Loussapatz - The DAWN - 950 2012 09 15

ԹԻՒ 950 ՇԱԲԱԹ, 15 ՕԳՈՍՏՈՍ 2012

Notice

To subscribe /unsubscribe & all communications Email to: loussapatz@gmail.com

ATROCITIES COMMITTED AGAINST CHRISTIANS IN TURKEY 6 - 7 SEPTEMBER 1955

1

ՔԷՊԷՔԻ ԵՐԵՍՓՈԽԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԸՆՏՐՈՒԹԻՒՆՆԵՐԸ Մեթր Պարգեւ Դաւիթեան

Անցեալ շաբաթ (Սեպտեմբեր 4), ֆրանսախօս Քէպէքը, Գանատայի տասը նահանգներուն տարածութեամբ ամենամեծը, ինքզինք “La Belle Province” կամ «Գեղեցիկ Նահանգ» կոչողը, ունեցաւ իր խորհրդարանական ընտրութիւնները։ Քանի մը ամիսներ առաջ համալսարանականներու կրթաթոշակին խնդրայարոյց յաւելում առաջարկած Ազատականները (Liberal Party), որոնք տասը տարիներ ամբողջ իշխանութիւնը ստանձնած էին գլխաւորութեամբ վարչապետ Ժագ Շարէի, կորսնցուցին ընտրութիւնները։ Ընդդիմադրութիւնը, որ կը բաղկանար երեք անջատողական “Separatistes” կամ “Sovereigntist” կոչուող կուսակցութիւններէ {Parti Quebecois (PQ), Coalition Avenir Quebec (CAQ) եւ Quebec Solidaire (QS)}, անմիաբան մասնակցեցաւ ընտրութիւններուն։

Ու թէեւ արդիւնքը եղաւ ի նպաստ ընդդիմադրութեան (PQ 55 աթոռ եւ ձայներու 32.02%, Liberal 49 աթոռ եւ 31.01%, CAQ 19 աթոռ եւ 27.16%, QS 2 աթոռ եւ 6.02%), սակայն իսկական յաղթանակը տարաւ Գանատան, որովհետեւ անջատողական ուժերը միասնաբար հաւաքեցին ընտրական ցանկին վրայ եղող ձայներու ընդհանուր թիւին միայն քառասուն առ հարիւրը (40%)։

Ու թէեւ Parti Quebecois-ն պիտի կազմէ Քէպէքի յաջորդ կառավարութիւնը, ան պիտի չհամարձակի իր փոքրամասնական կառավարութեամբ (Minority Government) յաջողցնել իր ծրագիրը՝ Քէպէքը Գանատայէն հեռացնել։ Նախապէս երկու առիթներով, 1980-ի եւ 1995-ի հանրաքուէներով կամ “Referendum”-ներով, Քէպէքի իշխանութիւնը ստանձնած Փարթի Քէպէքուան ձայներու շատ փոքր տարբերութեամբ ձախողեցաւ Քէպէքը անջատել Գանատայէն։ Այսօր քէպէքցիներու տասէն եօթն կամ եօթանասուն առ հարիւրը (70%) չ’ուզեր նման Referendum մը ։

Այսուհանդերձ, յաղթանակի գիշերը, հազարաւոր համակիրներու առջեւ տուած իր ելոյթին մէջ, Փարթի Քէպէքուայի կուսակցապետ Փոլին Մարուա (Pauline Marois) չմոռցաւ յիշեցնել սրահէն ներս եղողներուն եւ դուրսէն հետեւող գանատացիներուն, թէ անջատումի նպատակը կայ ու կը մնայ, երբ ըսաւ՝ «Կ’ուզենք երկիր մը, եւ պիտի ունենանք զայն», աւելցնելով՝ «Խօսքս կ’ուղղեմ մեր դրացիներուն Գանատայի մէջ։ Պէտք է հասկնաք, որ մենք որպէս ազգ կ’ուզենք մեր սեփական որոշումները առնել այն բոլոր հարցերուն մէջ որոնք մեզ կը հետաքրքրեն։ Ձեզ կը հրաւիրեմ ընդունիլ մեր ձգտումները լայնամտութեամբ»։

Եւ խօսքը ուղղելով սրահին մէջ յաղթանակի ցնծութեամբ գինովցած ներկաներուն, ըսաւ. « Ըսած էի, նորէն կ’ըսեմ հիմա, եւ պիտի շարունակեմ ըսել, թէ կը հաւատամ որ Քէպէք պէտք է ինքնիշխան դառնայ»։ Առաջին կայծը ատելութեան տրուեցաւ խուլիգանի մը կողմէ, որ Փոլին Մարուայի ելոյթի ընթացքին սրահէն ներս մտնելով, «Անգլիախօսները ըմբոստացած են» պոռալով կրակեց ներկաներուն վրայ, սպաննելով մէկ հոգի, ձերբակալուելէն առաջ։

Փոլին Մարուան պիտի ըլլայ Քէպէքի առաջին կին վարչապետը, դառնալով Գանատայի հինգերորդ նահանգային կին վարչապետը՝ Ալպէրթայի, Նունըվաթի, Պրիթիշ Գոլոմպիայի եւ Նիւ Ֆընլանտի կին վարչապետներու կողքին։ Փարթի Քէպէքուայի նորակազմ կառավարութիւնը եթէ ընտրապայքարի ընթացքին կատարած իր խոստումները յարգէ, շատ մը փոփոխութիւններ պիտի մտցնէ Քէպէքի ընկերային կեանքին մէջ։ Ֆրանսերէն լեզուի, մշակոյթի եւ նկարագրի ամրացման նկատմամբ նոր օրէնքներ եւ միջոցառումներ պիտի որդեգրուին, եւ առեւտրական ընկերութիւններէն պիտի պահանջուի ֆրանսերէնով կատարել իրենց գործառնութիւնները եւ նուազագոյնով կատարել զանոնք անգլերէնով։

Կը մտածուի նաեւ օրէնք մը անցընել, որպէսզի արգիլուի պետական բնոյթ կրող պաշտօնեաներուն,

2

որոնց մէջ նաեւ դպրոցի ուսուցիչները, գործի ներկայանալ կրօնական աւանդոյթ յատկանշող կերպարով, ինչպէս՝ իսլամական գլխու քօղ եւ փաթթոց, կամ հրէական «քիփա»։ Յատկանշական է որ նման օրէնքի տակ պիտի բացառուին եւ արտօնուին կաթողիկէ հաւատքի հետ կապ ունեցող երեւոյթներն ու աւանդութիւնները, ինչպէս՝ խաչ կրելու երեւոյթը, որովհետեւ, ըստ Փարթի Քէպէքուայի, այդ երեւոյթներն ու աւանդոյթները կ’արտացոլեն կամ կը խորհրդանշեն Քէպէքի հետ առնչուող պատմութիւնն ու մշակոյթը։

Պատմականօրէն, Քէպէք նահանգը հիմնուած էր 1763 թուականին, երբ Ֆրանսայի Պուրպօն թագաւորը Անգլիոյ փոխանցեց French Colony of Canada-ն եօթնամեայ պատերազմէ ետք (1756-1763), Treaty of Paris համաձայնագրով։ Ապա, 1867 թուականին, Dominion of Canada անունով երկիրը հիմնուեցաւ Անգլիոյ հովանիին տակ, եւ Քէպէք եղաւ գլխաւոր մասնակից անոր կազմութեան մէջ։ Մօտաւորապէս հարիւր տարի, Անգլիոյ հովանիին տակ, Քէպէք ապրեցաւ վայելելով իր անկաշկանդ կաթողիկէ հաւատքը եւ ֆրանսական Civil Law օրէնքով կանոնաւորեց իր կեանքը։ Սակայն ան կ’ապրէր ազգային վիրաւոր արժանապատուութեամբ մը, որ բուժումի կը սպասէր։

Եւ պատահեցաւ որ 1963 թուականին Front de Liberation du Quebec-ը կազմուեցաւ եւ ահաբեկչութիւններ կատարեց Քէպէքի անգլիախօսներուն (Anglophones) դէմ։ Յետոյ, 1967-ի Յուլիս ամսուն, Ֆրանսայի նախագահ Զօրավար Շարլ Տը Կօլ, Քէպէք քաղաքին մէջ իր խնդրայարոյց «Vive le Quebec Libre» կանչով, հրահրեց Քէպէքի ազգայնականները, որմէ ետք, 1968-ին, կազմուեցաւ Քէպէքի ինքնիշխանութիւն դաւանող կուսակցութիւնը՝ Փարթի Քէպէքուան (Parti Quebecois), Րընէ Լըվէքի գլխաւորութեամբ։

Գանատան աշխարհի ամենէն յառաջադէմ երկիրներէն կը նկատուի՝ իր կեանքի բարձր մակարդակով եւ խաղաղ ու համերաշխ ապրելակերպով։ Անկասկած, օտար դիտողին անհասկնալի կը թուին Քէպէք-Գանատա բաժանումի մը դրդապատճառները։

Քէպէքի ազգային արժանապատուութիւն որոնող Փէքիսթ-ազգայնականները մասամբ գոհացումի արժանացան, երբ ֆրանսերէնը անգլերէնի համազօր Գանատայի պետական լեզու նկատուեցաւ 1969 թուականին։ Նաեւ՝ երբ Գանատայի կառավարութիւնը փորձեր կատարեց (1985-1995) Քէպէքը որպէս “Distinct Society” արձանագրելու իր բարեփոխեալ սահմանադրութեան մէջ, եւ երբ քէպէքցիներուն տրուեցաւ Գանատայի մէջ յատուկ ազգ կոչուելու իրաւունքը Գանատայի փարլամենթին կողմէ՝ 2006 թուականին։

Բաժանումի սուրը գուցէ շարունակէ վտանգ ներկայացնել Գանատայի գլխուն, մինչեւ որ ...Գանատան խզուի Անգլիոյ թագէն եւ վերջնականապէս բաժնուի Անգլիայէն, ու հանրապետութիւն դառնայ ։

ê2ð¶êo2Ü ÎÀ øÜÜ2 ̧2î3⁄4 ê2ü2ðàìÆ 2èÜâàôÂo2Ø ́

§2ÜÐ2Ø2ðÄ3⁄4ø 2ðÒ2¶2ÜøÜoðÀ¦

ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3Ý âáñ»ùß3μÃÇ, ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 12-ÇÝ ÁÝ1áõÝ»Éáí oõñ3ÙÇáõû3Ý Û3ïáõÏ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇã üÇÉÇ÷ È»ýáñÇÝ, ßÝáñÑ3Ï3ÉáõÃÇõÝ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿ μ31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ »ñÏÇñÝ»ñáõ, ÙÇ- ç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ï3ñμ»ñ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ »õ »õñáå3Ï3Ý ß3ñù ÙÁ Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñáõ ÏáÕÙ¿ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ‘ Ù3ñ13ëå3Ý ê3ý3ñáíÇÝ 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3ÏÙ3Ý »õ Ñ»ñáë3ó- Ù3Ý áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ Ëëïûñ¿Ý 13ï3å3ñïáÕ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

ê3ñ·ë»3Ý ÙÇ3Å3Ù3Ý3Ï, 3ÝÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉÇ »õ 3ÝÑ3ëÏÝ3ÉÇ ÝÏ3ï3Í ¿ áñáß Çμñ ¦Ñ3õ3- ë3ñ3ÏßÇé§, ÇëÏ ¿áõû3Ý Ù¿ç 3ñ3ñùÇÝ μáÉáñáíÇÝ 3ÝÑ3Ù3ñÅ¿ù 3ñÓ3·3ÝùÝ»ñÁ:

2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿ Ù3ñ13ëå3ÝÇ Ñ»ñáë3óáõÙÁ, Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2- Ù3Ùμ, 3ñÅ3ÝÇ ¿ 3Ýí»ñ3å3Ñ 13ï3å3ñïáõÙÇ, Û3ïÏ3å¿ë oõñáå3ÛÇ ØÇáõû3Ý »ñÏÇñÝ»- ñáõÝ ÏáÕÙ¿:

3

oõñáå3ÛÇ ØÇáõû3Ý Û3ïáõÏ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÁ Çñ Ï3ñ·ÇÝ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ¿, áñ ÐÐ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ¿Ý Û»ïáÛ åÇïÇ Ù»ÏÝÇ ä3ùáõ »õ 3ïñå¿Û×3Ý3Ï3Ý ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ¿Ý Ïÿ3ÏÝ- Ï3É¿ ê3ý3ñáíÇ 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3ÏÙ3Ý Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ å3ñ1⁄23μ3ÝáõÙÝ»ñ ëï3Ý3É:

üÇÉÇ÷ È»ýáñ Áë3Í ¿ Ý3»õ, áñ oõñ3ÙÇáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÁ 13ï3å3ñï¿ È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ Ñ3Ï3Ù3ñïáõû3Ý ÏáÕÙ»ñáõÝ ÙÇç»õ ÷áËíëï3Ñáõû3Ý íÝ3ëáÕ ÝÙ3Ý ù3ÛÉ »õ ÏÁ ë3ï3ñ¿ o2ÐÎ ØÇÝëÏÇ ËáõÙμÇ ÙÇçÝáñ13Ï3Ý ç3Ýù»ñáõÝ:

ØÇõë ÏáÕÙ¿, oõñ3ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ ÑÇÝ· ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ μ3Ý3Ó»õ»ñáõ Ý3Ë3·ÇÍ»ñ Ï31⁄2Ù3Í »Ý, áñáÝó μáÉáñÝ 3É è3ÙÇÉ ê3ý3ñáíÇÝ Ý»ñáõÙ ßÝáñÑ»Éáõ Ï3å3Ï- óáõû3Ùμ Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝ Ïÿ3ñï3Û3Ûï»Ý:

ä3Ñå3ÝáÕ3Ï3Ý ËÙμ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ¿ Ù3ñ13ëå3Ý ê3ý3ñáíÇÝ ä3ùáõÇ Ù¿ç Ñ»ñáë3óÝ»Éáõ Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ:

ä3Ñå3ÝáÕ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÁ Ý3»õ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ»Ý, áñ 3Ûë ËÝ1ÇñÁ ÏñÝ3Û íï3Ý·Ç ï3Ï 1Ý»É 2ñ»- õ»É»3Ý ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñáõû3Ý ûñ3Ï3ñ·Ç Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÙ3Ý 3å3·3Ý:

êáóÇ3ÉÇëïÝ»ñáõ ËÙμ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ Çñ Ý3Ë3·ÍÇÝ Ù¿ç Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ¿ 2ïñå¿Û- ×3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ 2ÉÇ»õÇ ÏáÕÙ¿ Ù3ñ13ëå3ÝÇÝ Ý»ñáõÙ ßÝáñÑ»Éáõ Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ, ß»ßï»Éáí ûñ¿ÝùÇ ·»ñ3Ï3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ »õ Û3ÝÓÝ3éáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Û3ñ·»Éáõ Ï3ñ»õáñáõÃÇõÝÁ:

oõñáå3Ï3Ý ÅáÕáíñ13Ï3Ý Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ËÙμ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ¿, áñ 13ï3å3ñïáõ3Í Ù3ñ13ëå3ÝÇÝ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿ ÝÙ3Ý ÁÝ1áõÝ»ÉáõÃÇõÝ óáÛó ï3ÉÁ ÏñÝ3Û ûñÇÝ3Ï Í3é3Û»É 3å3·3Û ë»ñáõÝ1Ý»ñáõÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

î3ñμ»ñ ËÙμ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ý3Ë3·ÇÍ»ñÁ Ç ÙÇ μ»ñáõ»Éáí oõñ3ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÁ Ù¿Ï ÁÝ1- Ñ3Ýáõñ μ3Ý3Ó»õ åÇïÇ í3õ»ñ3óÝ¿:

Ð2È3⁄4äÆ ú ̧2Î2Ú2ÜÆ Ö2Ø ́àôÜ 1⁄4àÐàô2Ì oÜ 4

oô ìÆð2ôàðàô2Ìa 10 Ð2Úoð ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 11-ÇÝ oñ»õ3Ý-Ð3É¿å ÃéÇãùáí êáõñÇ3 Ù»ÏÝ3Í »õ Ð3É¿åÇ û13Ý3õ3Ï3Û3Ý¿Ý

ïáõÝ í»ñ313ñÓáÕ 4 Ñ3Û»ñ 1⁄2áÑáõ3Í »Ý, 10-Á áõñÇßÝ»ña íÇñ3õáñáõ3Í, ÇÛÝ3Éáí êáõñÇáÛ 3åëï3ÙμÝ»ñáõ Ïñ3ÏáóÝ»ñáõÝ ï3Ï:

Àëï Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ·áñÍáó Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ù3ÙÉáÛ ËûëÝ3Ï îÇ·ñ3Ý  ́3É3»3- ÝÇ, Ý3ËÝ3Ï3Ý ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ ëå3ÝÝáõ3ÍÝ»ñáõ 3ÝáõÝÝ»ñÝ »Ýa Ú3ñáõà êáõ- É3õ»3Ý, 2ñë¿Ý ä»å¿×»3Ý, Ðñ3ã ä»å¿×»3Ý »õ Ø»ëñáå 2׿ٻ3Ý:

¦ÐÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí ã»Ý ·Ý3ó»É, 3ÛÝ ÷3Ï ¿, ·Ý3ó»É »Ý áõñÇß ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí »õ ÁÝÏ»É »Ý Ïñ3ÏÇ ï3ϧ,- Û3ÛïÝ»ó îÇ·ñ3Ý  ́3É3»3Ý:

Ð3É¿å3Ñ3Û ð3ýýÇ Â3ß×»3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ, 1⁄2áÑáõ3ÍÝ»ñ¿Ý »ñ»ùÁ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý¿Ý í»ñ3- 13ñÓáÕÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ, ÇëÏ ãáññáñ1 1⁄2áÑÁ‘ 2ñë¿Ý ä»å¿×»3Ý û13Ï3Û3Ý ·3ó3Í ¿ 1ÇÙ3õáñ»Éáõ Çñ áñ1ÇÝ‘ Ðñ3ã ä»å¿×»3ÝÇÝ:

¦êáõñÇ3Ï3Ý 2õÇ3áõÕÇÝ»ñ§-áõÝ å3ïÏ3ÝáÕ ÇÝùÝ3ÃÇéÁ oñ»ùß3μÃÇ ûñ Ð3É¿å¿Ý Ð3Û3ë- ï3Ý μ»ñ3Í ¿ 145 ×3Ùμáñ1, Ð3É¿å ÷áË31ñ»Éáí Ùûï 100 ×3Ùμáñ1Ý»ñ, áñáÝù Ð3É¿åÇ Ù¿ç ÇÝÏ3Ý Ïñ3ÏáóÝ»ñáõ ï3Ï:

Ð3Û3ëï3Ý »Ï3ÍÝ»ñÁ ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é3ïÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇÝ å3ïÙ3Í »Ý, áñ Ïñ3ÏáóÝ»ñÁ 3ñ- 1¿Ý Éë»ÉÇ »Ý Ñ3Û3ß3ï Ã3Õ3Ù3ë»ñáõ Ù¿ç, Û3ïÏ3å¿ë Üáñ ¶ÇõÕ Ã3Õ3Ù3ëÁ: ì»ñçÇÝ ßñç3ÝÇÝ Ã3Õ3Ù3ë¿Ý Ý»ñë 3åëï3ÙμÝ»ñáõ Ý»ñÏ3Ûáõû3Ý å3ï×3éáí ß3ï ÙÁ Ñ3Û»ñ Éù3Í »Ý Çñ»Ýó μÝ3Ï3ñ3ÝÝ»ñÁ‘ ï»Õ3÷áËáõ»Éáí 3ÛÉ í3Ûñ»ñ:

êáõñÇ3Ï3Ý ï3·Ý3åÇ Ñ»ï»õ3Ýùáí Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù3ÛÝùÇ ÏáñáõëïÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ Ñ3ëÝÇÝ »ñ- Ïáõ ï3ëÝ»3ÏÇ:

äð2Ú1⁄42.- ¦2îðä3⁄4ÚÖ2ÜòÆÜoðÀ 2ÚÄØ âoÜ ÎðÜ2ð ¶ð2ôoÈ

Ô2ð2 ́2ÔÀ§ ¦2ïñå¿Û×3ÝóÇÝ»ñÁ 3ÛÅÙ ã»Ý ÏñÝ3ñ í»ñ3Ýáõ3×»É Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÁ, 3ÝáÝù é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý

3éáõÙáí Ç íÇ×3ÏÇ ã»Ý 3Û1 Áݻɧ, - Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ3Í ¿ o2ÐÎ-Ç ØÇÝëÏÇ ËáõÙμÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ñ3Ù3- Ý3Ë3·3Ñ »õ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ Ùûï ØÇ3ó»3É Ü3Ñ3Ý·Ý»ñáõ Ý3ËÏÇÝ 1»ëå3Ý Ø»ÃÇõ äñ3Û1⁄23, ¦èáÛÃÁñ1⁄2§ Éñ3ïáõ ·áñÍ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý ïáõ3Í Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ:

¦â»Ù Ï3ñÍ»ñ ÿ, 3ÝáÝù ÏñÝ3Ý μ3ñÓáõÝùÝ»ñ¿Ý 1áõñë ÙÕ»É Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ: ÎÁ Ï3ñ- Í»Ù, 3Û1 Í3Ûñ3ëïÇ×3Ý 1Åáõ3ñ ¿§, - 3õ»Éóáõó3Í ¿ Ø»ÃÇõ äñ3Û1⁄23:

4

Ð2Ú2êî2Ü ÆêÂ2ÜäàôÈÆ Ø3⁄4æ ¶ð2ôoò Ö2îð2ÎÆ 2ÞÊ2ðÐÆ 2ÊàÚo2ÜÆ îÆîÔàêÀ

2ßË3ñÑÇ 3ËáÛ»3Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ×3ïñ3ÏÇ Ñ3õ3ù3Ï3ÝÁ ¦1⁄4áõ3ñÃÝáó§ û13Ï3Û3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç ÏÁ 1ÇÙ3õáñáõÇ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿

ÐÐ3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ×3ïñ3ÏÇ ïÕáó Ñ3õ3ù3Ï3ÝÁ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 9-ÇÝ, Æë- Ã3ÝåáõÉÇ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3Í ÙÇ- ç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 40-ñ1 áÕÇÙåÇ3Ï3ÝÝ»- ñáõÝ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñ»ó ÷3ÛÉáõÝ Û3Õ- Ã3Ý3Ï ÙÁ, »ññáñ1 3Ý·3Ù ÁÉÉ3Éáí ·ñ3õ»Éáí 3ßË3ñÑÇ 3ËáÛ»3ÝÇ ïÇïÕáëÁ:

2Ûë 3éÃÇõ äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç ÑÝã»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÑÇÙÝÁ »õ μ3ñÓñ3ó3õa 1ñûßÁ:

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ï31⁄2ÙÁ, Çñ í»ñçÇÝ ÙñóáõÙÇÝ, 2,5 - 1,5 3ñ1ÇõÝùáí Û3Õ- Ã3Ý3Ï 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñ»ó ÐáõÝ·3ñÇáÛ Ï31⁄2ÙÇÝ 1¿Ù »õ 19.5 Ï¿ïáí ïÇñ3- ó3õ áëÏÇ Ù»ï3ÉÇÝ: 2ñÍ3à ٻï3-

ÉÇÝ ïÇñ3ó3õ èáõëÇáÛ Ñ3õ3ù3Ï3- ÝÁ, ÇëÏ åñáÝ1⁄2 Ù»ï3ÉÇÝa àõùñ3Ý- Ç3Ý:

oñÏáõß3μÃÇ, ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 10¬Ç »ñ»ÏáÛ»3Ý, ×3ïñ3ÏÇ 3ßË3ñÑÇ 3ËáÛ»3ÝÇ ïÇïÕáëÇÝ í»ñ3ïÇñ3ó3Í Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3õ3ù3Ï3ÝÁ, Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙ¿ 1ÇÙ3õáñáõ»ó3õ ¦1⁄4áõ3ñÃÝáó§ û13Ï3Û3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç, áõñ Ý3»õ Ù»Í μ31⁄2ÙáõÃÇõÝ

ÙÁ Ñ3õ3ùáõ3Í ¿ñ Ñ3Û í3ñå»ïÝ»ñÁ 1ÇÙ3õáñ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:  ̧ÇÙ3õáñÙ3Ý å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý 3ñ3ñáÕáõÃ»Ý¿Ý »ïù, 3ËáÛ»3ÝÝ»ñÁ‘ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ·ÉË3õá-

ñáõû3Ùμ, áõÕ»õáñáõ»ó3Ý 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3Ï, áõñ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ ïûÝ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ù»ñ· ÙÁ, μ31⁄2Ù3Ñ31⁄23ñ »ñÏñå3·áõÝ»ñáõ Ù3ëÝ3Ïóáõû3Ùμ:

Ð3õ3ù3Ï3ÝÇ 3é3ç3ï3ñ È»õáÝ 2ñáÝ»3Ý oñ»õ3Ý í»ñ313ñÓÇÝ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó.- ¦Ø»Ýù ·Ý3ó»É ¿ÇÝù Û3ÕûÉáõ áã ÙÇ3ÛÝ Ù»1⁄2 Ñ3Ù3ñ, 3ÛÉ Ñ»Ýó 3ÛÝï»ÕÇa Ñ3Ûáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ: oë ÇÝÓ 3Ýã3÷ Ñå3ñï »Ù 1⁄2·áõÙ, ù3ÝÇ áñ ÝÙ3Ý Ñ3õ3ù3Ï3ÝÇ ÙÇ Ù3ëÝÇÏÝ »Ù§:

äáÉëáÛ Ù¿ç Ï3Û3ó3Í ËÙμ3ÛÇÝ ×3ïñ3ÏÇ 40-ñ1 Ùñó3ß3ñùÇÝ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó3Í Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ïÕ3Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó Ñ3õ3ù3Ï3ÝÇ Ï31⁄2ÙÇ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñÝ ¿ÇÝa È»õáÝ 2ñáÝ»3Ý, ¶3μñÇ¿É ê3ñ·ë»3Ý, îÇ·ñ3Ý È»õáÝÇ ä»ïñáë»3Ý, ìÉ31ÇÙÇñ Ú3Ïáμ»3Ý »õ ê»ñ·¿Û ØáíëÇë »3Ý:ÊáõÙμÇ ·ÉË3õáñ Ù3ñ1⁄2ÇãÝ ¿ñ 2ñß3Ï ä»ïñáë»3Ý:

Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÀ ä2îð2êî 3⁄4 ÂàôðøÆ2ÚÆ Ðoî

Ú2ð2 ́oðàôÂÆôÜÜoð Ð2êî2îoÈ §ÐoÜò 2Úêú𦠦ػÝù Ó»1⁄2 3é3ç3ñÏáõÙ »Ýù 3ÝÛ3å3Õ Ñ3ëï3ï»É 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñ »õ μ3ó»É ë3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñÁ§, - Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ í3ñã3å»ï îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ‘ o2ÐÎ-áõÙ Ñ3õ3ï3ñÙ3·ñáõ3Í 1»ëå3ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï3Û3ó3Í Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Ï 3ñÓ3- ·3Ýù»Éáí o2ÐÎ-áõÙ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ 1»ëå3ÝÇ 1Çï3ñÏÙ3ÝÁ, ÿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ »õ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý å¿ïù ¿

3é3ç ß3ñÅáõ»Ý‘ Ý3Û»Éáí 3å3·3ÛÇÝ: ¦ÚáÛë áõÝ»Ù, áñ  ̧áõù Ò»ñ 3Û1 Ùûï»óáõÙÁ ÏÁ Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3ù ï3ñ3Í»É ÂáõñùÇ3ÛáõÙ, áñ-

å¿ë1⁄2Ç Ãáõñù ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á ÏÇëÇ Ò»ñ ï»ë3Ï¿ïÝ 3é 3ÛÝ, áñ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ»Ýó 3Ûëûñ ¿É, Ý3Û»Éáí 1¿åÇ 3å3·3Ý, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3ëï3ï»É 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ: ä3ñ1⁄23- å¿ë å¿ïù ¿ 1ñë»õáñ»É ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ï3Ùù§, - Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý ï»Õ»Ï3ïáõáõû3Ý »õ Ñ3- ë3ñ3Ï3ÛÝáõû3Ý Ñ»ï Ï3å»ñÇ í3ñãáõû3Ý ÷áË3ÝóÙ3Ùμ, 3ë»É ¿ îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ‘ ß3- ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáí. - ¦Ø»Ýù 3Û1 ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ï3ÙùÁ 1ñë»õáñ»É »Ýù »õ Ý»ñÏ3ÛáõÙë ¿É Ò»1⁄2 Ñ3ëï3- ïáõÙ »Ýù, áñ å3ïñ3ëï »Ýù Ñ»Ýó 3Ûëûñ 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ñ3ëï3ï»É Ù»ñ Ñ3ñ»õ3ÝÇ Ñ»ï§:

5

¦21-ñ1 13ñáõÙ 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ãáõÝ»Ý3ÉÁ Ù»1⁄2 ï»Õ3÷áËáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ 13ñ Ñ»ï: oÏ¿ù 1áõù ¿É 1ñë»õáñ¿ù 3Û1 μ3ñÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ï3ÙùÁ »õ 3é3Ýó Ý3Ë3- å3ÛÙ3ÝÝ»ñÇ 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ñ3ëï3ï¿ù Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï: Ø»Ýù Ù»ñ ù3ÛÉÁ Ï3ï3ñ»É »Ýù, ·Ý13ÏÁ ·ïÝõáõÙ ¿ Ó»ñ 13ßïáõÙ: Ø»1⁄2 Ñ3Ù3ñ Ï3ñ»õáñ ¿, áñ Ù»ñ 3Ûë ï»ë3Ï¿ïÁ ÏÇëáõÙ »Ý »°õ oõñ3ÙÇáõÃÇõÝÁ, »°õ 2ØÜ-Á, »°õ èáõë3ëï3ÝÁ§, - ÁÝ1·Í»É ¿ Ð3Û3ë- ï3ÝÇ í3ñã3å»ïÁ:

¦ ̧áõù å¿ïù ¿ Ó»ñ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3ÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3ù Ñ3Ùá1⁄2»É, áñ ãÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ÙÇçå»ï3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñ»É Ó»ñ μ3ñ»Ï3Ù3Ï3Ý 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ Ñ»ï »õ È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3- ñ3μ3ÕÇ Ñ3ñóÇ Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3Ùμ: oÿ Ù»Ýù Ñ3õ3ï3ñÇÙ »Ýù È»éÝ3ÛÇÝ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ ËÝ1ñÇ Ë3Õ3Õ Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3ÝÁ, ÇëÏ Ù»Ýù Çñûù 1ñ3 ÏáÕÙÝ3ÏÇóÝ »Ýù, 3å3 Ó»ñ Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñÇÝ å¿ïù ¿ Ý3Ë3å3ïñ3ëï¿ù 3Û1 ï»ëÉ3Ï3ÝÇݧ, - 3ë»É ¿ îÇ·ñ3Ý ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ:

æ3⁄4Ø2È ö2Þ2ÚÆ ÂàèÀ Ð2Úàò òoÔ2êä2ÜàôÂo2Ü Ø2êÆÜ ¶Æðø 3⁄4 Ðð2ä2ð2ÎoÈ

Ð3ë3Ý Ö¿Ù3ÉÇ ¦1915. Ð3Ûáó ó»Õ3ëå3- ÝáõÃÇõݧ í»ñÝ3·ñáí ·ÇñùÁ

AÂáõñùÇ3ÛáõÙ Ð3Ûáó ó»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý Ñ»- ÕÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÇ‘ æ¿Ù3É ÷3ß3ÛÇ ÃáéÁ ·Çñù ¿ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»É ¦1915. Ð3Ûáó ó»Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõݧ í»ñÝ3·ñáí: 2Û1 Ù3ëÇÝ 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù Û3ÛïÝ»É ¿ ¦2Ïûë§ ß3μ3Ã3ûñÃÁ, ï»Õ»Ï3ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ Ñ3ëï3ï»É ¿ Éñ3·ñáÕ o3õáõ1⁄2  ́3Û13ñÇÝ:

Ð3ë3Ý æ¿Ù3ÉÁ ¦ØÇÉÉǿç ûñÃÇ ï»ë3- μ3ÝÝ ¿: 2008 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ Ý3 oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ 3Ûó»- É»É ¿ Ð3Ûáó ó»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý 1⁄2áÑ»ñÇ Ûáõß3- Ñ3Ù3ÉÇñ: Úáõß3·ñùáõÙ Ý3 ·ñ»É ¿. ¦ÄËï»É ó»- Õ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ, Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇó ÉÇÝ»É Ù3ñ1Ïáõû3Ý 1¿Ù 3Û1 á×ñÇݧ:

2ÑÙ»ï æ¿Ù3É ÷3ß3Ý ëå3ÝÝáõ»É ¿ 1922 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ ÚáõÉÇëÇÝ ÂμÇÉÇëÇáõÙ‘ êï»÷3Ý Ì3- ÕÇÏ»3ÝÇ, 2ñï3ß¿ë ¶¿áñ·»3ÝÇ »õ ä»ïñáë î¿ñ- äûÕáë»3ÝÇ ¦Ü»Ù»1⁄2Çëǧ ßñç3Ý3ÏáõÙ: Üñ3 ÙÝ3óáñ1Ý»ñÁ ï»Õ3÷áËáõ»É »Ý 3⁄4ñ1⁄2ñáõÙ »õ

Ã3Õáõ»É: Ð3ë3Ý æ¿Ù3ÉÁ ·ñ»É ¿. ¦Ø»Ýù ã»Ýù Ï3ñáÕ 3é3ç ß3ñÅáõ»É‘ ãÝ3Û»Éáí 3Ýó»3ÉÇ 1¿ÙùÇÝ

»õ Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ:  ́3óÇ 1ñ3ÝÇó, 1915 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ ó3õÁ å3ïÙáõÃÇõÝ ã¿, 3ÛÉ ÁÝÃ3óÇÏ Ñ3ñó§:

¶ñùÇ 3é3çÇÝ ·ÉËáõÙ å3ïÙõáõÙ ¿, ÿ ÇÝãå¿ë ¿ Ð3ë3Ý æ¿Ù3ÉÝ ÇÙ3ó»É 1915 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ: 2ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ3ÝáõÙ ¿ 3ÛÝ μ3ÝÇ íñ3Û, ÿ ÇÝã- å¿ë ¿ Ý3 3ñ»É 3ÛÝ, ÇÝãÝ 3Ýáõ3ÝáõÙ ¿ ¦Ñ3Ûñ3ëå3ÝáõÃÇõݧ‘ Ðñ3Ý1 îÇÝùÇ ëå3ÝáõÃÇõÝÇó Û»- ïáÛ: ¶ñùÇ »ñÏñáñ1 ·ÉáõËÁ å3ïÙáõÙ ¿, ÿ ÇÝãå¿ë ¿ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÁ Ý3ËÏÇÝáõÙ Ùï3Í»É 1915 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ »õ ÇÝãå¿ë ¿ ÷áË»É Çñ ï»ë3Ï¿ïÁ: oññáñ1‘ ¦ö3ß3 å3å Ï3Ù æ¿Ù3É ÷3ß3ÛÇ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÁ§ ·ñùáõÙ å3ïÙõáõÙ ¿, ÿ ÇÝãåÇëÇÝ »Ý »Õ»É æ¿Ù3É ÷3- ß3Ý »õ Ýñ3 ÁÝï3ÝÇùÁ:

¦Memleket§ Ï3ÛùÁ Ññ3ï3ñ3Ïáõû3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ ·ñ»É ¿. ¦Ð3ë3Ý æ¿Ù3ÉÇ ·ÇñùÝ Çñ 3õ3Ý1Ý ¿ Ý»ñ1ñáõÙ 3éáÕç ùÝÝ313ïáõû3Ý 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý áÉáñïáõÙ§: ÆëÏ Éñ3·ñáÕáõÑÇ o3ë»ÙÇÝ âáÝ·3ñÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿, áñ Ð3ë3Ý æ¿Ù3ÉÁ Ïáã ¿ 3ÝáõÙ Ãáõñù»ñÇÝ ÉÇÝ»É ù3ç, ¦ù3ÝÇ áñ Ý3 3ñ13ñ Ù3ñ1 ¿: Ü3 ËÇ1⁄23Ë Ù3ñ1 ¿: È3õ Ù3ñ1 ¿§:

§ÂàôðøÆ2Ü Èèoò, oð ́ 2 ̧ð ́oæ2ÜÜ 2Ü2ØúÂ2 ́2ð

ÜoðàôØ ÞÜàðÐoò¦.-ÐÆôððÆÚ3⁄4 Âáõñù3Ï3Ý ¦ÐÇõññÇۿç ûñÃÁ ¦1⁄4ñû ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ Ñ»ï§

Çñ 3Ý1ñ313ñÓáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇÝ 3Ýáõ3ÝáõÙ ¿ ï3ñ3Í3ßñç3Ý3ÛÇÝ ï¿ñáõÃÇõÝ, ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ¦Ë3Õáñ1§ »õ Ï3ñÍÇù Û3ÛïÝáõÙ, áñ »ñÏÇñÝ 3Ý3ÙûÃ3μ3ñ Éé»É ¿ 21ñμ»ç3ÝáõÙ ¦ê3ý3ñáíÇ ·áñÍǧ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É:

6

Úû1áõ3Í3·Çñ  ́3ñçÇÝ oÇÝ3ÝçÁ ÝßáõÙ ¿, áñ ï3ñÇÝ»ñ 3é3ç »ñÏñÇ 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñ 2ÑÙ»ï  ̧3õáõÃûÕÉáõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»É ¿ñ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ Ý»ñ3é»Éáõ ¿ 3ÙμáÕç 3ßË3ñÑÁ: Ü3 3ë»É ¿ñ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ¿ 3ÛÝ Ë»É3óÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÁ, áñáÝù Ó»õ3õáñáõÙ »Ý Ýáñ 3ßË3ñÑ3Ï3ñ·:

¦oõ ÇëÏ3å¿ë, »Õ»É »Ý Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ, »ñμ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý ÙÇçÝáñ1 ¿ »Õ»É ë»ñμ»ñÇ »õ μáëÝÇ3- óÇÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç»õ, ÙÇç3Ùï»É ¿ ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ ×·Ý3Å3ÙÇÝ, ÷áñÓ»É μ3Ý3Ïó3ÛÇÝ ë»Õ3ÝÇ ßáõñç Ýëï»óÝ»É ëÇñÇ3óÇÝ»ñÇÝ »õ Çëñ3Û¿ÉóÇÝ»ñÇÝ: oÕ»É ¿ Ý3»õ, áñ áñáß 3ýñÇÏ»3Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇÝ ËÝ1ñ»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝ»É Ø»Í 20-Û3ÏáõÙ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ í»ñçÇÝ Ï¿ë ï3ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ 3ÙμáÕç ûñ3Ï3ñ·Á ï3ÏÝáõíñ3Û »Ý 3ñ»É êÇñÇ3ÛÇ ×·Ý3Å3ÙÝ áõ ùñ13Ï3Ý ËÝ1Ç- ñÁ§, - ·ñáõÙ ¿ Ûû1áõ3Í3·ÇñÁ:

