’s history, specifically the actions of Armenians and the historical Armenian homeland. It was within that conversation that we envisioned the passage of a resolution regarding NKR within the Louisiana State legislature. Over time we worked together on what type of resolution would be best and what were the possibilities of the resolution passing. We concluded, given the circumstances, this specific resolution would be the best option.
    The Resolution was introduced in the Senate by Louisiana State Senator Edwin Murray on May 29th. As we anticipated, numerous Senators, including Mr. Murray were personally contacted by representatives of not only the Azeri government but also the Turkish government in an effort to persuade the Senators to not pass the Resolution.
    Massis: Throughout the process was there any doubt that the passage might fail or be pulled from a vote?
    When the representatives and Consular Generals of Turkish and Azeri governments started to personally contact the State Senators, we remained strong in the belief that what we were trying to accomplish is the right thing to do. When they tried to intimidate these same Senators, we knew that they were scared and the Resolution was on the threshold of passing. The Resolution passed unanimously, and its passage is a testament to the integrity of our State Legislators.
    Massis: How was the passage of the Resolution perceived?
    It was a bit of a surprise to many, compared with other States the Armenian American community in Louisiana is quite small, thus the unanimous passage of the Resolution within the State Senate was a tremendous success. The ACA of Louisiana proved that as long as Armenian Americans stand strong behind the truth we can achieve such moral victories.
    KARABAKH AID AFFIRMED BY US HOUSE AND SENATE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEES
    WASHINGTON, D.C. – The US Senate Appropriations Committee approved its Fiscal Year (FY) 2014 State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill, which included specific report language regarding Nagorno-Karabakh, reported the Armenian Assembly of America (Assembly).
    The Senate report language recommended “assistance for victims of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in amounts consistent with prior years, and for ongoing needs related to the conflict.” In addition, the Committee urged “a peaceful resolution to the conflict.”
    “Continued assistance for the people of Nagorno-Karabakh remains an important priority,” Senator Mark Kirk (R-IL), who serves on the Senate Appropriations Committee, told the Assembly. .
    The Senate action follows the House, which approved its version yesterday. For its part, the House-approved language states, “within the funds provided under this heading, the Secretary of State should provide assistance for victims of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict at levels consistent with prior years, and for ongoing needs related to the conflict.” The House Appropriations Bill also restated the six customary exemptions for humanitarian and other assistance to Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act. Section 907 was enacted in 1992 and requires the Government of Azerbaijan to take “demonstrable steps to cease all blockades and other offensive uses of force” against Armenia and Artsakh.
    Overall, the Senate Bill represents a 5 percent cut whereas the House Bill represents a 19 percent reduction below the FY 2013 enacted levels.
    “Given the ongoing needs in Artsakh, I was pleased that in working with the Chairwoman and Ranking Member of the Subcommittee, we were able to craft language to ensure continued funding to Karabakh,” House Appropriations Committee Member Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA) told the Assembly.
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    KARABAKH ARMY CONTIUES MILITARY BUILDUP
    STEP ANAKERT -- Nagorno-Karabakh’s armed forces on Friday claimed to have acquired large quantities of heavy weapons and ammunition in the last two years.
    “We have never had a situation which we have now in terms of obtaining concrete weapons and military hardware,” the Karabakh army chief, General Movses Hakobian, told a news conference in Stepanakert.
    Hakobian said the arms acquisitions have been so extensive that the Karabakh Armenian military has difficulty storing them and plans to build a new arms depot for that purpose. He declined to specify the types of new weaponry delivered to it.
    Hakobian already reported a major military buildup in late 2011. He spoke of new tanks, anti-tank rockets and artillery systems at the time. Some defense analysts in Yerevan believe that Karabakh’s Defense Army was supplied with around 100 tanks through Armenia
    in 2011-2012. Azerbaijan reportedly began receiving last month a similar number of tanks as well as many other Russian-
    made offensive weapons worth an estimated $1 billion in accordance defense contracts signed with Russia. Hakobian expressed concern about the Russian arms sales to Baku that have been widely criticized in Armenia and Karabakh. He insisted at the same time that the Azerbaijani army is still not strong enough to start and win a
    new war with the Armenians. The Karabakh army chief also said that his forces have built new defense fortifications and placed more anti-
    personnel land mines this year along the Armenian-Azerbaijani “line of contact” east and north of the disputed territory. He said this is aimed at preventing sabotage attacks by Azerbaijani troops.