Ü3 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñáõÙ ¿a Ø»3ÝÙ3ÛÇó μ3óÇ, ÂáõñùÇ3Ý ß3ï áõß31ñáõÃÇõÝ ãÇ 13ñÓñ»É 3ÛÉ Ï3ñ»õáñ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÇ:

Àëï Ûû1áõ3Í3·ñÇ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ, ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ ¦1⁄2ñû ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñ Ñ3ñ»õ3ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï§ ù3Õ3ù3- Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÇó, ×3Ï3ï3·ñÇ Ñ»·Ý3Ýùáí, ïáõÅ»É ¿ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÁ, áñÝ Çñ»Ý 13õ3×3Ýáõ3Í ¿ 1⁄2·áõÙa Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3ßïáõ»Éáõ ç3Ýù»ñÇ å3ï×3éáí: Úû1áõ3ÍÇ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ, 3ÛÝ μ3ÝÇó Û»ïáÛ, »ñμ ÂáõñùÇ3Ý 180 3ëïÇ×3ÝÇ ßñç313ñÓ Ï3ï3ñ»ó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3Ý1¿å ï3ñáõáÕ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç, Ãáõñù-31ñμ»ç3Ý3Ï3Ý Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ÏñÏÇÝ ç»ñÙ3ó3Ý: ÜÏ3ïõáõÙ ¿, áñ Ï3ñ× Å3Ù3Ý3ÏáõÙ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ 13éÝ3É ÃÇõ 1 ûï3ñ»ñÏñ»3Û Ý»ñ1- ñáÕÁ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛáõÙ, ù3ÝÇ áñ 31ñμ»ç3Ý3Ï3Ý Ý»ñ1ñáõÙÝ»ñÝ 3ñ3· 3× »Ý ·ñ3Ýó»É:

¦ ́3ùáõÇ Ñ»ï Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ 3ÛÅÙ 3ÛÝù3Ý 3ñÅ¿ù3õáñ »Ý ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ, áñ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÉéáõÃÇõÝ å3Ñå3Ý»ó, »ñμ  ́3ùáõÝ 3Ý3ÙûÃ3μ3ñ Ý»ñáõÙ ßÝáñÑ»ó áõ ÝáÛ- ÝÇëÏ μ3ñÓñ3óñ»ó ÐáõÝ·3ñÇ3ÛáõÙ Ñ3ÛÇ ëå3ÝÝ3Í áõ  ́3ùáõÇÝ í»ñ313ñÓáõ3Í 31ñμ»ç3ÝóÇ 1⁄2ÇÝáõáñ3Ï3ÝÇ ÏáãáõÙÁ§,- ·ñáõÙ ¿ Ûû1áõ3Í3·ÇñÁ:

Þ3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáía oÇÝ3ÝçÁ ·ñáõÙ ¿, áñ ÙÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É 21ñμ»ç3ÝÝ 3Ý1ñ1áõ»ÉÇ ¿ ÙÝáõÙ íÇ1⁄23ÛÇÝ é»ÅÇÙÁ í»ñ3óÝ»Éáõ ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ ËÝ1ñ3ÝùÇ Ñ3Ý1¿å:

¦ÜáÛÝÇëÏ í3ñã3å»ï è»ç¿÷ Â3ÛÇ÷ 3⁄4ñ1áÕ3ÝÇ Ýß3Ý3õáñ Ë3ñÇ1⁄2Ù3Ý ÆÉÑ3Ù 2ÉÇ»õÇ 1¿å- ùáõÙ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ã·áñÍ»É: 2ÉÇ»õÇÝ »ñμ»ù ¿É 3é3ÝÓÝ3å¿ë ãÇ Ñ»ï3ùñùñ»É ÂáõñùÇ3ÛÇ í3ñã3å»- ïÁ§,- ·ñáõÙ ¿ ûñÃÁ:

î3⁄4ð-äoîðàêo2ÜÜ §àôêàôØÜ2êÆðàôØ 3⁄4 Æð ÂoÎÜ2ÌàôÂÆôÜÜ

2è2æ2 ̧ðoÈàô ÐÜ2ð2ôàðàôÂÆôÜÀ¦ Ð3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ¿ëÇ 3é3çÝáñ1, Ýáñ3ÝÏ3Ë Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3é3çÇÝ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ È»õáÝ

î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ ÷áË3Ýó»ó ÎáÝ·ñ¿ëÇ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ËÙμ3Ïóáõû3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñ È»õáÝ 1⁄4áõñ3μ»3ÝÁ, áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñáõÙ ¿ ·3ÉÇù ö»ïñáõ3ñÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ 3é3ç31ñáõ»Éáõ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ:

¦î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÁ ß3ï Éáõñç å¿ïù ¿ ùÝÝ3ñÏÇ μáÉáñ ·áñÍûÝÝ»ñÁ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý, μáÉáñ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÁ‘ ÙÇÝã»õ Ï3ñáÕ3Ý3Û áñáßáõÙ ÁÝ1áõÝ»É 3Û1 áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ§, - Ýß»ó 1⁄4áõñ3μ»3ÝÁ‘ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáí. - ¦Î3ñ»õáñ »Ý 3ÛÉ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÇ Ùûï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ: oõ 3Û1 3Ù¿ÝÁ å¿ïù ¿ ×ß1»É. »’õ Ý»ñù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 3éáõÙáí Ù»ñ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, »’õ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 3éáõÙáí Ù»ñ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ: ä¿ïù ¿ Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3É, ÿ ÇÝã Ý3Ë31ñ»3ÉÝ»ñ Ï3Ý ÝÙ3Ý áñáßÙ3Ý ÁÝ1áõÝÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ§:

Ð3ñóÇÝ, ÿ áñù3Ýáí 3é3çÇÝ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ áñáßÙ3Ý íñ3Û Ï3ñáÕ ¿ 31⁄21»É 3ÛÉ ù3Õ3ù3- Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÇ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ 3ç3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, 1⁄4áõñ3μ»3ÝÁ å3ï3ë- Ë3Ý»ó. - ¦ ̧3 μÝ3Ï3Ý ¿: ò3ÝÏ3ó3Í Éáõñç ûÏÝ3Íáõ, ·Ý3Ñ3ï»Éáí Çñ ß3Ýë»ñÁ áñ»õ¿ ÁÝï- ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, Ý3»õ Ï3ï3ñáõÙ ¿ Çñ 13ßÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇ ÇÝí»Ýï3ñÇ1⁄23óÇ3:  ́3Ý3ÏóáõÙ ¿, ÷áñ- ÓáõÙ ¿ Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3É, ÿ ÇÝã ÏáÝýÇ·áõñ3óÇ3Ûáí Ïÿ3ÝóÝ»Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ§:

1⁄4áõñ3μ»3ÝÁ Û3õ»É»ó, áñ å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ 3Û1 Ñ3ñóáí 3é3ÛÅÙ ã»Ý ÁÝ- Ã3ÝáõÙ:

ÎáÝ·ñ¿ëÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÁ Û3õ»É»ó, áñ »Ã¿ î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÝ 3é3ç31ñáõÇ »õ Ýñ3Ý ë3ï3ñ»Ý ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ, 3å3 13 ¦Û3ÕÃáÕ ëó»Ý3ñ§ ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ: Æ å3- ï3ëË3Ý Ñ3ñóÇÝ, ÿ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ¿, áñ 3Û1 áõÅ»ñÇó ¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ-Á ë3ï3ñÇ î¿ñ- ä»ïñáë»3ÝÇÝ, 1⁄4áõñ3μ»3ÝÝ 3ë3ó, ÿ 3Û1 Ñ3ñóÁ å¿ïù ¿ áõÕÕ»É ¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ- ÇÝ:

7

ð2üüÆ ÚàìÐ2ÜÜÆêo2ÜÀ Ðð2Ä2ðôàôØ 3⁄4 Ø2Ü ̧2îÆò ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÁ Ù3Ý13ïÁ ãÇ í»ñóÝáõÙ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ å3ï×3éáí ä3ï·3Ù3õáñ3Ï3Ý Ù3Ý13ïÇó Ññ3Å3ñáõ»Éáõ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ áñáßáõÙÁ

å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñáõ3Í ¿ 3é3çÇÏ3Û Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ »ñÏáõß3μÃÇ ûñÁ 21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíáõÙ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ËÙμ3Ïóáõû3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñ èáõμ¿Ý Ú3Ïáμ»3ÝÁ:

¦Æ í»ñçáÛ Ñ3Ù3å»ï3Ï3Ý 3Ù»Ý3Ï3ñ»õáñ ÙÇçáó3éáõÙÁ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ »Ý: ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÁ Ý3»õ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñ ¿, »õ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ‘ ÇÝùÁ, 3Ñ3·ÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñ áõÝÇ 3Ý»Éáõ, μ3Ûó å¿ïù ¿ ÝÏ3ïÇ áõÝ»Ý3É, áñ 3é3çÇÏ3ÛáõÙ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ »Ý, »õ ãÇ μ3ó3éõáõÙ, áñ Ý3 3é3ç31ñáõÇ áñå¿ë Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ Ã»ÏÝ3Íáõ§, - ¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï 1⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ 3ë3ó Ú3Ïáμ»3ÝÁ:

ÎÇñ3ÏÇ ûñÁ ¦Ä3é3Ý·áõÃÇõݧ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý í3ñãáõÃÇõÝÁ ¦Ñ3õ3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ¿ ïáõ»É ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ 1⁄2»ÏáõóÙ3ÝÁ »õ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ÁÝ13é3ç Û3ñ·»É ¿ å3ï·3Ù3õáñ3Ï3Ý Ù3Ý13ïÁ ãí»ñóÝ»Éáõ Ýñ3 áñáßáõÙÁ§:

Ð2Úð2äoîo2ÜÀ Ì2èàôÎo2ÜÆ Ø2êÆÜ àðoô3⁄4 îoê2Î3⁄4î âÆ Ú2ÚîÜoÈ

ÐÐ3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ï·3Ù3- õáñ èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3Ý

22Ýó3Í ß3μ3à å3ï·3Ù3õáñ3Ï3Ý Ù3Ý13ïÇó Ññ3Å3ñ- áõ»Éáõ 1ÇÙáõÙ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óñ3Í èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ oñÏáõ- ß3μÃÇ, ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 10-ÇÝ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý ã¿ñ »Ï»É:

Ð3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñÁ ÙÇÝã»õ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 21- Á Çñ Ññ3Å3ñ3Ï3ÝÇ 1ÇÙáõÙÁ »ï í»ñóÝ»Éáõ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝ áõÝÇ: Èñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÁ ëå3ëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áñ Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ ËáñÑñ- 13ñ3Ý ÏÁ ·3Û‘ Ñ3ßáõÇ 3éÝ»Éáí Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý Ù3ÙáõÉáõÙ ï»Õ ·ï3Í Les Nouvelles d’Armenie-Ç Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÇ ëÕ3·ñáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ, áñï»Õ Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÝ 3ë»É ¿ñ, ÿ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 10- ÇÝ ·Ý3Éáõ ¿ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý »õ Ù3Ý13ïÇó Ññ3Å3ñáõ»Éáõ 1Ç- ÙáõÙÁ »ï ¿ í»ñóÝ»Éáõ:

Les Nouvelles d’Armenie-ÇÝ ïáõ3Í Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Ð3Û- ñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ ëå3éÝ3ÉÇùÝ»ñ ¿ñ ÑÝã»óñ»É ¦Ð3ñëÝ3ù3ñǧ ·áñÍÇ μ3ó3Û3ÛïÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ å3Ûù3ñáÕ 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñÇ Ñ3ëó¿ÇÝ‘ 3ë»Éáí, ÿ 3Û1 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñÇ ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñÁ ¦Çñ Ó»éùÁ Ïñ3ÏÝ »Ý ÁÝÏÝ»Éáõ, μáÉáñÁ ß3ù3ñáí »Ý ÑÇõ3Ý13Ý3-

Éáõ§: 2Û1 ÝáÛÝ Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñÇ ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3å»É ¿ñ

Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï: ¦Üñ3Ýù DZÝã åÇïÇ 3Ý»Ý: äÇïÇ ÃáõÉ3óÝ»Ý, Ë3Ûï3é3Ï»Ý, í3ñÏ3μ»Ï»Ý ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë-

»3ÝÇ Ñ3õ3ï3ñÇÙ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç ¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ§ èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï ·3Û ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý: à±õÙ Ñ3Ù3ñ å3ñ1⁄2 㿧, - 3ë»É ¿ñ Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ »õ Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝ»É, ÿ 3ÝÓ3Ùμ  ́ÐÎ 3é3çÝáñ1 ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÝ ¿ ýÇÝ3Ýë3õáñáõÙ 3ÏïÇõÇëïÝ»ñÇÝ:

2Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí ÐÐÎ ËáñÑñ1Ç 3Ý13ÙÇ 3Ûë Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ‘ ÐÐÎ-Ç ÷áËÝ3Ë3- ·3Ñ ¶3Éáõëï ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÝ 3ë3ó, ÿ Í3Ýûà 㿠Les Nouvelles d’Armenie-Ç 3Û1 Ññ3å3ñ3Ï- Ù3ÝÁ, μ3Ûó ãÇ Ï3ñÍáõÙ, áñ Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ ÝÙ3Ý Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ¿ 3ñ»É Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÇ Ñ3ëó¿ÇÝ:

¦ä3ñ1⁄23å¿ë åÇïÇ Ñ»ïÁ Ëûë»É, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç ÇÙ3Ý3Ù, 3Û1 Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÁ »Õ»±É ¿, ÿ± ãÇ »Õ»É: oë ÅËïáõÙ »Ù, ÝÙ3Ý μ3Ý »Õ3Í ãÇ ÉÇÝÇ: Î3ñáÕ ¿ 3ÝÑ3ëÏ3Ý3ÉÇ ¿ »Õ»É, 3Û1å¿ë ¿ í»ñ- Í3Ýáõ»É... »ë 3Û1åÇëÇ Û3ñ3μ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ã»Ù ï»ëÝáõÙ, áñ èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÇ Ù3ëÇÝ ËûëÇ, Ï3Ù Ñ3Ï3é3ÏÁ§, - 3ë3ó ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÁ:

8

¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ËÙμ3Ïóáõû3Ý ù3ñïáõÕ3ñ Ü3Çñ3 1⁄4áÑ- ñ3μ»3ÝÁ, 3Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí ÝáÛÝ ËÝ1ñÇÝ, 3ë3ó, ÿ 3Û1 Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙÇó 3ÝÙÇç3å¿ë Û»ïáÛ Ñ»é3Ëûë31⁄2ñáÛó ¿ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó»É èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ »õ ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÇ ÙÇç»õ »õ Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ ¦ïÕ3Ù3ñ1áõ »ñ1áõÙáí§ Ñ3õ3ëïÇ3óñ»É ¿, ÿ 3Û1 Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙÁ Çñ3Ï3- Ýáõû3ÝÁ ãÇ Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3ÝáõÙ:

¦2ë»É ¿, áñ ÇÝùÁ ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýñ3å¿ë  ́ÐÎ-Ç Ï3Ù ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3ÝÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É áñ»õ¿ ï»- ë3Ï¿ï, áñ»õ¿ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝ, áñ»õ¿ Ó»õ3Ï»ñåáõÙ ãÇ ÑÝã»óñ»É, »õ Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙÁ ãÇ Ñ3- Ù3å3ï3ëË3ÝáõÙ Çñ3Ï3Ýáõû3ÝÁ§, - 3ë3ó 1⁄4áÑñ3μ»3ÝÁ‘ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáí. - ¦oÿ ïÕ3Ù3ñ- 1Á ïÕ3Ù3ñ1áõ »ñ1áõÙáí 3ëáõÙ ¿, áñ ÇÝùÝ ÝÙ3Ý Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ãÇ ÑÝã»óñ»É, 3å3 Ù»Ýù Ç ·ÇïáõÃÇõÝ »Ýù ÁÝ1áõÝáõÙ 3Û1 Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ§:

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »ñÏñáñ1 Ý3Ë3·3Ñ èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ ìÇÏïáñ êáÕáÙáÝ»3ÝÁ 3é3ÛÅÙ ãÇ Ù»ÏÝ3μ3ÝáõÙ Les Nouvelles d’Armenie-áõÙ Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñÁ:

ê2Øàô3⁄4È  ́2È2ê2Üo2ÜÜ ÀÜîðàôoÈ 3⁄4 ¶ÆôØðÆÆ ø2Ô2ø2äoî

¶ÇõÙñÇáõÙ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñ 9-ÇÝ Ï3Û3ó3Í ï»Õ3Ï3Ý ÇÝùÝ3Ï3é3í3ñÙ3Ý Ù3ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý3ËÝ3Ï3Ý ïáõ»3ÉÝ»ñáí ¶ÇõÙñÇÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï ¿ ÁÝïñáõ»É ¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇã ê3Ùáõ¿É  ́3É3ë3Ý»3ÝÁ, áõÙ ë3ï3ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ý3- »õ ÇßËáÕ Ð3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ:

Ü3ËÝ3Ï3Ý ïáõ»3ÉÝ»ñáí ê3Ùáõ¿É  ́3É3ë3Ý»3ÝÁ Ñ3õ3ù»É ¿ ßáõñç 27 Ñ31⁄23ñ 500 ùáõ¿: oñÏñáñ1 ï»ÕáõÙ 13ßÝ3Ïó3Ï3Ý Úáíë¿÷ êÇÙáÝ»3ÝÝ ¿, áí 10 Ñ31⁄23ñ 281 Ó3ÛÝ ¿ Ñ3õ3ù»É:  ́3É3ë3Ý»3ÝÇ ÙÇõë »ñÏáõa 3ÝÏáõë3Ïó3Ï3Ý Ùñó3ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ 3ÝÑ3Ù»Ù3ï ùÇã Ó3ÛÝ»ñ »Ý Ñ3- õ3ù»É: 2Ý1ñ3ÝÇÏ 2õ»ïÇë»3ÝÇ û·ïÇÝ ùáõ¿3ñÏ»É ¿ Ùûï 2458, êå3ñï3Ï ä»ïñáë»3ÝÇ û·- ïÇÝa 2130 ÁÝïñáÕ:

ê3Ùáõ¿É  ́3É3ë3Ý»3ÝÁ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇ å3ßïûÝÁ ÏÁ ëï3ÝÓÝÇ ÐáÏï»Ùμ»ñÇ 26-ÇÝa 3Û1 ûñÁ Éñ3ÝáõÙ ¿ ·áñÍáÕ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï ì3ñ13Ý ÔáõÏ3ë»3ÝÇ ÉÇ31⁄2ûñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Å3ÙÏ¿ïÁ: ÔáõÏ3ë»3ÝÁ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇ å3ßïûÝÁ í3ñáõÙ ¿ 3ñ1¿Ý 13 ï3ñÇ 3ÝÁÝ1Ù¿ç:

Úáíë¿÷ êÇÙáÝ»3ÝÁ, ãÇ μáÕáù3ñÏ»Éáõ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ 3ñ1ÇõÝùÝ»ñÁ, ÿ»õ‘ ãÇ ¿É ßÝáñ- Ñ3õáñÇ ê3Ùáõ¿É  ́3É3ë3Ý»3ÝÇÝ, ù3ÝÇ áñ í»ñçÇÝë ¦áã ÿ ÁÝïñáõ»É ¿, 3ÛÉ Ýß3Ý3Ïáõ»É§. - ¦ò3õáù ëñïÇ, Ù»ñ ê3ÑÙ3Ý31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ë3Ëïáõ»ó, »õ Ù3ñ1Á Ýß3Ý3Ïáõ»ó§:

Üñ3 ïå3õáñáõû3Ùμ‘ ë3 ¦ÙÇÝÇÝ3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3ݧ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ¿ñ. - ¦2Û1 27 Ñ31⁄23ñ Ó3ÛÝÁ, áñ ï3ñ»É ¿ ê3Ùáõ¿É  ́3É3ë3Ý»3ÝÁ, 3Ûë ù3Õ3ùáõÙ μáÉáñ áõÅ»ñÁ‘  ́3ñ·3õ3×, Ð3Ý- ñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý, 3ÝÑ3ïÝ»ñ, Ý3Ë3·3Ñ, ¶3·ÇÏ Ì3éáõÏ»3Ý. μáÉáñÁ Ó3ÛÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý, μ3óÇ Çñ»- ÝÇó§:

Î2ð3⁄4Ü øàâ2ðo2Ü. §Ü2Ê2¶2Ð2Î2Ü ä2Úø2ðÀ ÀÜÂ2Ü2Èàô 3⁄4 2è2- æÆÜ,oðÎðàð ̧ oô oððàð ̧ Ü2Ê2¶2ÐÜoðÆ ØÆæoô¦

ø3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ù»ÏÝ3μ3Ý Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3Ý

22ÛÝ Ë3ÛÃáóÝ»ñÁ, Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÝ»ñÁ, áñ Ï3Ý Ù3Ùáõ- ÉáõÙ, 3ñ1¿Ý ËûëáõÙ »Ý 3ÛÝ Ù3ëÇÝ, áñ 3ÏïÇõ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3- Ýáõû3Ý Ù»ÏÝ3ñÏÁ ïñáõ»É ¿: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 11-ÇÝ Ññ3õÇñáõ3Í 3ëáõÉÇëÇÝ 3ë3ó ù3Õï»ËÝáÉá· Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ- »3ÝÁ‘ 3õ»É3óÝ»Éáí, áñ ËûëùÁ, ÿ èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ, ÿ îÇ·ñ3Ý àõñÇË3Ý»3ÝÇ Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ ¿:

Àëï ù3Õï»ËÝáÉá·Ç, 3Ûë 3Ý·3Ù Ùûï 20 ûñ ßáõï ïñáõ»ó Ù»ÏÝ3ñÏÁ‘ ãëå3ë»Éáí ê»åï»Ùμ»ñÇ 21-ÇÝ: Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ Ýß»ó, áñ ÇÝùÁ ß3ï Û3ñ·áõÙ ¿ Ðñ3Ý1  ́3·- ñ3ï»3ÝÇÝ, μ3Ûó Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ ã¿ Ýñ3 3ÛÝ 3é3ç3ñÏÇ Ñ»ï, áñ

9

ÙÇ3ëÝ3Ï3Ý Ã»ÏÝ3ÍáõÇ ÁÝïñáõû3Ý Ñ3ñóÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÃáÕÝ»É ÅáÕáíñ1Ç íñ3Û: ¦oÿ ÅáÕáíñ1Ç íñ3Û »Ýù ·óáõÙ, 13 áõïáåÇ3 ¿: 2õ»ÉÇÝ‘ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÇ Ùûï ÑÇõ3Ý1áõÃÇõÝ ¿ 13ñÓ»É, »ñμ Çñ»Ýù áõÅ»Õ »Ý, ÅáÕáíñ1ÇÝ ã»Ý ÛÇßáõÙ, μ3Ûó Ñ»Ýó ÃáÛÉ »Ý, ÛÇßáõÙ »Ý: ÆÝãá±õ 2007Ã-ÇÝ ã¿ÇÝ Ñ3ñóÝáõÙ‘ È»õáÝ î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÁ 3é3ç31ñDZ Çñ ûÏÝ3ÍáõÃÇõÝÁ, ÿ± áã §,- ÝÏ3ï»ó Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ:

2Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÇ Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóÇÝ Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ 3ë3ó, áñ èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï»3ÝÁ, ÉÇÝ»Éáí áã ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÇã, μ3Ûó Ý3»õ áã å3ï3Ñ3Ï3Ý Ù3ñ1 ÐÐÎ-áõÙ »õ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç, Çñ Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ Ý3Ë3ÝßáõÙ ¿ 3ñ·»É3å3ïÝ»ßÇó 3Ûë »õ 3ÛÝ ÏáÕÙ ë3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñÁ: ø3Õï»ËÝáÉá·Á 1ñ3 Ù¿ç Ý3»õ Ù»ëÇçÝ»ñ ¿ ï»ëÝáõÙ:

Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ ÁÝ1·Í»ó, áñ, ó3õáù, Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý å3Ûù3ñÁ ÁÝÃ3Ý3Éáõ ¿ 3é3- çÇÝ, »ñÏñáñ1 »õ »ññáñ1 Ý3Ë3·3ÑÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç»õ: ¦ÆÝãá±õ ó3õáù, áñáíÑ»ï»õ Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý 3Ý·3Ù Ù»ñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á, ÿ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 13ßïÁ ãÇ Ý3ÛáõÙ 3é3ç, 3ÛÉÝ Ý3ÛáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ï§,- Ýß»ó Î3ñ¿Ý øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ:

Øoð 21⁄4Æ1⁄4 2Êäoð ÆÈÐ2ØÀ

¶3⁄4àð¶ È2È2Úo2Ü

Êáßáñ Ñ3ßáõáí, íÑ3ïáõ»É å¿ïù ã¿, áñ 2ëïáõ3Í Ù»1⁄2 ÆÉÑ3ÙÇ å¿ë Ñ3ñ»õ3Ý ¿ ïáõ»É:  ̧»é ÙÇ μ3Ý ¿É å¿ïù ¿ Ã3ùáõÝ áõñ3Ë3Ý3É, »ñ3Ëï3å3ñï ÉÇÝ»É Ý3Ë3ËÝ3Ùáõû3ÝÁ, áñ 3Û1ù3Ý μ3ñ»·áõà ¿ »Õ»É Ñ3Ûáõû3Ý Ñ3Ý1¿å: â·Çï»Ùa áí ¿ 3ë»É, μ3Ûó ß3ï 1ÇåáõÏ ¿ ÝÏ3ïáõ3Í. É3õ ¿ áõÝ»Ý3É ïËÙ3ñ ÃßÝ3ÙÇ, ù3Ý Ëáñ3Ù3ÝÏ μ3ñ»Ï3Ù: 2Û1 ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó Ñ3Û»- ñÇ μ3ËïÁ μ»ñ»É ¿. ÆÉÑ3ÙÇ å¿ë Ù¿Ï ÃßÝ3ÙÇÝ Ñ3ñÇõñ Ï3ëÏ3Í»ÉÇ μ3ñ»Ï3Ù 3ñÅ¿:

oõ ÇëÏ3å¿ë, μáÉáñ 3ÛÝ μ3ñÇùÝ»ñÁ, áñ Çñ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý ûñûù Ù»ñ 31⁄2·Ç Ñ3Ù3ñ, ÿÏáõ1⁄2 3Ï3Ù3Û 3ñ»É »õ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ ¿ 3Ý»É 3Ý1⁄2áõ·3Ï3Ý Ð»Û13ñûÕÉÇÝ, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ ãÇ ï»ë»É áã ÅáÕáíñ13í3ñ, ù3Õ3ù3ÏÇñà oõñáå3ÛÇó, áã μ3ñ»Ï3Ù Ñ3Ù3ñáõáÕ 2ØÜ-Çó, áã ¿É 3Ý·3Ù Ù»ñ é31⁄2Ù3í3ñ3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇó, áõÙ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý áñáß ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ ëÇñáõÙ »Ý å3ßï3ÙáõÝùÇ Ñ3ëÝáÕ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ... 3Ýå3ï3ëË3Ý ëÇñáí:  ́3Ûó ë3 3ÛÉ Ã»Ù3 ¿:

¦È3õ, ÇëÏ 3Û1 á±ñ μ3ñÇ 3ñ3ñùÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ »Ýù å3ñï3Ï3Ý ÃßÝ3ÙÇ »ñÏñÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ- ݧ,- ÏÁ Ñ3ñóÝÇ ï3ñ3Ïáõë3Í ÁÝûñóáÕÁ: ä3ñ1⁄23μ3Ý»Ýùa ëÏë»Éáí 3Ù»Ý3Ã3ñÙ ûñÇÝ3ÏÇó: 2ë3ó¿ù, ËÝ1ñ»Ù, á±í 3ßË3ñÑÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ å3ñ1⁄2 13ñÓñ»ó, áñ 3ñó3ËóÇÝ 3ÛÉ»õë »ñμ»ù ãÇ Ï3- ñáÕ 3åñ»É ÙÇ å»ïáõû3Ý Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ, áñÁ ùÝ3Í Ù3ñ1áõÝ Ï3óÝ3Ñ3ñáÕ μ3ßÇμá1⁄2áõÏÇÝ Ñ»ñá- ë3óÝ»Éáõ Ù3Ï3ñ13ÏÇó 1»é ãÇ 3×»É: 2Ýï3ñ3ÏáÛëa ÆÉÑ3Ù 2ÉÇ»õÁ:

2õ»ÉÇÝ, Ù¿Ï ·Çß»ñáõ3Û Ù¿ç Ý3 Ç ß3Ñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ï3ï3ñ»ó 3ÛÝù3Ý ·áñÍ, áñù3Ý »ñÏáõ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3ÏáõÙ Ç 1⁄2ûñáõ ã»Õ3Ý Ï3ï3ñ»Éáõ Ù»ñ 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ·»ñ3ï»ëãáõÃÇõÝÁ, ÐÐ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, ù3ñá1⁄2ã3Ï3Ý Ù»ù»Ý3Ý »õ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý 1Çõ3Ý3·ÇïáõÃÇõÝÁ ÙÇ- 3ëÇÝ í»ñóñ3Í: 2Û1å¿ë, ÐáõÝ·3ñÇ3ÛÇ Ñ»ï Ë3Ûï3é3Ï ·áñÍ3ñùÇ ·Ý3Éáía 2ÉÇ»õ Ïñïë»ñÁ ùáÕ31⁄2»ñÍ»ó μéÝ3å»ï3Ï3Ý, á×ñ3·áñÍ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇ Çñ3Ï3Ý 1¿ÙùÁ:

oñÏñáñ1, á±í Ù»ñÅ»ó ¦Ø31ñÇ1»3ݧ ÏáãáõáÕ ëÏ1⁄2μáõÝùÝ»ñÁa ÃáÛÉ ãï3Éáí, áñ Ñ3Û»ñÁ ÏáñóÝ»Ý 31⁄23ï3·ñáõ3Í ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñÁ: Ú3Ù»Ý3ÛÝ 1¿åë, 1ñ3Ýó ·»ñ3ÏßÇé Ù3ëÁ:  ̧3ñÓ»3É Ù»ñ ¦31⁄2Ç1⁄2 3Ëå»ñÁ§: à±í é31⁄2Ù3ï»Ýã Çñ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí, å3ïÙáõû3Ý Ï»ÕÍ3ñ3- ñáõû3Ùμ, ù3ñ3ÝÓ3õ3ÛÇÝ í3Ûñ3·áõû3ÝÁ μÝáñáß ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåÙ3Ùμ, ûñÇÝ3Ïa Ü3ËÇç»õ3ÝÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ·»ñ»1⁄2Ù3ÝáóÇ Ë3ãù3ñ»ñÇ, Ùß3ÏáõÃ3ÛÇÝ Ù»ñ ÙÇõë ÏáÃáÕ- Ý»ñÇ áãÝã3óÙ3Ý Ó»éÝ3ñÏÙ3Ùμ, Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ μ3ó»ó ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý ùÝÏáï 3ãù»ñÁ:

3⁄4ÉÇa ûñÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñ... ËÝ1ñ»Ù: à±õÙ Û3ÛïÝÇ ã¿, áñ Ñ3Ù3ÛÝ 3ßË3ñÑáõÙ ÙÇ3ÛÝ ÆÉÑ3Ù 2ÉÇ»õÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ 3ï»Éáõû3Ý, 3ÝÑ3Ý1áõñÅáÕáõû3Ý »õ Ý»ñùÇÝ ã3ñáõû3Ý ¦ËÙáñÇó§ å3ïñ3ëï»É Ñ3Û ÃßÝ3Ùáõ 3ÛÝåÇëÇ Ññ»ß3õáñ Ï»ñå3ñ, áñÇ 3ÑÇó ÙÇçÇÝ íÇ×3Ï3·ñ3Ï3Ý 3ïñå¿Û×3ÝóÇ 1⁄2ÇÝ3å3ñïÁ ÏÁ Ý3ËÁÝïñÇ ·ÉáõËÝ 3éÝ»É, Ñ»é3Ý3É Çñ »ñÏñÇó, ù3Ý »ñμ»õ¿ ·áñÍ áõÝ»Ý3É Ù3ñ1Ï3ÛÇÝ Ï»ñå3ñ3ÝùÁ Ïáñóñ3Í, 3Ù»Ý313Å3Ý Ñ3ßáõ»Ñ3ñ13ñÇ áõÝ3Ï Ñ3Ï3é3Ïáñ1Ç Ñ»ï: oõ 13 á±õÙ û·ïÇÝ ¿: 2Ýßáõßïa 2ñó3ËÇ: àñù3Ý ß3ï Ñ3ÛÇó ë3ñë3÷Ç ÃßÝ3ÙÇÝ áõ Ñ»éáõ ÍÉÏÇ, 3ÛÝù3Ý 3õ»ÉÇ 3Ý3éÇÏ ÏÁ ÙÝ3Ý 2ñó3ËÇ ë3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñÁ:

2Ûë ß3ñùÁ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ »ñÏ3ñ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É, μ3Ûó 3ëáõ3ÍÝ ¿É μ3õ3Ï3Ý ¿a Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ»Éáõ Ñ3- Ù3ñ, ÿ ÇëÏ3å¿ë áñù3Ý μ3ñ»Ñ3× ¿ »Õ»É 2ñ3ñÇãÁa Ù»1⁄2 3Û1åÇëÇ 1ñ3óÇ ÁÝÍ3Û»Éáí: Ø»ñ Ý»Õ ûñÇÝ Ñ3ëÝáÕ 3Û1åÇëÇ ¦31⁄2Ç1⁄2 3Ëå»ñ§: 2ÛÉ3å¿ë Ñ3Ûáó ÷áùñ áõ íïÇï ûññ3ÝÁ ÏáõÉ ÏÁ ·Ý3ñ:

10

Þ3ï ó3õ3ÉÇ ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ ÙÇ3ÛÝ, »Ã¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ 2ñó3ËÇ μ3ñÓñ3ëïÇ×3Ý ÇßË3Ý3õáñ- Ý»ñÁ, å3ïÏ3Ý ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñÁ ãÏ3ñáÕ3Ý3Ý É3õ3·áÛÝë û·ïáõ»É îÇñáç áÕáñÙ3ÍáõÃÇõÝÇó Ï3Ù, áñ ÝáÛÝÝ ¿, ÆÉÑ3ÙÇ ïÑ3ëáõû3Ý åïáõÕÝ»ñÇó:

 ́3ó ÃáÕÝ»É 3Û1åÇëÇ å3ï»ÑáõÃÇõÝÁa Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿ ÆÉÑ3ÙÇó 3õ»ÉÇ ïÑ3ë ÉÇÝ»É: ¦Ðoîø§

Ô2ð2 ́2Ôo2Ü Î2ð¶2ôàðØ2Ü Øoð î2ð ́oð2ÎÀ Ø2ðÎ ÜÞ2Üo2Ü

21⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíÇ ÑáõÅÏáõ ÝÇëïÇ 3Ù»Ý31⁄23õ»ßï3ÉÇ μ3Õ31ñÇãÝ, ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, 3ÛÝ å3ÑÝ ¿ñ, »ñμ ¦Ó»éùÇ Ñ»ï§ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý3»õ‘ 3ñÅ¿± ×3Ý3ã»É ÈÔÐ 3ÝÏ3ËáõÃÇõÝÁ, ÿ áã: Æñ3íÇ×3- ÏÁ ÛÇß»óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ¦Ò3Ëáñ1 ö3ÝáëÁ§ ýÇÉÙÇ 3ÛÝ 1ñáõ3·Á, »ñμ ö3ÝáëÁ ·Çß»ñÁ ·ÝáõÙ ¿ Çñ»Ýó ïáõÝ, áñï»Õ Çñ ÇëÏ ù»É»ËÇ ë»Õ3ÝÝ ¿, Ñ3õ3ùáõ3ÍÝ»ñÝ ¿É 3ÕÙáõÏÇ íñ3Û 1áõñë »Ý í31⁄2áõÙ, áõ Ù¿ÏÝ 3é3ç3ñÏáõÙ ¿ ßñç3å3ï»É, ÙÇõëÝ 3ëáõÙ ¿ ¦÷»ï í»ñóñ¿ù§, »ññáñ1Ý 3ëáõÙ ¿ ¦í3ËïÁ ãǧ »õ 3ÛÉÝ: ä3ñ1⁄2 3ë3Í, Ù3ñ1ÇÏ ÏáÝÏñ»ï ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ åÉ3Ý »Ý Ùß3ÏáõÙ »õ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙ ¦í3ËïÝ 3§, ÿ ¦í3ËïÁ ãǧ‘ 3é3Ýó Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3Éáõ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ »õ í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý Ýå3ï3ÏÁ:

2ÙμáÕç ËÝ1ÇñÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ ÈÔÐ 3ÝÏ3ËáõÃÇõÝÁ ×3Ý3ã»É-ã×3Ý3ã»Éáõ Ñ3ñóÁ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ¿ ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É ÙÇ3ÛÝ 3ÛÝ 1¿åùáõÙ, »Ã¿ Ûëï3Ï å3ïÏ»ñ3óáõÙ Ï3Û, ÿ ÇÝãå¿ë ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ å3ïñ3ëïõáõÙ Ñ3ëÝ»É Õ3ñ3μ3Õ»3Ý ËÝ1ñÇ í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3ÝÁ: ä3ñ1⁄2 3ë3Í, ïáõ»3É ù3ÛÉÇ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ ÇÙ3ëï áõÝÇ ÙÇ3ÛÝ 3ÛÝ 1¿åùáõÙ, »Ã¿ Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3Ý ×3Ý3å3ñÑÁ ëÏ1⁄2μÇó ÙÇÝã»õ í»ñç Ý3Ë3Ýßáõ3Í ¿. 3Û1 1¿åùáõÙ ÙÝáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ å3ñ1⁄2»É‘ ïáõ»3É ù3ÛÉÁ Ù»1⁄2 ×Çß1 ×3Ý3å3ñÑá±í ¿ ï3ÝáõÙ, ÿ áã: ÆëÏ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý áõÅ»ñÁ, Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3ÉÇ ¿, ï»Õ- »3Ï ã»Ý μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Çñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùÇó (î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÇ ûñûù, ûñÇÝ3Ï, 3ÙμáÕ- ç3Ï3Ý ÇÝýáñÙ3óÇ3ÛÇÝ ïÇñ3å»ïáõÙ ¿ñ í»ó Ñá·Ç, ÇëÏ ÑÇÙ3 3Û1 ÃÇõÁ Ñ3ëï3ï 3õ»ÉÇ ÷áùñ ¿):

Êûë»Ýù 3õ»ÉÇ ÏáÝÏñ»ï: î»ë3Ï3Ýûñ¿Ý Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ Õ3ñ3μ3Õ»3Ý ËÝ1ñÇ í»ñç- Ý3Ï3Ý Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3Ý ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ åÉ3Ý áõÝ»Ý3É:

1. Ü»ñÏ3Û Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ å3Ñå3Ý»É »õ μ3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ 3ÛÝù3Ý Ó·Ó·»É, ÙÇÝã»õ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÁ Ó3ÝÓñ3Ý3Û, í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý3å¿ë Ñ3ßïáõÇ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ ÏáñëïÇ Ñ»ï áõ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝ- áõÇ ÁÝ1áõÝ»É ÈÔÐ 3ÝÏ3ËáõÃÇõÝÁ‘ Û3ñ3ÏÇó ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñÇ í»ñ313ñÓÇ 1ÇÙ3ó:

2. êå3ë»É, ÙÇÝã»õ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÁ Û3ñÓ3ÏáõÇ, Ñ3ëÝ»É Ýñ3Ý, áñ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÝ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ ×3Ý3ãÇ áñå¿ë 3·ñ»ëáñ, Û3ÕÃ»É 3Û1 å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙáõÙ (3ë»Ýù‘ Ñ3ëÝ»É ÙÇÝã»õ øáõé ·»ïÁ) »õ Ýáñ Çñ3íÇ×3ÏáõÙ Ñ3ëÝ»É ÈÔÐ 3ÝÏ3Ëáõû3Ý ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ×3Ý3ãÙ3ÝÁ:

3.  ́3Ý3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ Ï3Ù3ó-Ï3Ù3ó 1⁄2Çç»É 31⁄23ï3·ñáõ3Í ï3ñ3ÍùÝ»ñÁ »õ Ó»õ3óÝ»É, ÿ Ñ3õ3ïáõÙ »Ýù, áñ 1ñ3ÝÇó Û»ïáÛ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕáõÙ ÝáñÙ3É Ñ3Ýñ3ùáõ¿ Ïÿ3Ýó- Ï3óáõÇ, áõ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿É ÏÿÁÝ1áõÝÇ 1ñ3 3ñ1ÇõÝùÝ»ñÁ: ÆëÏ »Ã¿ ãëï3óáõÇ‘ ÝáñÇó Ù»ÕùÁ μ3ñ1»É ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ý»Ý· Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý íñ3Û:

2ÙμáÕç ËÝ1ÇñÝ 3ÛÝ ¿ ë3Ï3ÛÝ, ÿ ÐÐ 3Ûëûñáõ3Û ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ 3Ûë ï3ñμ»ñ3ÏÝ»ñÇó áñÝ »Ý ÁÝïñ»É »õ áñÇ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÙ3Ý áõÕÕáõû3Ùμ »Ý 3ßË3ïáõÙ: úñÇÝ3Ï, »Ã¿ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÝ ÁÝïñ»É ¿ 3é3çÇÝ Ï3Ù »ññáñ1 ï3ñμ»ñ3ÏÁ, ÈÔÐ 3ÝÏ3ËáõÃÇõÝÁ Ñ3ëï3ï ã3ñ- Å¿ ×3Ý3ã»É, ÇëÏ »Ã¿ ÁÝïñ»É ¿ »ñÏñáñ1 ï3ñμ»ñ3ÏÁ‘ ÈÔÐ 3ÝÏ3Ëáõû3Ý ×3Ý3ãÙ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ 3õ»ÉÇ Ýå3ëï3õáñ å3Ñ å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë 1Åáõ3ñ ¿ å3ïÏ»ñ3óÝ»É: ØÇõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É‘ ËÝ1ÇñÝ 3ÛÝ- åÇëÇÝ ¿, áñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ Ñ3ëï3ï μ3ñÓñ3Ó3ÛÝ ãÇ 3ë»Éáõ, ÿ ÏáÝÏñ»ï áñ ×3Ý3- å3ñÑáí ¿ ·ÝáõÙ, 3é3õ»É »õë‘ 3ÝÑÝ3ñ ¿ å3ïÏ»ñ3óÝ»É, áñ ÝÙ3Ý Éáõñç ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñ ï»ÕÇ ÏÿáõÝ»Ý3Ý ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝáõÙ (»Ã¿ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ ÷3Ï ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñ ÉÇÝ»Ý, 3ñï3ÑáëùÝ 3ÝËáõë3- ÷»ÉÇ ¿): лÝó ë3 ¿ å3ï×3éÁ, áñ ËÙμ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÝ 3é3ç3ñÏáõÙ ¿ ÈÔÐ 3ÝÏ3- Ëáõû3Ý Ñ3ñóÁ ÙïóÝ»É 2Ä ûñ3Ï3ñ·, ÙÇõëÝ»ñÝ ¿É áã Ï3ñáÕ3ÝáõÙ »Ý Ï3å3Ïóáõ3Í Ó»õáí μ3ó3ïñ»É, ÿ 13 ÇÝãáõ ãÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ 3Ý»É, áã ¿É Ï3ñáÕ3ÝáõÙ »Ý Ñá13μ3ßË μ3ó3ïñáõÃÇõÝ ï3É, ÿ ÇÝãáõ ¿ 3Û1 ù3ÛÉÝ ÁÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ 3éÙ3Ùμ ×Çß1, μ3Ûó‘ 3é3ÛÅÙ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3íñ¿å: ê3 ÙÇ- 3Ý·3Ù3ÛÝ Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3ÉÇ ¿. »Ã¿ í»ñçÝ3Ï3Ý Ýå3ï3ÏÇ Ñ3ñóáõÙ Ûëï3ÏáõÃÇõÝ ãÏ3Û, ãÇ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ áñáᯐ ß3ñÅÙ3Ý áõÕÕáõÃÇõÝÁ:

ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÝ, Ç 1¿å, »ñ¿Ï Ï3ñÍÇù ¿ Û3ÛïÝ»É, ÿ Çñ Ù3ñ13ëå3ÝÇÝ 31⁄23ï 3ñÓ3Ï»- Éáí‘ 2ÉÇ»õÁ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý 3ñÓ3·3ÝùÝ ¿ ëïáõ·áõÙ (áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç »Ã¿ 3Û1 3ñÓ3·3ÝùÁ ß3ï Ïáßï ãÉÇÝÇ‘ Ýñ3Ýù ¦3ñË3ÛÇݧ Û3ñÓ3Ïáõ»Ý): 2ÉÇ»õÇ ¿ùëå»ñÇÙ»ÝïÁ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Û3çáÕ- áõ3Í Ñ3Ù3ñ»É. ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÙÇ Ã»Ã»õ 3ÕÙáõÏ μ3ñÓñ3óñ»ó, »õ í»ñç:  ́3Ûó

11

3Ûëï»Õ ËÝ1ÇñÝ 3ÛÉ ¿‘ ÙDZÿ Ù»Ýù áõñÇß 3ÏÝÏ3ÉÇù áõÝ¿ÇÝù ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÇó, Ï3Ù ÙDZÿ Ù»ñ ÛáÛëÁ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3Ýñáõû3Ý Ïáßï 3ñÓ3·3ÝùÝ ¿: oÿ 3Ûá, 3å3 ã3ñ3ã3ñ ëË3ÉõáõÙ »Ýù. ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Ñ3ÝñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ¦·áé3É, ×ã3É, ù3óÇ ï3É, 13 ÑÇÝ3õáõñó- ·»Õ»óÇÏ 3õ3Ý1áÛà ¿§, μ3Ûó 1ñ3ÝÇó 3ÛÝ ÏáÕÙ ãÇ 3ÝóÝÇ: ÆëÏ »Ã¿ áã, 3å3 å¿ïù ¿ í»ñç3å¿ë Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3É, ÿ áñÝ ¿ Õ3ñ3μ3Õ»3Ý Ï3ñ·3õáñÙ3Ý Ù»ñ ëó»Ý3ñÁ: Î3Ù ·áÝ¿ Ñ3õ3ëïÇ3óáõÙ- Ý»ñ ëï3Ý3É, áñ 3Û1åÇëÇ ëó»Ý3ñ Ï3Û, »õ 3ÛÝ Çñ3ï»ë3Ï3Ý ¿:

¦âàððàð ̧ ÆÜøÜÆÞÊ2ÜàôÂÆôܧ

ƱÜâäÆêÆ 21⁄4¶ oÜø

Ú2ðàôÂ î3⁄4ð  ̧2ôÆÂo2Ü

21⁄2·»ñáõ å3ïÙáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ÏÁ å3ï3ÑÇÝ 1¿åù»ñ, áñáÝù 3ÝÏÇõÝ313ñÓ3ÛÇÝ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÃÇõÝ Ï'áõÝ»Ý3Ý, Û»Õ3ßñç»Éáí ïáõ»3É 31⁄2·Ç Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó Ùï3ÛÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ Ï»3Ýù»ñÁ: 2ñó3Ë»3Ý ß3ñÅáõÙÝ áõ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3ÝÏ3Ë3óáõÙÁ 3Û1åÇëÇ ×3Ï3ï3·ñ3Ï3Ý ï3ñá-ÕáõÃÇõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ 1¿åù»ñ »Ý, áñáÝó 3Ï3Ý3ï»ëÝ»ñÝ áõ Ù3ëÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÝ »Ýù 31⁄2·áíÇÝ: â»Ýù ËáñÑÇñ, áñ 3ÝóÝáÕ 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý »ñÏáõ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3ÏÝ»ñáõ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ, 3ßË3ñÑÇ íñ3Û Ï3ñ Ñ3Û ÙÁ, áñáõ Ùï3Í»É3Ï»ñåÁ ã31⁄21áõ»ó3õ 3Ûë »ñÏáõ Ýáõ3×áõÙÝ»ñ¿Ý, ëÏ1⁄2μÝ3Ï3Ý ßñç3ÝÇ Ë3Ý13í3éáõÃÇõÝ¿Ý ÙÇÝã»õ Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇ Ùï3Ñá·Çã íÇ×3ÏÁ: àõ Ù»ñ 3Ûëûñáõ3Ý Ùï3Ñá·Çã íÇ×3ÏÝ ¿, áñ Ù»1⁄2 ÏÁ ÙÕ¿ ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñáõ áñáÝÙ3Ý »õ 3é3çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ñ3ñó ï3Éáõ ÿ DZÝãåÇëÇ 31⁄2· »Ýù: äÇïÇ Ï3ñ»Ý3±Ýù 3Ùñ3åÝ1»É Ù»ñ 3Ûë Ýáõ3×áõÙÝ»ñÁ, ÿ 3Ý·3Ù ÙÁ »õë Ó»éù¿ åÇïÇ ï3Ýù 1⁄23ÝáÝù: 2ÛÝ ÇÝãÇ áñ 3Ï3Ý3ï»ë Ï'ÁÉÉ3Ýù »ñÏáõ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3ÏÝ»ñ¿ Ç í»ñ, 1Åμ3Ë-ï3μ3ñ Ù»1⁄2 ãÇ Ûáõë31ñ¿ñ, áñ ×Çßï áõÕÇÇ íñ3Û »Ýù: ÆÝãá±õ: àñáíÑï»õ Ù»ñ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõÙáí, 31⁄2· ÙÁ Çñ 3å3·3Ý ÏÁ Ï»ñï¿ Çñ Çï¿3ÉÝ»ñáõ å3ïÏ»ñáí: oõ ÝÏ3ï»Éáí, áñ 31⁄2· »õ å»ïáõÃÇõÝ Ï»ñï»Éáõ »õ 1⁄23ñ·3óÝ»Éáõ Çï¿3ÉÝ»ñÁ, 1Åμ3Ëï3μ3ñ Ù»ñ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç Ùï3Í»É3Ï»ñåÇÝ Ù¿ç 3é3çÝ3Ñ»ñÃáõÃÇõÝ ã»Ý, Ñ»ï»õ3-μ3ñ Çñ3õáõÝù áõÝÇÝù Ùï3-Ñá·áõ»Éáõ:  ́3ó3ïñ»Ýù ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ûñÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñáí, ÿ DZÝã »Ý Ù»ñ Ùï3Ñá·áõû3Ýó ïáõÝ ïáõáÕ ·ÉË3õáñ å3ï×3éÝ»ñÁ:

ÀÝï3ÝÇù »õ 21⁄2· 1934ÇÝ Þ3Ñ3Ý Þ3ÑÝáõñ ÏÁ Ññ3ï3ñ3Ï¿ñ ¦21⁄23ïÝ ÎáÙÇï3ë§ Ûû1áõ3ÍÁ, áõñ Ï'Áë¿ñ.

¦oÿ 3ãùÇ 3éç»õ áõÝ»Ý3Ýù ë3 Û3é3ç3-ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ- 3ÝÑ3ï, ÁÝï3ÝÇù, 31⁄2·, Ù3ñ1ÏáõÃÇõÝ- ÏÁ ï»ëÝ»Ýù áñ Ð3ÛÁ Ï»ó3Í ¿ »ñÏñáñ1 Ñ3Ý·ñáõ3ÝÇÝ: 2Ûëûñ Ï3Ý ï3ñ3Ýç3ï ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñ, μ3Ûó 1»é ãÏ3Û 21⁄2·Ý Ð3Ûáó§: àñù3±Ý 3ÛÅÙ¿3Ï3Ý ÏÁ ÑÝã¿ 3Ûë ÙÇïùÁ, Ñ3Ï3é3Ï Ùûï 80 ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõ Ñ»é3õáñáõû3Ý: oÿ 1920-1930-3Ï3Ý Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñáõÝ 1Åáõ3ñ ¿ñ 3ÏÝÏ3É»É, áñ Çñ»Ýó ûñ3å3ÑÇÏÇ »õ ·áÛ3ï»õáõû3Ý å3Ûù3ñáí ÏÉ3Ýáõ3Í oÕ»éÝ¿Ý í»ñ3åñ3Í áõ ï»Õ3Ñ3Ýáõ3Í ë»ñáõÝ1Ý»ñÁ, Ñ3ëÏÝ3ÛÇÝ Þ3ÑÝáõñÇ 3Ëï3-×3Ý3ãÙ3Ý ï3ñáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ. »Ã¿ ÝáÛÝ ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõÝ, ÷áñÓ»Ýù Ñ3ëÏÝ3É »Ï»Õ»óÇÝ»ñáõ, Ïáõë3Ï-óáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ »õ 3ÛÉ Ï31⁄2Ù3-Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Çñ»Ýó 31⁄2- 1»óáõû3Ý ·ûïÇÝ ÅáÕáíáõñ1ÇÝ íñ3Û ï3ñ3Í»Éáõ Ù3ñÙ3çÇÝ Ñ»ï3Ùáõï ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÁ. 3å3 ÇÝã忱ë 3ñ13ñ3óÝ»É 3ÝóÝáÕ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3ÏÝ»ñáõ »õ Ù3Ý3õ3Ý1 Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3ÝÏ3Ë3óáõÙ¿Ý Ç í»ñ, μ3ó3Û3Ûï å3Ï3ëÁ 21⁄2·Ý Ð3Ûáó ·3Õ3÷3ñÇ, 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ß3ÑÇ »õ 31⁄2·3ëÇñ3Ï3Ý ·Çï3Ïóáõû3Ý: 2Û1 ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõ ïËáõñ å3ïÏ»ñ-Ý»ñÁ μ3Ý ÙÁ ãÇ ÷áË»óÇ±Ý Ù»ñ Ùï3Í»É3Ï»ñåÇÝ Ù¿ç, áñ ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Ýù ÁÝÃ3Ý3É ÝáÛÝ ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí: Ð3ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ áõ±ñ: ÜáÛÝ å3é3Ïïáõ3Í íÇ×3ÏDZÝ: 2Ûá': Þ3ÑÝáõñ Çñ3õ3óÇ ¿ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ 3Ûëûñ, Ç ï»ë ë3Ï3õ3ÃÇõ ûÉÇÏ3ñË-ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñáõ 3õ3ï3å»ï3Ï3Ý, 31⁄2·3ëÇñ3Ï3Ý ·Çï3ÏóáõÃÇõÝ¿ 1⁄2áõñÏ, 31⁄2·3ù3Ý1 ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõÃ-»3Ý: Þ3ÑÝáõñ Çñ3õ3óÇ ¿ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ 3Ûëûñ, Ç ï»ë Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇ »ñÏñÇ Ñ3ñëïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ϻջùáÕ ÁÝã3ù3ÕÓ, í3ßË3éáõ Õ»Ï3í3ñ-Ý»ñáõ: Þ3ÑÝáõñ Çñ3õ3óÇ ¿ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ 3Ûëûñ, Ç ï»ë

12

Ñ3Û3Ã3÷Ù3Ý ·Ýáí ÇëÏ Çñ»Ýó 3ÝÓÝ3Ï3Ý-ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý ß3Ñ»ñáõÝ Ñ»ï3Ùáõï ÇßË3Ý3õáñ-Ý»ñáõ: Þ3ÑÝáõñ Çñ3õ3óÇ ¿ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ 3Ûëûñ, Ç ï»ë 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ-å»ï3Ï3Ý Ã3Ý·3ñ3ÝÝ»ñ¿ áõ Ñ3ëï3ïáõÃ-ÇõÝÝ»ñ¿ 3ÝÑ»ï3óáÕ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ·3ÝÓ»ñáõ, áñáÝù íëï3Ñ3μ3ñ Ï'»ñÃ3Ý 3ÝÑ3ïÝ»ñáõ ïáõÝ»ñÁ 1⁄23ñ13ñ»Éáõ: Þ3ÑÝáõñ Çñ3õ3óÇ ¿ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ 3Ûëûñ, Ç ï»ë Ñ3Ù3ï3ñ3Í Ë3ñ13ËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí Çñ»Ýó ÉáõÍÁ ÅáÕáíáõñ1ÇÝ íñ3Û å3ñï31ñáÕ μéÝ3å»ï»ñáõ, Ç Ñ»×áõÏë ÅáÕáíáõñ1Ç 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý:

2ÝÓÝ3Ï3Ý úñÇÝ3Ïáí 2é3çÝáñ1áõÃÇõÝ

Þ3ï μÝ3Ï3Ý ¿, áñ Ù3ñ1 3ñ3ñ3ÍÁ, Ù3Ý3õ3Ý1 Ï3ÝáõË ï3ñÇùÇÝ, Çñ ÇÝùÝáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÁ Ï31⁄2Ù3õáñ¿ áõ ÏÁ Ñ»ï»õÇ 3ÛÝ Ù3ñ1áó, 1⁄2áñáÝù Ï'ÁÝïñ¿ áñå¿ë ûñÇÝ3Ï»ÉÇ ïÇå3ñÝ»ñ Çñ Ï»3ÝùÇÝ: 2ÝáÝó í3ñáõ»É3Ï»ñåÁ μÝ31⁄21û1¿Ý Ï'3Ùñ3åÝ1áõÇ Çñ »ÝÃ3·Çï3Ï-óáõû3Ý Ù¿ç: àõ ë3Ï3õ3ÃÇõ »Ý 3ÝáÝù, áñáÝó ÏÁ Û3çáÕáõÇ ·Çï3Ïó3Ï3Ý ï3ñÇùÇ Ù¿ç ×»Õù»É »õ 1áõñë ·3É Çñ»Ýó μÝ3Ï3Ý Ãáõ3óáÕ 3Û1 ÇÝùÝáõû3Ý ë3ÑÙ3ÝÝ»ñ¿Ý, Ùß3Ï»Éáí Çñ»Ýó ÇÝùÝáõñáÛÝ 3ÝÑ3ï3Ï3ÝáõÃ-ÇõÝÝ»ñÁ: 2ëÏ¿ Ù»ÏÝ3Í, »ñμ ÏÁ Ý3ÛÇÝù Ù»ñ ßáõñçÁ »õ ÏÁ ï»ëÝ»Ýù Ù»ñ ÇÝùÝáõû3Ý Ë3ñÇëË Ñ3Ý1Çë3óáÕ Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇ ÑáÕÇ áõ Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇ å»ïáõû3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñ-Ý»ñáõ í3ñáõ»É3Ï»ñåÁ, ÇÝã忱ë ÏñÝ3Ýù ãÛáõë3Ë3μáõÇÉ áõ ãÙï3Ñá·áõÇÉ Ç ï»ë 3ÝáÝó 3Ûå3Ý»ÉÇ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ: 2Ûëûñ 1Åμ3Ëï3μ3ñ, ·¿Ã Ù»ñ ë»ñáõÝ1Ç Ù3ñ1áó Ñ3Ù3ñ, áñáÝù ë÷Çõéù»3Ý 3÷»ñáõÝ 13ëïÇ3ñ3Ïáõ»ó3Ý Çï¿3É3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ûñ»ÝÇùÇ Ùï3- å3ïÏ»ñáí áõ Êáñ»Ý3óÇÇ 3õ3Ý13Í Ñ3Û 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 3ñÅ3ÝÇùÝ»ñáõ »õ ÝÏ3ñ3·ñ3ÛÇÝ ·Í»ñáõ Û3ïÏ3-ÝÇß»ñáí, 3Ñ3õáñ ÷Éáõ1⁄2áõÙ ÙÁ Ï'3åñÇÝù Ù»ñ Ñá·ÇÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç, Ç ï»ë í3ïÝáõáÕ 3ÛÝ 3éÇÃÝ»ñáõÝ, áñáÝó Çñ3·áñÍáõÙáí ÏñÝ3ÛÇÝù Çñ3Ï3Ý3óÝ»É Ù»ñ ß3ï ÙÁ Çï¿3ÉÝ»ñÝ áõ 3ÝÏ3ï3ñ ï»Ýã»ñÁ: ƱÝãå¿ë ãÛáõë3Ë3μáõÇÉ Ç ï»ë 2ñó3ËÇ 1⁄23õ3Ï Õ»Ï3í3ñÝ»ñáõ, 3é3çÝáñ1áõû3Ùμ è. øáã3ñ»3Ý-ê. ê3ñ·ë»3Ý 1⁄2áÛ·ÇÝ, ã3ñ3ß3ÑáõÙ- Ý»ñáõÝ »õ 3ÝÑ3ßÇõ Ñ3ñëï3óÙ3Ý, Ç Ñ»×áõÏë ÝáÛÝÇÝùÝ 2ñó3ËÇ ïÏ3ñ3óÙ3Ý: 2ÝáÝó Ñ3ñëï3Ñ3ñ3Í μ31⁄2Ù3Ñ3ñÇõñ ÙÇÉÇáÝÝ»ñáí Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ã¿±ñ ·¿Ã Ù3ë3Ùμ í»ñ3μÝ3Ï»óÝ»É 2ñó3ËÁ »õ 3Ùñ3åÝ1»É Ù»ñ 1ÇñùÁ: ƱÝãå¿ë ãÛáõë3Ë3μáõÇÉ Ç ï»ë 1988Ç 3Ñ3õáñ »ñÏñ3ß3ñÅ¿Ý ·ñ»Ã¿ 24 ï3ñÇÝ»ñ »ïù, Ùûï 6000 ÁÝï3ÝÇùÝ»ñáõ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3õáñ ïÝ3ÏÝ»ñáõ Ù¿ç ïáõ3ÛïÙ3Ý, »ñμ ÝáÛÝ ßñç3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÁ ïÇñ3ó3Í ¿ 3ÝÑ3ßÇõ Ñ3ñëïáõÃ-»3Ýó »õ Çñ ë3ÝÓ3ñÓ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ-Ý»ñáí ù3Õ3ù¿Ý »õ »ñÏñ¿Ý 1áõñë ÏÁ í3Ý¿ ù3Õ3ù3óÇÝ»ñÁ:  ̧Åμ3Ë-ï3μ3ñ Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ 3Ûë ß3ñùÁ ß3ï »ñÏ3ñ»É, Ýß»Éáí ß3ï ÙÁ ûÉÇÏ3ñËÝ»ñáõ 3ÝÙ3ñ1Ï3ÛÇÝ 3ñ3ñùÝ»ñÁ, Ñ3ëÝ»Éáí ÙÇÝã»õ Ð3ñëÝ3ù3ñ »õ èáõμ¿Ý Ð3Ûñ3å»ï-»3Ý: ƱÝãåÇëÇ 3å3·3Û Ï3ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ëå3ë»É Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ í»ñÝ3Ë3õÇÝ ïÇñ3ó3Í 3ÛëåÇëÇÝ»ñáõ 3é3ç-Ýáñ1áõÃÇõÝ¿Ý: Øï3Ñá·Çã 㿱:

 ́3ñóñ3óÇñ  ́3ñóñ3óáõñ 2Ñ3õ3ëÇÏ ã3ñãñÏáõ3Í Ýß3Ý3μ3Ý ÙÁ »õë, 1⁄2áñ Û3×3Ë3ÏÇ-ûñ¿Ý ÏÁ ÏñÏÝ»Ýù »õ áã

ÙÇ3ÛÝ ã»Ýù ·áñÍ31ñ¿ñ, 3ÛÉ Ñ3Ï3é3ÏÇÝ 3É 3ï3Ï »Ýù: Ø»ñ Ù¿ç Ý3Ë3ÝÓÝ áõ 3Ýíëï3ÑáõÃÇõÝÁ 3ÛÝù3Ý 3ñÙ3-ï3ó3Í ¿, áñ å3ßïûÝÇ Ñ3ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ Ï'áïÝ3ÏáË»Ýù 3Ù¿Ý Çï¿3É áõ Ñ3ëݻɿ »ïù 3É Ï'áïÝ3ÏáË»Ýù Ù»ñ ëïáñ313ëÝ»ñÁ, 1⁄23ÝáÝù ÝÏ3ï»Éáí áñå¿ë ëå3éÝ3ÉÇù Ù»ñ 1ÇñùÇÝ: 2ÛÝù3Ý ÏÉ3Ýáõ3Í »Ýù Ù»ñ 3ÝÓÝ3Ï3Ý áõ Ñ3ïáõ3Í3Ï3Ý ß3Ñ»ñáí, áñ 3ñ·»Éù ÏÁ Ñ3Ý1Çë3-Ý3Ýù Ù»ñ »õ Ù»ñ ßñç3å3ïÇ 1⁄23ñ·3óÙ3Ý áõ Ñ»ï»õ3μ3ñ Ù»ñ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ Û3é3çÁÝÃ3óÇÝ: Ð3Û3ë-ï3ÝÇ ûÉÇÏ3ñËÝ»ñÝ áõ Çñ»Ýó Ù»Ý3ßÝáñÑÝ»ñÁ 13ë3Ï3Ý Ù¿Ï ûñÇÝ3ÏÁ ã»±Ý 3Ûë 3ËïÇÝ: Æñ ûñáí, Êáñ»Ý3óÇÝ ÇëÏ Ñ3É3Íáõ»ó3õ ßñç3å3ïÇ í»ñÝ3Ë3õ¿Ý, áõ ûñ»õë ä3ïÙ3Ñ3Ûñ ã13éÝ3ñ, »Ã¿ ê3Ñ3Ï  ́3·ñ3ïáõÝÇ ÙÁ 3éÇÃÁ ÁÝÍ3Û3Í ãÁÉÉ3ñ Çñ»Ý, Ï»ñï»Éáõ Ð3Ûáó ä3ïÙáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñ áñå¿ë 13ë3-·Çñù, 1400 ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõ íñ3Û ë»ñáõÝ1Ý»ñ 13ëïÇ3ñ3Ï»ó Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ÇÝùÝáõû3Ùμ:

13

2ñ1»ûù ù3ÝÇ~ ù3ÝÇ~ ßÝáñÑ3ÉÇ ï3Õ3Ý1-Ý»ñáõ »ñÏáõÝùÁ íÇÅ»ó3õ áõ ï3Ï3õÇÝ ÏÁ íÇÅÇ 3Ûë Ùï3ÛÝáõÃ-»3Ý å3ï×3é3õ: à±õñ »Ý 3Ûëûñáõ3Ý ê3Ñ3Ï  ́3·ñ3ïáõÝÇ-Ý»ñÁ:  ̧Åμ3Ëï3μ3ñ Ù»Ýù 3ÛÝù3±Ý ÏÉ3Ýáõ3Í »Ýù Ù»ñ 3ÝÓÝ3Ï3Ý ß3Ñ»ñáí, áñ Ùï3Ñ3Ý Ï'ÁÝ»Ýù ÿ »ñμ Ï'3é3çÝáñ1áõÇÝù «×3Ý3ã»É 1⁄2ÇÙ3ëïáõÃÇõÝ »õ Ëñ3ï, ÇÙ3Ý3É 1⁄2μ3Ýë Ñ3Ý×3ñáÛ» Ýß3Ý3μ3Ýáí, Ù»Ýù ÏÁ Û3é3ç1ÇÙ»Ýù:  ́3Ûó »ñμ ¦áõñ Ñ3ó, ÑáÝ Ï3ó§ Ýß3Ý3μ3ÝÁ Ï'áñ1»·ñ»Ýù áñå¿ë í3ñ·3·ÇÍ, å3ñ1⁄23å¿ë ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ ù3ñß Ïáõ ï3Ýù, ÙëË»Éáí 3Ýó»3É¿Ý Å3é3Ý·áõ3Í 1ñ3Ù3·ÉáõËÁ: ÆÝãá±õ ÏÁ 1Åáõ3ñ3Ý3Ýù ·Çï3ÏóÇÉ 3Ûë Çñ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý »õ ÙÇßï 3ÝÙÇç3-Ï3Ý »õ 1ÇõñÇÝ å3ï3éÇ ï»ëùÁ Ù»1⁄2 »ï ÏÁ í3Ý¿ áõ ÏÁ 1⁄2ñÏ¿ ×3ß å3ïñ3ëï»Éáõ »õ 1⁄23ÛÝ ÁÙμáßËÝ»Éáõ ·áÑáõÝ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ¿Ý: ÆÝãá±õ Ù¿Ï ûñáõ3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ ù3ÝÇ ÙÁ Ñ31⁄23ñ 1ñ3Ù Ï3ß3éùÇ Ë3ÛÍÁ, ÏÁ ÙÃ3·Ý¿ Ù»ñ 13ïáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ, áõ Ù»Ýù Ï'ÁÝïñ»Ýù 3é3çÝáñ1Ý»ñ, áñáÝù Ù»1⁄2 ÏÁ ϻջù»Ý Çñ»Ýó å3ßïûÝ3-í3ñáõû3Ý ÑÇÝ· ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ: Øï3Ñá·áõ»Éáõ Çñ3õáõÝù ãáõÝDZÝù:

à±ñ ûñáõ3Ý ÏÁ ëå3ë»Ýù ·Çï3Ïó»Éáõ, áñ 31⁄2·áíÇÝ í3Ûñ¿çùÇ Ù¿ç »Ýù »õ 3Ûë ÁÝÃ3óùáí Ñ3Ï3- Ù¿ï »Ýù »ÝÃ3ñÏáõ»Éáõ Ýáñ 3Õ¿ïÝ»ñáõ: ƱÝãåÇëÇ 31⁄2· »Ýù, áñ Ñ3Ï3é3Ï Ñ31⁄23ñ3õáñ ï3ñÇÝ»ñáõ Ù»ñ å3ïÙáõû3Ý, ÏÁ ûñ3Ý3Ýù 13ë»ñ ù3Õ»É ÑáÝÏ¿, Ûû·áõï Ù»ñ 31⁄2·Ç Û3é3ç1ÇÙáõû3Ý: ÆÝãá±õ Ñ3Ù3ñ »ñμ 1Åáõ3ñáõû3Ýó 1¿Ù Ñ3Ý1ÇÙ3Ý Ïáõ ·3Ýù »õ Ï3Ù 3Õ¿ïÝ»ñáõ Ï’»ÝÃ3ñÏáõÇÝù, ÏÁ Ý3- ËÁÝïñ»Ýù Ñ»ï»õÇÉ àõÇÉ»ÁÙ ê3ñáÛ»3ÝÇ Ëûëù»ñáõÝ »õ 3ßË3ñÑÇ ï3ñ3ÍùÇÝ ÷áùñÇÏ-÷áùñÇÏ Ð3- Û3ëï3ÝÝ»ñ Ï»ñï»É, áñáÝù íëï3Ñ3μ3ñ åÇïÇ ãù3Ý3Ý ù3ÝÇ ÙÁ ë»ñáõÝ1Ý»ñ »ïù, ÷áË3Ý3Ï 3Ýë3- Éáõ â3ñ»Ýó»3Ý å3ï·3ÙÇÝ. á±í Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíáõñ1, ùá ÙÇ3Ï ÷ñÏáõÃÇõÝÁ ùá Ð2ô2ø2Î2Ü áõÅÇ Ù¿ç ¿: ƱÝãåÇëÇ 31⁄2· »Ýù:

Hungarian Prime Minister Knew His Decision Will Spark a Backlash from Armenian

Hungarian demonstrators lift a photo of Armenian Army Lieutenant Gurgen Margarian (C), beside a picture of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban with a black eye (L), in front of parliament building in Budapest

such a move.

BUDAPEST (Reuters) -- Hungary knew its decision to hand convicted killer Ramil Safarov over to his native Azerbaijan would spark a diplomatic backlash from Armenia, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban said on Tuesday.

Budapest released Safarov to Azerbaijan last month where Azeri President Ilham Aliyev pardoned him on arrival.

Orban was asked at a news conference about a report by news portal origo.hu, which said the prime minister had taken the decision despite being warned about the risks of

14

Orban was warned by colleagues in his party about the risks and consequences of such a step, however, he decided to proceed with it with the expectation of getting loan credits from Azerbaijan to balance the deficit in the Hungarian budget.

"There was coordination within the entire government about this," Orban said. "Each ministry presented its opinion, the justice ministry about the legal side and the foreign ministry about the diplomatic consequences."

Orban said he had then announced the decision personally in line with general procedure. "The foreign ministry had forecast precisely what types of consequences this or the other decision may have. Nothing happened after our decision that we would not have reckoned with in advance," he added.

Hungary has said its actions were consistent with international law and that Azerbaijan had promised to uphold Safarov's sentence. While the two countries were in talks about developing closer economic ties, these were in no way linked to the release of the soldier, the Hungarian government has said.

Cemal Pasha’s Grandson Publishes a Book on Armenian

Genocide

ISTANBUL -- The grandson of Cemal Pasha, one of the masterminds of the Armenian Genocide, Hasan Cemal has published a book entitled ‘1915: the Armenian Genocide.’

The news was first reported by Istanbul-based Agos weekly and confirmed by journalist Yavuz Baidar on Twitter.

“To reject the Genocide means to be a part of the crime against humanity. Moreover, the pain of 1915 is not history, it is an up to date question,” he claims.

The first chapter of the book describes how Hasan Cemal got to know about the 1915 events, furthermore, he touches upon the murder of Hrant Dink. The second chapter describes what the author though about the 1915 events and how he came to change his opinion. The third chapter dwells on one of the organizers of the genocide Cemal Pacha, who was his grandfather.

“Armenians in Turkey were Russia-oriented and Turks had to kill them. That’s why the Genocide happened,” Hasan Cemal quotes his grandfather as saying in Munich in 1919.

Cemal is columnist at Milliyet newspaper. In 2008, he visited the Armenian Genocide memorial in Yerevan. His note in the memory book says: “To deny the Genocide would mean to be an accomplice in this crime against humanity.”

Ahmed Cemal Pasha was killed in Tbilisi in July 1922 by Stepan Dzaghigian, Artashes Gevorgyan and Petros Ter Poghosyan as part of Operation Nemesis for his role in the Armenian Genocide. His remains were brought to Erzerum and buried there.

4 Syrian Armenians Killed After Yerevan-Aleppo Flight

ALEPPO -- Four Syrians Armenians were killed and at least 11 others wounded near Aleppo airport on Tuesday night shortly after the latest flight from Yerevan to Syria’s commercial capital.

Syrian Armenian sources said on Wednesday that three of them -- Harut Suvarian, Mesrop Ajemian and Hrach Pepejian -- were returning home from the airport after a trip to Armenia. The other victim, Pepejian’s father Arsen, was said to

Destroyed buildings near the Al-Hayat Hospital1i5n Aleppo

have gone to the airport to collect his son. “The wounded persons were taken to the French hospital in Aleppo and their condition is now

good,” Raffi Tashjian, a Syrian Armenian man based in Yerevan, told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am), citing his contacts in Aleppo.

A spokesman for Armenia’s Foreign Ministry, Tigran Balayan suggested that the Armenians were shot by Syrian rebels. “The main road stretching from the airport was closed and they had to go home through another way where they appeared under fire of rebels,” Tigran Balayan said.

However, an unnamed friend of victims told the AFP news agency, “It's not obvious who opened fire, but the result is that five cars were attacked and four Armenians were killed and 13 or 14 others were wounded.”

He said one of those killed “had left his family behind in Armenia, his wife and kids. He had gone back to take care of some things in Aleppo and then return.”

The deadly incident occurred amid fighting between Syrian government troops and rebels reported in the Nayrab area, around five kilometers (three miles) from Aleppo airport. It raised to at least 19 the total number of ethnic Armenians that are known to have been killed in Syria’s bloody civil strife so far.

Around 150 Syrian Armenians arrived in Yerevan on board a Syrian Air commercial jet on Tuesday evening. The plane took about 100 others back to Aleppo.

Both Syrian Air and Armenia’s Armavia national airline continue to carry out regular flights between the two cities despite the worsening security situation. Armavia resumed its weekly flight service on Monday after a one-week pause which it attributed to the FSA’s reported threats to shoot down aircraft entering the country. Some of the newly arrived passengers at Yerevan’s Zvartnots airport said on Tuesday that gun battles are moving closer to Aleppo’s Armenian-populated neighborhoods. “Things are getting worse now,” one man told RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am). “But we still hope that they will improve.”

Armenia Wins World Chess Olympiad Title

Armenian Tricolor Raised and National Anthem Played in Istanbul

ISTANBUL -- Armenia has won the World Chess Olympiad in Istanbul after finishing on top in the competition of 150 nations. This is the third Olympic gold won by Armenia in chess.

In the last round of the Olympiad Armenia was matched against Hungary. Levon Aronian secured a perpetual against Peter Leko, and the other games continued.

After the time control Gabriel Sargissian drew the rook endgame against Ferenc Berkes, and Sergei Movsesian scored a crucial

Team Armenia – GM Tigran Petrosian, GM Gabriel Sargissian, GM Vladmir Akopian, GM Sergei Movsesian, GM Levon Aronian and team coach Arshak Petrosian

16

victory against Zoltan Almasi. Eventually Vladimir Akopian held Judit Polgar to a draw to mark the start of huge celebration for Armenian gold medal.

Russia defeated Germany 3-1, but fell behind Armenia on tiebreak. China lost its match against Ukraine 3-1. Russia came second, Ukraine finished third.

Armenia had previously won the 2006 and 2008 Olympiads.

The closing ceremony of the 40-th Chess Olympiad took place on September 9 in the hall of the WOW Hotel in Istanbul where Olympiad winners Armenia were honored for their superior achievement.

The Turkish organizers of the 40th World Chess Olympiad raised the Armenian flag and played the Armenian anthem as the Armenian men’s team stood on the podium having accepted the trophy from FIDE President Kirlan Ilyumzhinov.

GMs Levon Aronian, Sergei Movsesian, Vladimir Akopian, Gabriel Sargissian, Tigran Petrosian and their coach Arshak Petrosyan are in for more glorification once they are back home where their win Sunday night also sparked celebrations.

Aronian and Akopian also took gold and silver medals, respectively, for their individual performances on boards #1 and #3.

Aronian shared his joy with fans through his Twitter account.

“We won the Olympiad !! So proud to be a part of a team like this! Hurray hurray hurray! Armenia rules !!!!” the Armenian chess ace wrote. Armenia’s women’s chess team, meanwhile, finished sixth among 126 competing nations. They were only 11th at the Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, two years ago.

Armenian Foreign Minister Nalbandian: Hungarian Explanations

are Not Credible

Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian (R) his Luxembourg counterpart Jean Asselborn at a joint news conference in Yerevan

YEREVAN -- Luxembourg’s Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn urged Hungary on Tuesday to acknowledge the offense caused to Armenia by its decision to repatriate the Azerbaijani axe-killer.