    AZERBAIJAN HAS TO ADMIT IT IS NOT READY FOR WAR – ARMENIAN ANALYST
    YEREVAN. – In the 1990s and in early 2000, Azerbaijan purchased large quantities of weapons and ammunition, but most of them are obsolete.
    Military analyst Arkadi Grigoryan told the aforesaid to Armenian News-NEWS.am.
    In his words, Azerbaijan possesses a large number of military equipment, but the latter’s quality is insufficient.
    “This is the reason for the statements on purchasing new consignments of weapons,” Grigoryan said.
    He added that the outdated weaponry, which Azerbaijan purchases, becomes even more outdated.
    “Fifty billion dollars and five to ten years are needed for a complete modernization of the army. [But] Azerbaijan is unable to immediately change the weaponry of its army,” Arkadi Grigoryan stressed.
    In his view, Azerbaijan has to admit that it is not ready for war.
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    CAR BOMB HITS TURKISH EMBASSY IN SOMALI CAPITAL
    PanARMENIAN.Net - A car loaded with explosives rammed into the gates of an office housing Turkish embassy staff in the Somali capital, killing three people, witnesses and police said on Saturday, July 27, according to Reuters.
    "A suicide car bomb targeted a building housing Turkish embassy workers near k4 (Kilometer Four)," Ahmed Mohamud, police officer told Reuters from the scene of the blast.
    Mohamud later said the number of dead was three - Somali civilians and a suspected suicide bomber, while nine others had been wounded.
    "The car was taking advantage of a Turkish car that was going into the building, thus the car bomb exploded and
    destroyed the gate," he said. Al Qaeda-linked al Shabaab rebels claimed responsibility for the attack, as they have for previous bombings,
    including one in mid-July that killed eight civilians. "Mujahideen forces in Mogadishu have just carried out an operation targeting a group of Turkish diplomats in
    Hodan district," al Shabaab said on its Twitter feed. Al Shabaab was forced out of bases in Mogadishu by Somali and African forces about two years ago, raising
    hopes of a return to relative security in a city hit by years of turmoil. But militants have kept up guerrilla-style attacks and continue to control large rural areas, challenging the
    authority of a government less than one year old. In the most recent brazen attack, its members attacked the main UN compound in the capital in June, killing 22
    people. The group said earlier this month it was aiming to increase the number of attacks carried out during the
    Ramadan fasting period.
    ARMENIA ESTABLISHES DIPLOMATIC TIES WITH UGANDA AND MAURITUS
    On June 28 the Representatives of Armenia and Uganda in the UN, Karen Nazarian and Richard Nduhura signed a joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries under question.
    The signing ceremony was held at the Ugandan Mission to the UN in New York City. A similar communiqué was signed on the same day between Armenia and Mauritius at Armenia's Permanent Representation in New York.
    During the signing ceremony, the Ambassadors of Armenia and Mauritius, Karen Nazarian and Milan Meetarbhan expressed their willingness to reinforce
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    PROF. RICHARD HOVANNISIAN PARTICIPATES IN A SEMINAR ON THE FIRST GEORGIAN REPUBLIC
    TBILISI -- Professor Richard Hovannisian was invited to Tbilisi (Tiflis) by the Georgian National Archives to participate in a week-long seminar, July 17-23, on the First Georgian Democratic Republic. As a pioneering historian of the First Armenian Republic, Hovannisian was seen as a model for the young Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Russian, Lithuanian, Polish, Italian, French, British, and American scholars in attendance.
    During the presentations by Georgian lecturers on the historical, constitutional and legislative, political, social, economic, cultural, educational, religious, military, and interethnic aspects of the Georgian Republic, Professor Hovannisian regularly offered constructive comments and comparative insights. The seminar included excursions to the old city of Tiflis, its former Armenian upper class Solalaki quarter, Freedom (formerly Yerevan) Square,
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    Rustaveli (formerly Golovinsky) Prospect, with its government buildings and grand former Armenian mansions, the Georgian National Library and Manuscript Center, the Opera and State Museum, and the historic capital city of Mtskheta. In addition, a day was spent on the heights of Kojori, where the final battles took place before the Red Army advanced into Tiflis in March, 1921 to end the Georgian Democratic Republic and begin the period of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
    Georgian Armenian Youth Leadership Training Program
    While in Georgia, Richard Hovannisian was invited by the Armenian Prelate of the Georgian Diocese, Bishop Vazgen Mirzakhanyan and head of the Legal Division, Mr. Levon Isakulyan, to address Armenian youth leaders at a summer training program at nearby Tserovani. Representatives from throughout Georgia—Tbilisi, Batum, Tsalka, Marnaul, Bolnis, Akhalkalak, and Akhaltsikh—heard Hovannisian speak about the First Armenian Democratic Republic and issues relating to the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, in which the Georgian Armenian youth showed great interest.
    Hovannisian joined His Eminence and the youth group on a pilgrimage to the Armenian Pantheon, a small part of the former vast Armenian Khojavank cemetery in the Halvabar quarter of Tbilisi to plant a tree near the monuments of Raffi, Sundukian, and other noted Armenian writers and intellectuals. Much of Khojavank and its Church of Holy Mother of God (Astvatsadzin) were demolished at the command of Stalin’s henchman, Lavrenty Beria, in the 1930. Recently, the enormous Georgian Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Trinity has been built on the site of the cemetery, exposing numerous tombs, about which various protests proved to be of no avail. Down the hill from the cathedral is the Armenian “Etchmiadzin” Church and just across the Kura River, the Armenian Cathedral of Saint Gevorg.
    The week of conferences, talks, and excursions proved both interesting and instructive for the seminar participants. It was apparent that until recently the Georgian scholars and public had far less knowledge and awareness of the First Georgian Republic than Armenians had about their First Republic, perhaps because of the existence of a large Armenian Diaspora during the Soviet years.
    THE ZORIAN INSTITUTE
    “The Smyrna Catastrophe, 1922-2013”
    An Illustrated Lecture in Tribute to Professor Marjorie Housepian Dobkin, Human Rights Advocate and Pioneering Author of Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of a City
    by Prof. Richard G. Hovannisian
    This year marks the 92nd anniversary of the Smyrna Catastrophe, when much of the city, the second largest in the Ottoman Empire, was destroyed by fire during the final phase of the Greco-Turkish War. The calamity marked the end of a strong Christian presence in the historic Aegean coastal regions and turned hundreds of thousands of Greeks and Armenians into refugees.
    In this illustrated lecture, Prof. Hovannisian will discuss the important role of Smyrna (Izmir) in modern Armenian history and the inferno that engulfed the city in September 1922. Hovannisian is the editor of the recently published Armenian Smyrna/Izmir, the 11th volume of proceedings from the UCLA conference series, “Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces.”
    Hovannisian is the author of Armenia on the Road to Independence, the four- volume history, The Republic of Armenia, and has edited and contributed to more than 25 books including The Armenian Genocide in Perspective; The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times; Remembrance and Denial; Looking Backward, Moving Forward, and The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. He is professor emeritus of Armenian and Near Eastern history at UCLA and is currently the chancellor fellow in the Department of History and the Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education at Chapman University in Orange, California.
    Date:Sunday, August 11, 2013
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    Time:2:00 p.m. Location:Armenian Community Centre, 45 Hallcrown Place, Toronto Organized by the Zoryan Institute With the participation of: Armenian Association of Toronto, Armen Karo Student Association, Bolsahay Cultural Association of
    Toronto, Daughters of Vartan-Artemis Ortyag #28, Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society- Klatsor Chapter, Knights of Vartan-Alishan Lodge, Ryerson University Armenian Students’ Association, St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Catholic Church, University of Toronto Armenian Students’ Association, University of Waterloo Armenian Students’ Association.