Visiting Yerevan, Asselborn said Hungarian Foreign Minister Janos Martonyi repeatedly assured him and top diplomats from other EU member states at a weekend meeting in Cyprus that “Hungary did not want to offend Armenia.”

Martonyi gave similar assurances to his Armenian counterpart Edward Nalbandian in a letter sent before that meeting. He insisted that Ramil Safarov’s extradition to Azerbaijan was based on a European convention and an understanding

that he will serve out his life sentence in an Azerbaijani prison. Nalbandian again dismissed the Hungarian explanations, saying after talks with Asselborn that

they are contradictory and not credible. He stood by Yerevan’s assertions that Safarov’s release was the result of a secret “Hungarian-Azerbaijani deal.” “What we hear from Azerbaijan these days is shocking, but unfortunately I must point out that what we hear from Hungary is no less shocking. The representatives of the Hungarian Government and other officials are saying that the deal was transparent, while the Azeri officials at the highest level are claiming that secret negotiations were held. ” he told a joint news conference with Asselborn.

17

The Luxembourg minister, who met President Serzh Sarkisian later in the day, was clearly influenced by Nalbandian’s arguments. “I am going to privately pass messages, which I have very well understood [in Yerevan,] to my colleague, the foreign minister of Hungary, to the effect that Hungary should perhaps go further and be more explicit than the letter that was sent [to Nalbandian] and perhaps also understand the offense which this decision caused to your country,” he said.

In his letter, Martonyi reportedly warned that Yerevan will face “serious ramifications” in the international arena unless it restores diplomatic relations with Budapest. Nalbandian avoided commenting on that warning. He also did not answer a question about the Safarov affair’s possible negative implications for ongoing negotiations on the signing of a far-reaching “association agreement” between Armenia and the EU.

While expressing at Safarov’s pardoning by Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, EU leaders in Brussels have so far stopped short of publicly criticizing the Hungarian side. The EU’s foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton and Enlargement Commissioner Stefan Fuele said through their spokespersons last week that Safarov’s transfer to Azerbaijan was carried out “in the framework of the Convention of Strasbourg on the Transfer of Senten

“From the European Union there has been not only that statement but also other statements, including by EU member states,” said Nalbandian. “In recent days I have received dozens of phone calls from the foreign ministers of different countries, including EU member states, who expressed their clear attitudes towards this Azerbaijani-Hungarian deal.”

“If one kills a person with an axe, one cannot serve as an example or be declared a hero,” Asselborn commented for his part. “I think that everyone in the European Union is very concerned by what happened in the last few days.”

Nalbandian discussed the fallout from the Safarov affair and the ongoing association talks with the EU with Philippe Lefort, the EU’s special envoy to the South Caucasus, later in the day. According to the Armenian Foreign Ministry, both men voiced their satisfaction with the development of Armenia-EU ties.

Thousands Attend Mass at the Holy Cross Church of Akhtamar

Island

AKHTAMAR, LAKE VAN -- Around 2,000 Armenians reportedly attended on Sunday a mass at the Holy Cross (Surp Khach) Church of Akhtamar Island on Lake Van in southeastern Turkey for the third time since its government-funded renovation in 2007.

The pilgrims were ferried to the tiny Akhtamar island on Lake Van, the site of the 10th century church.

Archbishop Aram Atessian, the acting spiritual leader of Turkey’s small Armenian community, presided over the mass. The Devine Liturgy was offered by Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese of Armenian Church of America (Eastern). During the mass, the faithful also prayed for those who lost their lives as a result of the ongoing developments in Syria and the devastating earthquake in Van. Only a few dozen faithful were able to watch the service inside the church, the rest following proceedings from outside, AFP said, citing

the Anatolia news agency. In addition, and following the Holy Liturgy, two children from Armenia were baptized at the

Church, and Armenia’s “Akunk” Folk Dance Ensemble performed outside the church. Built between 915 and 921, the Akhtamar church is one of the few surviving examples of the ancient Armenian civilization in what is now eastern Turkey. Hundreds of Armenian churches built

18

there since the early Middle Ages were destroyed, ransacked or turned into mosques during and after the Armenian Genocide in 1915.

Turkish authorities repaired the church between 2005 and 2007, which then opened as a museum. Mass was celebrated there for the first time in 95 years in 2010. According to the Turkish tourism ministry, the church attracted nearly 30,000 visitors in 2010, and similar number in 2011.

Putin’s Euro-Asian Initiative and Armenia’s “No”

By Lusine Petrosyan European UNION Foreign Affairs Journal (Libertas Blog)

The Euro-Asian Union is an initiative proposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin, that many perceive as an attempt to revive the Soviet Union – a communist country removed from the world map almost two decades ago. Perhaps that’s in vain... Hardly a person once serving in Soviet KGB could have that much problems with adequate apprehension of the reality – to assume possible the recreation of the Soviet Union or any of its patterns whether in Europe or Asia. It can rather be expected from a KGB officer to use his public acts and steps as a veil for solving pragmatic tasks behind the scene, for achieving “program minimum” in course of stating about “program maximum”.

Battle for Kazakhstan

Independently of the geographical latitudes where the Russian officials state about the Euro- Asian Union, despite the quantity of continents they unite in that virtual union – marking boundaries in air – the core idea and target of Euro-Asian Union is the preservation of Kazakhstan within the orbit of Russian influence.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, once nicknamed “the purple sultan”, remarkably succeeded to lead his country to prosperity and increasing international engagement, turning Kazakhstan into a kind of powerhouse in the Central Asian region. Today one may witness the presence of Western capital and giant companies in Kazakhstan, the advancement of the Russian ground space station and cultural, scientific interrelations there, as well as the broadening influence of Far-Eastern giants’ – with China’s leading progression.

The Western presence in Kazakhstan hardly ever worried Russia much. That presence has little potential to go beyond the financial-economic sphere in the large – both by geographic and civilization affiliations. Kazakhstan lies far away from Europe. Meanwhile the increasing influence of China – involving at once financial-economic, political and migration dimensions – is obviously another opera.

If China’s financial and economic advancement in Africa is sufficient to bother the European Union, then how much worried must get Russia in face of China’s expansion in Central Asia – escorted with migration and political instruments. Such course may once end up with geographical enlargement of China – maybe reflecting in establishment of some kind of commonwealth of the Central Asian states.

The successive transference of Kazakhstan into the zone of China’s influence is still the partial misfortune of Russia. The full misfortune is that Russia is a material empire without spiritual impetus and the peoples inhabiting the Russian Siberia – with their small and large autonomies – glance not only at Moscow. The Chinese influence in Kazakhstan sooner or later will have projection on Russian Siberia.

Life is what we think of it

At some point in future the NATO initiative of a defense shield “from Vancouver to Vladivostok” may factually turn into guarantee of Russia’s territorial integrity. Still what is noticeable for the moment is the repetition of the story. Just alike to the first decade of the new millennium when Russia almost walked out of Europe and the advancing NATO established itself along the Russia’s entire European border, a decade later Russia seemingly gets to depart from the Central Asia and the Far-Eastern giants will further expand their influence along the Russia’s southern border.

19

Likewise a decade ago Mr. Putin succeeded to award the Russians an imitative sense of powerfulness, thanks to the Chechnya war and the permanent loss of influence in Europe passed relatively unnoticeable for the Russians, now the same scenario is under examination: the initiative of the Euro-Asian Union and the imitative developments around it will allow Russia to fight its interests in Central Asia and in case of failure at least to step back painlessly and imperceptibly for the Russian society. Mr. Putin obviously succeeds to neutralize the essence of events through their staged appearance.

Remarkably realizing the game, Kazakhstan herself erects the main obstacle and complexity on the way of formation of the Euro-Asian Union. President Nazarbayev declared with full clarity that the Euro-Asian Union is a format of economic cooperation only that can’t and doesn’t pursue a goal of political uniting. The formation created in sake of involving Kazakhstan hardly can disregard or oppose Kazakhstan’s stance.

NATO Secretary General’s visit instead of Euro-Asian Union developments

Kazakhstan’s discord to political unification marks almost a fiasco to Russian aspirations of Euro- Asian political union. Here Russia hardly nourishes illusions; now she rather disseminates illusions to achieve some psychological pression and effect in the countries she’d like to get in that union.

Seemingly the last was the aim of Russian propaganda throughout July-August 2012 when primarily several high-ranking Russian political emissaries arrived to Armenia and made statements about the Euro-Asian Union, then on the eve of the Armenian President’s visit to Russia scheduled on 8th August 2012, the Russian mass-media endlessly and persistently reported about Armenia’s principal consent to join the Euro-Asian Union that had to be declared on the meeting of the Armenian and Russian Presidents.

Armenia doesn’t possess a common border with any member of the Euro-Asian Customs Union (Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan), therefore Armenia’s involvement into this customs club – claiming to transform into Euro-Asian Union – would de facto attach political appearance to economic formation, balancing at surface the Kazakhstan’s “no” to the political union.

The visit of the Armenian President to Moscow planned for August 8, surely took place. The Kremlin and the Presidential Palace of Armenia issued press releases, even a joint press conference was held... still as it should be expected despite all the noise raised by mass media the Euro-Asian Union wasn’t even mentioned. Furthermore it didn’t become even clear what was the topic touched at the meeting of Presidents or not.

If the theme was discussed then obviously Armenia hadn’t obeyed to summons and pressure of Russia to join the Euro-Asian Union, like in 2008 when Armenia dismissed the Russian demands to recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia after the Russia-Georgian military confrontation. Then Armenia argued that she hasn’t recognized even the independence of Nagorno- Karabakh – the Armenian enclave separated from Azerbaijan and declared independent some 20 years ago. Now Armenia argues that she doesn’t possess any common border with any country of Euro- Asian Customs Union, intending to transform into Euro-Asian Union.

The arguments are interpretation of reality but they are rather reflection of will. Probably that will was demonstrated by Armenia and thanks to that the noise around Armenia’s possible joining to Mr. Putin’s Euro-Asian initiative calmed down. Moreover still in the beginning of summer there was announcement that Mr. Putin will pay an official visit to Armenia in September. But the September arrived with another news – the Secretary General of NATO is paying visit to Armenia on September 5-6 – some symbolism that speaks for itself.

* Lusine Petrosyan is an Armenian journalist. In 2012 she was nominated for UNESCO Guillermo Cano Prize by Thomson Foundation (UK). The nomination was made to mark the efforts she made in legal confrontation with the former President of Armenia R. Kocharyan, after the President personally filed a lawsuit against her article in 2011. After Lusine’s year long fight engaging the EU, OSCE officials and the Armenian Ombudsman new commentaries on the Armenian defamation law were issued by the country’s Constitutional Court that obliged even the former President to refrain from monetary demands and offer conciliation.

http://libertasblogs.wordpress.com/

20

St. Nersess Armenian Seminary Purchases New Property

NEW ROCHELLE, NY -- On September 6, 2012, St. Nersess Armenian Seminary completed its purchase of a beautiful property in Armonk, New York, to become its new home. The site, formerly known as Promise Farm, sits on 5.5 scenic, tree-adorned acres. It is located in an upscale suburban community about 16 miles from the current New Rochelle campus.

On the site, St. Nersess will construct the new, 8,400-square-foot His Holiness Karekin I Theological Center, named in memory of the former Catholicos of All Armenians, who was a great advocate of learning and education. This Center will include the St. Hagop chapel, library, classrooms, and offices. The construction of the Theological Center and chapel, as well as the purchase of the property, has been made possible by the generous donation of Haig and Elsa Didizian of London, England.

In addition, the three existing structures on the site will be renovated, expanded, and adapted to meet the needs of the Seminary, including housing for single and married students and faculty, as well as the summer youth conferences, and a dean’s residence. There will also be recreational facilities for the use of the seminarians. The Seminary will soon launch a fundraising campaign for the new site, specifically including naming opportunities for the renovated buildings. Additionally, the Board will begin the process of selling the New Rochelle location.

“As we close on the 50th anniversary commemoration, we launch into an exciting new era for our beloved St. Nersess” stated Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern). “Tiran Srpazan’s vision of creating a Seminary in North America is alive and strong, and now with this next step in its remarkable history, will be propelled into the next five decades to thrive for generations to come.”

During the last year, St. Nersess worked to secure the necessary approvals from the Town of North Castle, where Armonk is located. This included a special use permit from the Town Board, along with the approval of its site plan application by the Planning Board. St. Nersess plans to begin construction at the new site this fall, with a 2014 targeted completion date.

“This land is compelling and has the potential to be even more beautiful than New Rochelle,” shared Board member Suzanne Akian. “No doubt future generations will create similar amazing

21

memories as generations past because the same spirit of St. Nersess will live on within the walls of this new campus.”

The new site will be an all-inclusive and functional campus for the continued and more effective spiritual nourishment of our people and parishes. The new facility, along with the ultimate sale of New Rochelle, will allow St. Nersess to have a more sound financial foundation, and build upon its already renowned theological program while also providing opportunities for our youth to flourish in their faith and culture. By staying in Westchester County, St. Nersess will be able to maintain important ties with St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary, as well as remain close to the Diocesan Complex in New York City. There is easy access to the property from exit 3 off I-684.

St. Nersess is committed to the growth of the Armenian Church by meeting and serving the unique needs of the dioceses in North America. This is achieved through the preparation of leaders in ordained and lay ministries, nurturing our youth in the apostolic faith, and offering continuing education, mission outreach, and public lecture programs. St. Nersess is also a centralized source for perpetuating the scholarly teachings of the Armenian Church. It is the only Armenian seminary in the Western hemisphere.

Founded in 1961 with first classes held in 1962, the Seminary first opened its doors to the Ouzoonian House in Evanston, Illinois. Seventeen years later, the Seminary relocated to New York in order to continue its work, and has been located at 150 Stratton Road in New Rochelle since 1978 Further details about the renovation and construction of St. Nersess Armenian Seminary’s Armonk campus will be released soon. Please visit www.stnersess.edu to learn more about the Seminary’s programming and how St. Nersess serves the unique needs of the Armenian Church in North America.

French-Armenians Should Welcome Aliyev in Paris as ‘Chief Hatchet Man’

By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier

When Pres. Ilham Aliyev arrives in Paris on September 18, thousands of French-Armenians should greet Azerbaijan’s leader with posters depicting him as ‘Hatchet Man-in-Chief’ -- ‘Bash Baltaji’ -- holding a bloody axe. Interestingly, in all three languages -- Azeri, Hungarian, and Turkish -- ‘balta’ means hatchet or axe.

During the protest, French-Armenians should not waste their energies yelling out meaningless slogans, such as ‘Shame on Baku’ or ‘Shame on Hungary.’ Instead, they should deliver the crucial message that Artsakh (Karabagh) be recognized as an independent state, because its Armenian population cannot survive under a despotic regime that glorifies axe-wielding murderers.

Inadvertently, Hungary and Azerbaijan have done a huge favor for Armenians in extraditing and pardoning Lieutenant Ramil Safarov who bludgeoned to death his sleeping Armenian classmate, at a 2004 NATO course in Budapest. Numerous countries and international organizations have condemned Hungary and Azerbaijan for their unsavory actions. Armenians should capitalize on this sordid affair by holding demonstrations in every major city around the world, raising it in every international meeting, and filing lawsuits in European courts against Hungary, Azerbaijan, and NATO. Now that the axe-man’s release has generated worldwide sympathy for Armenians and clear antipathy for Azerbaijanis, Armenia should take advantage of this narrow and fleeting window of opportunity to recognize Artsakh’s independence and urge others to follow suit. A search on google reveals that over one million articles were written on this subject in the last 10 days, the overwhelming majority favoring Armenia and criticizing Azerbaijan.

Armenians should explain to the world the futility of holding peace negotiations with Azeri leaders who treat international agreements as toilet paper! The most recent example is the August 15 letter of Azerbaijan’s Deputy Justice Minister to his Hungarian counterpart, assuring him that Safarov would not be released, if extradited to Baku. Two weeks later, the axe-man was not only freed, but promoted and rewarded by the ‘Chief Baltaji,’ who is taking his cues from Turkish leaders on glorifying criminals and treating protocols as meaningless pieces of paper!

Turkish officials, however, are not too anxious to link their names to the odious behavior of Aliyev

22

Junior. A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign Ministry issued a statement claiming that Turkey had nothing to do with Safarov’s extradition from Hungary, despite the murderer’s expression of gratitude for Turkey’s support, after his arrival in Baku. Independently of its accuracy, the Turkish statement does confirm that Azerbaijan is isolated from the rest of the world and abandoned by the major powers -- the United States, Russia and France -- all of which have condemned Safarov’s release!

In desperation, Azerbaijan’s intelligence services concocted a fake ASALA (Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia) letter that threatens Azeri officials, so that Aliyev can regain the sympathy of world public opinion. The forged letter included statements that no Armenian would make, such as claiming that only 600,000 Armenians were killed during the Genocide, a false figure circulated by denialist Turks and Azeris. No Armenian would ever minimize the enormous death toll from 1.5 million to 600,000! In response to this forgery, ASALA issued a statement rejecting the authenticity of the letter. Such fraudulent Azeri actions give credibility to rumors that Azerbaijan may consider ‘eliminating Safarov,’ its ‘national hero,’ in order to blame Armenians for his murder!

Ironically, Armenia defeated Hungary last Sunday to win the World Chess Championship held in Istanbul. Azerbaijan was in 10th place, while Turkey came in 48th. Armenians should be genuinely proud of this incredible accomplishment (for the third time!), but they should refrain from making disparaging remarks about people in other countries. There are good and bad individuals in every nationality. Rather than harboring ill feelings toward the people of Hungary, Azerbaijan or Turkey, Armenians should confront those who deny the Armenian Genocide, extradite a convicted criminal or glorify an axe-murderer!

Tomris Azeri, President of Azerbaijan Society of America and co-founder of Pax Turcica Institute, suggested in an interview posted on News.az that rather than criticizing Turkey, I should help resolve the Artsakh conflict! Mr. Azeri stated: “I sincerely wish that before authoring another Turcophobic ode, Mr. Harut Sassounian analyzes what can be done to resolve the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict.” My advice to Mr. Azeri is not to deny past crimes, not to commit new ones -- with or without an axe -- and then pursue peaceful solutions, rather than whipping up racist anti-Armenian mass hysteria by the ‘Bash Baltaji’ and his cohorts

Turks Attack to Christians

Atrocities against human and Christians The Istanbul riots "Events of September"; Turkish: 6–7 Eylül Olayları, "Events of September 6–7",

sometimes known as the "Istanbul pogrom", were organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955. The riots were orchestrated by the Turkish government of the time under the Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. The events were triggered by the false news that the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki, north Greece—the house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had been born in 1881—had been bombed the day before. A bomb planted by a Turkish usher at the consulate, who was later arrested and confessed, incited the events. The Turkish press almost fully under Menderes' control, conveying the news in Turkey was silent about the arrest and instead insinuated that Greeks had set off the bomb.

A Turkish mob, most of which had been trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the mob did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, over a dozen people died during or after the attacks as a result of beatings and arson. Jews and Armenians were also harmed.

The riots greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from Turkey, and the Istanbul region in particular. The Greek population of Turkey declined from 119,822 persons in 1927, to about 7,000 in 1978. In Istanbul alone, the Greek population decreased from 65,108 to 49,081 between 1955 and 1960. The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry place the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at 3,000–4,000; however, according to Human Rights Watch, the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.

Some see the attacks as a continuation of a process of Turkification that started with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, rather than being a contemporary, bilateral issue. To back this claim they adduce the fact that roughly 40% of the properties attacked belonged to other minorities. Historian Alfred-Maurice de Zayas has written that in his view, despite the small number of deaths, the riots met the "intent to destroy in whole or in part" criterion of the Genocide Convention.