    THE CONCERT OF THE ITALIAN INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL MUSICA RIVA, DEDICATED TO THE 110TH ANNIVERSARY
    OF ARAM KHACHATURIAN
    July 30 the Italian International Festival Musica Riva presented Armenian music. State Youth Orchestra of Armenia, headed by the Artistic Director and Principal Conductor Sergey Smbatyan, performed at the concert, named “Armenia-Italy: the bridge between East and West”, dedicated to the 110th anniversary of great Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian. Soloists were Elena Tansky (violin, Austria), Lusine Mkrtchyan (soprano, Armenia).
    The evening of Armenian music in the square, full of the audience, was followed by thunderous applause. The Youth Orchestra performed the Violin Concerto by Aram Khachaturian, excerpts from the ballet “Spartacus” and “Gayane”. The concert of Armenian music was attended by Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Armenia to Italy Sargis Ghazaryan, the mayor of Riva del Garda. Almost the entire city accepted a two-hour concert enthusiastically.
    Sate Youth Orchestra of Armenia is invited to the festival as its official orchestra. Participation in such musical holiday has become possible thanks to joint efforts of RA Ministry of Culture, Arthur Varzhapetyan, the founder of “Luding” company and many other friends.
    Within the framework of the Festival the Youth Orchestra has also performed with the world-renowned pianist Aldo Ciccolini, cellist Natalia Gutman (conductor Isaac Karabchevsky). On July 27 the orchestra performed works by Verdi and Wagner (conductor Marco Boemi). The soloists were Michela Sburlati (soprano), Nkosazana Dimande (soprano), Eung Kwang Lee (baritone).
    US INTELLIGENCE REPORT: ALL ARMENIANS DEMAND RETURN OF LANDS FROM TURKEY
    By Harut Sassounian
    Publisher, The California Courier
    The recently announced demand for lands from Turkey by the Prosecutor General of Armenia attracted much
    attention from Armenians worldwide and harsh criticism from the Turkish government. While this was the first
    time that an Armenian official had raised this issue since the country’s independence in 1991, the demand itself is
    not new. Armenians have been seeking the return of their historic territories from Turkey for decades.
    A confidential 1943 document, declassified by the Central Intelligence Agency, reveals that the US
    government was well aware of the Armenian demands for recognition of the “atrocities” and return of Turkish
    occupied “provinces.”
    The document dated December 13, 1943, authored by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor
    of the CIA, stated: “All the Armenian press in the United States is active in keeping the Turkish Armenian
    massacres fresh in the minds of its readers. Fearful that the Axis atrocities of the present war [World War II] will
    eclipse the atrocities of the last when the final reckoning comes, they are anxious to keep alive the Armenian case
    against Turkey. Armenians have present as well as past grievances against Turkey, whose capital levy tax ‘Varlik’
    falls harder on Armenians than on any other minority group in Turkey. Even more unforgivable in the eyes of
    Armenians is the fact that Turkey holds provinces which, they are firmly convinced, belong rightfully to Armenia.
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    Restitution of these provinces to Armenia is the goal of all Armenians.” Elsewhere in the document, OSS
    accurately reported that “Armenians, almost without exception, entertain feelings of deepest suspicion, hostility,
    and fear” toward Turkey.
    A second declassified confidential document dated July 31, 1944, carries a surprising title: “Tashnags Turn to
    Soviet Russia.” The OSS indicated that “the once uncompromisingly anti-Soviet Armenian Revolutionary
    Federation (Tashnags) officially changed its spots, and the swing toward support of the Soviet Union, which has
    been growing gradually more perceptible during the last few months, has culminated in the adoption of a pro-Soviet
    policy at the Federation’s annual convention held in Boston the first week of July." This OSS report was prepared
    as the Soviet Union had announced its intention to claim the Eastern provinces of Turkey (Kars, Ardahan, and
    Surmalou) in a post-World War II settlement. The Soviet claim was backed by the Armenian Church, the Soviet
    Armenian government and the Diaspora, including the anti-Soviet Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF).
    The OSS astutely reported: “The Tashnags have never actually renounced their dream of a free and
    independent Armenia, including the Turkish irredenta, which has kept them at loggerheads with the USSR, ever
    since Armenia was established as a Soviet [illegible] in 1920. ... With the vision of independence fading, the now
    Soviet-friendly Tashnags are turning their attention to the acquisition of the Turkish provinces of Armenia by the
    Soviet Armenian Republic.”
    In explaining ARF’s post-war expectations, OSS stated: “If, as the Tashnags believe and hope, Turkey remains
    neutral [in World War II], she will be in a highly vulnerable position, and one item of payment for her neutrality,
    according to Mr. [James] Mandalian [editor of the Boston-based ARF newspaper Hairenik], would be the cession
    of Turkish Armenia to Soviet Armenia.”
    The 1943 OSS document also contained a lengthy report on the Armenian-American press, focusing its
    attention on six of the 17 Armenian newspapers in the United States: “Hairenik and Asbarez (Tashnag)” classified
    as “rightist-nationalist;” “Baikar, Nor Or (Ramgavar)” and “Eritassard Hayastan (Hunchag)” classified as “liberal;”
    and Lraper (Armenian Progressive League of America)” classified as “leftist-Communist.” The last two
    newspapers are no longer in publication.
    According to OSS, Hairenik and Asbarez are “strongly nationalist, anti-Soviet, and anti-Communist,” while
    Baikar is “resolutely opposed to the Tashnags and their principles. The Ramgavars have accepted the incorporation
    of Armenia into the Soviet Union as the most satisfactory way out of Armenian problems, and many articles are
    printed in Baikar extolling the Soviet regime in Armenia, particularly in its relations to the Armenian Apostolic
    Church.”
    OSS estimated that the 95,000 Armenians in the United States in 1943, mostly settled in Massachusetts, New
    York, and California, “retain a keen interest in the affairs of their homeland [Soviet Armenia], though few, if any,
    would go back there.”
    SYRIAN ARMENIAN RELIEF FUND: A CALL FOR YOUR CONTINUED SUPPORT
    GLENDALE -- The Syrian Armenian Relief Fund (SARF), Executive Committee sincerely thanks the generous public for closely following the ongoing calls for humanitarian assistance in Syria. All of us are cognizant of our moral obligation to sustain the Armenian communities in Syria.
    We are thankful that you provided your financial support and joined thousands by attending the dance concert, HyeAID2, held on June 9, 2013, which was a showcase of high artistry and provided much delight to the audience.
    The Executive Committee successfully worked with countless volunteers backstage, numerous entities in the print and TV media, as well as sponsors who pulled in small and large donations, to bring HyeAID and HyeAID2 concerts to the stage. Your assistance in all aspects of our efforts to continue the momentum for assistance was invaluable.
    Unfortunately, a just solution and peace has not returned to Syria yet, and fear and horror, together with the lack of essential foods and supplies continue to plague the population. Every penny counts. With our continued awareness and assistance, each of us can do our part for the survival of our sisters and brothers in Syria. They need our help to keep the faith and continue to hope to persist as individuals, as families and as communities.
    This is a call for your help. Please lend a hand and join us for a worthy cause, as a moral obligation to do your part day after day, and send your tax-deductable contribution to SARF:
    SYRIAN ARMENIAN RELIEF FUND
    30
    P.O. BOX 1948, GLENDALE, CA 91209-1948 We are proud to rely on your sense of duty and generosity. We hope that peace will soon reach the Armenian community in Syria. Executive Committee Syrian Armenian Relief Fund
    ****** The following churches, charities and organizations came together to form the Syrian Armenian Relief Fund in
    August 2012: Armenian Catholic Eparchy in North America; Armenian Evangelical Union of North America; Western Diocese of the Armenian Church; Western Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America; Armenian General Benevolent Union; Armenian Missionary Association of America; Armenian Relief Society of Western U.S.A.; Armenian Democratic Liberal Party; Armenian Revolutionary Federation-Western U.S.A.; and Social Democrat Hunchakian Party-Western U.S.A.
    The web site address follows: www.SyrianArmenianReliefFund.org.
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