Personal violence

23

While the rioters were not instructed to kill their targets, sections of the mob went much further than scaring or intimidating local Greeks. Between 13 and 16 Greeks and one Armenian (including two clerics) died as a result of the pogrom. However, many deaths were never recorded due to the general chaos and according to a number of sources the total death toll is estimated to be at least 30. Apart from the from thirty identified victims, an additional of three unidentified bodies were found inside the shops, while three burned bodies were found in a sack in the region of Besiktas. Moreover, 32 Greeks were severely wounded. Men and women were raped, and according to the account of the Turkish writer Aziz Nesin, men, mainly priests, were subjected to forced circumcision by members of the mob and an Armenian rite Christian priest died after the procedure. Nesin wrote:

A man who was fearful of being beaten, lynched or cut into pieces would imply and try to prove that he was both a Turk and a Muslim. "Pull it out and let us see," they would reply. The poor man would peel off his trousers and show his "Muslimness" and "Turkishness": And what was the proof? That he had been circumcised. If the man was circumcised, he was saved. If not, he was doomed. Indeed, having lied, he could not be saved from a beating. For one of those aggressive young men would draw his knife and circumcise him in the middle of the street and amid the chaos. A difference of two or three centimeters does not justify such a commotion. That night, many men shouting and screaming were Islamized forcefully by the cruel knife. Among those circumcised there was also a priest.

Material damage and cost

The material damage was considerable, with damage to 5317 properties, almost all Greek-owned. Among these were 4214 homes, 1004 businesses, 73 churches, 2 monasteries, 1 synagogue, and 26 schools. Over 4,000 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 Greek (and other Christian) churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed. The American consulate estimates that 59% of the businesses were Greek-owned, 17% were Armenian-owned, 12% were Jewish-owned, 10% were Muslim-owned; while 80% of the homes were Greek-owned, 9% were Armenian-owned, 3% were Jewish-owned, and 5% were Muslim-owned. Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 69.5 million Turkish lira (equivalent to 24.8 million US$), the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches’ estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million USD.

Church property

Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople inside the ruins of the destroyed Orthodox church of Saint Constantine, Istanbul. In addition to commercial targets, the mob clearly targeted property owned or administered by the Greek Orthodox Church. 73 churches and 23 schools were vandalized, burned or destroyed, as were 8 asperses and 3 monasteries. This represented about 90 percent of the church property portfolio in the city. The ancient Byzantine church of Panagia in Veligradiou was vandalised and burned down. The church at Yedikule was badly vandalised, as was the church of St. Constantine of Psammathos. At Zoodochos Pege church in Balıklı, the tombs of a number of ecumenical patriarchs were smashed open and desecrated. The abbot of the monastery, Bishop Gerasimos of Pamphilos, was severely beaten during the pogrom and died from his wounds some days later in Balıklı Hospital. In one church arson attack, Father Chrysanthos Mandas was burned alive. The Metropolitan of Liloupolis, Gennadios, was badly beaten and went mad. Elsewhere in the city, Greek cemeteries came under attack and were desecrated. Some reports also testified that relics of saints were burned or thrown to dogs.

In August 1995, the US Senate passed a special resolution marking the September 1955 pogrom, calling on the President of the United States Bill Clinton to proclaim 6 September as a Day of Memory for the victims of the pogrom.

Wikipedia Istanbul riot 6 and 7 September 1955

24

RESOLUTION

Marking the anniversary of the anti-Greek pogrom in Turkey, on September 6, 1955.

(Introduced in Senate – USA): SRES 160 IS – 104th CONGRESS 1st Session S. RES. 160

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

August 7 (legislative day, JULY 10), 1995 Mr. D’AMATO submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary

Whereas, in September 1955, there existed a Greek minority population of 100,000 in Istanbul, Turkey; Whereas, on the night of September 6-7, 1955, a pogrom against the Greek community began in Instanbul; Whereas anti-Greek rioters attacked, pillaged, gutted and destroyed more than 2,000 Greek homes, 4,200 Greek shops and stores, 73 Greek Orthodox churches, 52 Greek schools, eight Greek cemeteries, all three major Greek newspaper plants, and dozens of Greek factories, hotels, restaurants,

and warehousesn Istanbul; Whereas 15 Greeks were killed in the pogrom or died subsequently, and 32 were seriously injured; Whereas as many as 200 women were raped by rioters; Whereas the United States Consul General in Istanbul reported that police stood idly by or cheered on the rioting mobs; Whereas the State Department received confirmation of elaborate advanced planning for widespread destruction of the property of the indigenous Greek community,’ involving careful preparations by many individuals; Whereas American journalist Frederick Sondern, Jr., writing at the time for Readers Digest, described the events of that night as `. . . one of the wildest eruptions of mob fury and hysteria in modern times; Whereas homes of Greek officers stationed at NATO headquarters in the Turkish city of Izmir were also attacked and destroyed; Whereas rioters attacked and burned down the Greek Consulate in Izmir and the Greek Pavilion at the Izmir International festival; Whereas Turkish authorities failed at the time to convict a single rioter, out of thousands, for any crime committed during the pogrom; Whereas five years later, after a military coup in Turkey, the former Prime Minister and acting Foreign Minister at the time of the pogrom were charged with, and convicted of, numerous criminal actions, including the instigation of the anti-Greek riots;

Whereas the pogrom marked the beginning of the end of the Greek community’s presence in Istanbul, numbering about 2,000 in 1995; and September 6, 1995 will mark the 40th Anniversary of the pogrom: (1) take all appropriate steps to observe and commemorate the loss of life and property, and the numerous injuries and offenses, which took place during the pogrom by proclaiming September, 1995 as a day of remembrance for the victims of these attacks; and (2) urge all Americans to honor the victims of the pogrom in the appropriate manner

.Appendix A survey of the damage inflicted on public establishments of the Greek Community of Istanbul during the rioting on the night of September 6-7 shows that the destruction caused has been extremely widespread. In fact, only a very small percentage of community property appears to have escaped molestation.

25

Although there are as yet no figures available assessing the damage sustained, the number of establishments attacked and the nature of the destruction caused in the course of the night under reference convey a clear picture of the scope of the devastation. In most cases the assault on these establishments involved a thorough wrecking of installations, furniture, equipment, desecration of holy shrines and relics, and looting. In certain instances serious damage was inflicted on the buildings themselves by fire. Information received from the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate shows that of the 95 houses of worship listed on the books of the Archbishopric of Istanbul 61 were either completely or partially damaged. Eight of them became the victims of flames. The religious edifices thus affected are identified as follows:Now, therefore, be Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate that the President should:(1) take al lappropriate steps to observe and commemorate the loss of life and property, and the numerous injuries and offenses, which took place during the pogrom by proclaiming September, 1995 as a day of remembrance for the victims of these attacks; and (2) urge all Americans to honor the victims of the pogrom in the appropriate manner. 1. Aghia Triada, Taksim–Wrecked, pillaged and destroyed by fire. 2. St. Constantin, Kalyoncu Kulluk–Wrecked, pillaged and destroyed by fire. 3. Motamorphosia, Cemetery of Sisli–Wrecked and pillaged. 4. Sotiros Christou, Galata–Wrecked and pillaged. 5. Saint Nicolas, Galata–Wrecked and pillaged. 6. Saint Jean, Galata–Wrecked and pillaged. 7. Saint Dimitri, Kurtulus–Wrecked and pillaged. 8. Saint Athanase, Kurtulus–Wrecked and pillaged. 9. Saint Elephtere, Kurtulus–Wrecked and pillaged. 10. Ivanghelistrias, Kurtulus–Wrecked and pillaged. 11. Ghenethlion tis Theotocou, Besiktas–Wrecked and pillaged. 12. Saint Phocas, OrtakoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 13. Saint Dimitri, Kurucesme–Wrecked and pillaged. 14. Ton Taxiarchon, together with residence of Bishop, ArnavutkoÿAE4y–Wrecked and destroyed by fire. 15. Saint Haralambos, Bebek–Wrecked and pillaged. 16. Evanghelismos tis Theotokou, BoyacikoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 17. Taxiarchon, Istinye–Wrecked and pillaged. 18. Saint Nicolas, YenikoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 19. Saint Paraskevi, Tarabya and residence of Bishop–Wrecked and destroyed by fire. 20. Saint Paraskevi, BuÿAE4yuÿAE4kdere–Wrecked and pillaged. 21. Saint Jean, Yeni Mahalle–Wrecked and pillaged. 22. Saint Constantin, PasabagcÿAE9o–Wrecked and pillaged. 23. Genethlion tis Theotocou, Kandilli–Wrecked and pillaged. 24. Saint George, CÿAE9angelkoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 25. Prophe Ilia, UÿAE4akuÿAE4dar–Wrecked and pillaged. 26. Agia Triada, with residence of Bishop–KadikoÿAE4y–Wrecked, pillaged and destroyed by fire. 27. Saint Georges, KadikoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 28. St. Jean Chrysostome, KadikoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 29. Saint Ignace, KadikoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 30. Saint Dimitri, BuÿAE4yuÿAE4kada–Wrecked and pillaged. 31. Dormition of the Virgin, BuÿAE4yuÿAE4kada–Wrecked and pillaged. 32. Metamorphosis tou Christou, BuÿAE4yuÿAE4kada–Wrecked and pillaged. 33. Saint Georges, monastery, Heybeliada–Wrecked and pillaged. 34. Saint Spiridon, monastery, Heybeliada–Wrecked and pillaged.

26

35. Zoodochos Pighi, Balikli–Wrecked and destroyed by fire. 36. Genethlion tis Theotocou, Beligradiou, Yedikule–Wrecked and pillaged. 37. Saint Constantin, Samatya–Wrecked and pillaged. 38. Saint Paraskevi, Samatya–Wrecked and pillaged. 39. Saint Georges, Samatya–Wrecked and pillaged. 40. Saint Minas, Samatya–Wrecked and pillaged. 41. Dormition of the Vergin, Exi Harmara–Wrecked and pillaged. 42. Saint Theodore, Langa–Wrecked and pillaged. 43. Saint Elpida, Kumigapi–Wrecked and pillaged. 44. Saint Kiriaki, Kumigapi–Wrecked and pillaged. 45. Saint Nicolas, Topkapu–Wrecked and pillaged. 46. Saint Georges, Edirnekapu–Wrecked and pillaged. 47. Dormition of the Virgin, Edirnekapu–Wrecked and pillaged. 48. Another Dormition of the Virgin, Edirnekapu–Wrecked and pillaged. 49. Taxiarchon, Balat–Wrecked and pillaged. 50. Panaghia tis Soudas, Egrikapu–Wrecked and pillaged. 51. Dormition of the Virgin, Blacherne, Ayvansqray–Wrecked and pillaged. 52. Saint Dimitri, Xiloportis–Damaged. 53. Dormition of the Virgin, Valinu–Damaged. 54. Saint Jean Prodrome, Valinu, monastery–Wrecked. 55. Saint Georges Potira–Wrecked. 56. Vierge Houchliotisoa, Phanar–Wrecked and pillaged. 57. Saint Nicolas, Cibali–Wrecked and pillaged. 58. Saint Haralambos, Chapel, Cibali–Wrecked and pillaged. 59. Dormition of the Virgin, Vefa–Wrecked and pillaged. 60. Saint Paraskevi, HaskoÿAE4y–Wrecked and pillaged. 61. Aghici Therapon–Damaged. In addition to the above religious establishments the following properties belonging to the Monastery of St. Sinai, said to contain irreplaceable objects of art of Byzantine origin and religious relics of great value, apparently, also suffered serious destruction and pillage 1. Monastery of St. Georges ti Krimnou, Heybeli Ada. 2. Monastery of St. Georges, Fener. 3. Monastery of St. Georges, Tenikoy. Reports show that the dependencies of the religious edifices hit were also not spared and that very serious damage was inflicted on presbyteries and well-appointed community meeting quarters, libraries, dispensaries attached to these establishments. Among the Greek churches heavily attacked also figures the church of the Greek Catholic Uniate at Hamal Basi, Bayoglu. Report has it that the presbytery of the said church and the congregational school attached thereto were also severely damaged. As a matter of fact three other Catholic churches having no connection whatever with the Greek community, are reported to have also suffered serious damage during the rioting. Reports on hand indicate that the rioting crowd hit with particular frenzy at two important Greek Orthodox community centers; the central cemetery at Sisli and the cemetery of the Patriarchs at Balikil. The former sustained particularly extensive destruction. Crosses and statues were knocked down, sepulchers and vaults opened and the remains of the dead removed and dispersed. At Balikli, the sarcophaguses of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchs were desecrated.

27

As for the Greek Orthodox clergy itself, considering the scale and severity of the acts of violence recorded, it appears that only a relatively few were exposed to the fury of rioters. According to information given by the Patriarchate only one aged Orthodox priest, monk Chrysanthos of Balikli, is believed to have been killed during the rioting. Since his body has not been recovered he is listed as missing. It is supposed that he perished during the burning of his church. The principal dignitaries of the Orthodox church who were maltreated during the disturbances and made to suffer indignities are reported to be the following:

The Metropolitan of New Cesarea, Weaudor. The Metropolitan of Troy, Bogacikey. The Metropolitan of Derkos, Therapia. The Metropolitan of Chalchida, Kadikoy. Bishop Panphilion, Balikli.

Bishop Ilioupolios, Arnarutkoy. The Archdeacon of the Patriarchate, Yenikoy. Extensive damage also seems to have been suffered by the educational establishments of the Greek community. At least 36 of the 48 schools of the community are reported to have been more or less seriously damaged. The principal victims are the Zappeion Girls’ College at Taksim and the Megali Scholi Boys’ College of Phanar, both princes of the community, the Theological School at Heybeli, and the high schools at Haskoy, Edirne Kapu, Bakirkoy, Gelata, Taksim and Arnavutkoy. The elaborate dispensary of the Takrim High School and several public soup kitchens operated in conjunction with these educational institutions were also demolished. A list of the schools hit by the rioters is given below: 1. The Greek Catholic School at Hamal Basi. 2. The Zappeion Girls’ College, Taksim. 3. The Megali Scholi Boys College, Phanar. 4. The School of Haskoy. 5. The School of Evanghelistria. 6. The School of Gelata. 7. The School of Ortakoy. 8. The School of St. Constaintin, Beyoglu. 9. The School of Bakirkoy. 10. The School of Boyacikoy. 11. The School of Kurtulus. 12. The School of Yenikoy. 13. The School of Ferikoy. 14. The Theological School of Heybeli Ada. 15. The School at Nane Street. 16. The School of Aynali Cesme. 17. The School of Arnavutkoy. 18. The School of Aghia Triada, Taksim. 19. The School of Bebsk. 20. The School of Besiktas. 21. The School of Kandilli. 22. The School of Cengelkby. 23. The School of Kuzgunouk. 24. The School of Uskudar (Teni Mahole). 25. The School of Xakikoy (Yeldegirmen).

28

26. The School of Cafer Aga. 27. The School of Balat. 28. The School of Lonca. 29. The School of Edirne Kapu. 30. The School of Samatya.

31. The School of Longa. 32. The School of Buyakdere. 33. The School of Tarabya. 34. The School of Buyuk Ada. 35. The School of Ioakimeion Parthenagogheion. 36. The School of Kentrikon Parthenagogheion. Efforts are now being made to immediately repair some of the damage to make possible opening of these schools by the end of this month. To that effect a preliminary aid of TL 110,000 has been allocated to the Community by the Turkish authorities. Special appropriations are also expected for the repair of damaged religious institutions and cemeteries since, neither the community itself nor the Patriarchate is in a position to provide adequate funds for the purpose. As the allocation of such funds will require legislative action, an emergency relief of TL 200,000 is announced for urgent repair work. Though not specifically community property, it might be appropriate to consider in the present report also the damage sustained by the Greek language press of Istanbul. All three principal dailies, the APOYEVMATINI, the TACHYDROMOS and the EMBROS suffered heavy losses. The first two had both their offices and printing establishments completely wrecked. In the case of the EMBROS only its offices were destroyed since it had no printing press of its own. The APOYEVMATINI (circulation 10,000), the most heavily hit, managed to resume publication two weeks after the rioting. Its losses alone are estimated at half a million lirae. The TACHYDROMOS (circulation 5,000) has as yet not been able to recuperate from the blow but is scheduled to appear in the near future. The EMBROS (circulation 7,000) reappeared a few days after the disturbances. The weekly OKROIDS (circulation 5,000) managed to continue publication without interruption though its offices were also heavily wrecked. Like the EMBROS it has no printing press of its own. As pointed out in the opening paragraphs of this report a monetary assessment of the damage caused to Greek Community property in the course of the September 6 riot has as yet not been attempted. Very general estimates on the part of community and church leaders would indicate that it goes into millions of Turkish liras. The Department will be informed as soon as a substantive estimate is available. For the Counsul General. Betty Carp, Assistant Attache.

Appendix B: Documented Deaths in 1955 Riots: Name Place Manner of death/source 1

[Priest] Chrysanthos Mantas Baloukli Doused with gasoline and burned to death [Bishop] Gerasimos of Pamphilus Baloukli [b]Tortured, beaten, comotose died. [Bishop] Gennadios Arabatzoglou. 80 Yenikoÿ Beaten, died of injuries. [Priest] Name unknown Edirenkapi Diseappeared

[Priest] Name unknown Chalke Found dead [Church caretaker] Erpapazoglou Pasa BahcÿAE9i Was killed inside church which was dynamited. [Caretaker] Name unknown Anadoluhisar Was killed at shrine there: Cumhuriyet, 7.IX.55. Abraham Anavas 65 `Moton’ Store Was killed in store: Cumhuriyet, 8.IX.55. Olga Kimiades 77 Beaten, died of heart attack:Huriyet, 8.IX.55. Thanassis Misiroglou Hatzopoulos Passage Was killed at his store: Cumhuriyet, 8.IX.55

29

Davutoglu Comes to Town

KKeghart.com Editorial Board, 10 September 2012

In our August 22, 2012 issue (“Secret Operation Attila") we commented on the Turkish monument recently installed in an Ottawa park by the Turkish embassy and the Canadian government. We revisit the farce due to new developments. Ahmet Davutoglu, Turkey’s foreign minister, will attend the Sept. 20 unveiling of the Ottawa monument dedicated to Col. Attila Altikan, the Turkish military attaché slain in Canada’s capital by unknown assailant(s) in the eighties. That’s when the mysterious text of the

monument plaque will see the light of day. Despite queries and media speculation, a secretive Canadian foreign ministry will not reveal the text until the day of unveiling of the Turkish structure. People following the Turkish and Canadian foreign ministry’s secret maneuverings to keep under wraps (literally) the genesis, construction and erection of the monument have wondered about the plaque text. Was it being revised to respond to the winds of change? Was it being feverishly edited due to pressure from politicians, federal bureaucrats, Armenians, the Turkish embassy? And did Canada send the text to editor Davutoglu for his seal of approval?

As expected, the August 26 Attila commemoration, the prelude to the unveiling of the metal and wood monument, was attended by a mostly Turkish crowd. The pseudo event was festooned with the blood-red Turkish flag and banners. Of course, there were the hypocritical harangues and crocodile tears. Meanwhile Canadian-Armenians are wondering whether the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) would extend its interrogations of Armenians from Montreal to Toronto, Canada’s biggest city. Montreal Armenians interviewed by RCMP officials remain reluctant about discussing the nature of these “interviews.”

An important development to the Attila operation is the manner in which Turkish community leaders orchestrated their so-called commemoration of Attila’s death. Although the culprit(s) of the Attila killing were not arrested or identified, there was a billowing and objectionable banner at the Turkish gathering. Emblazoned at its centre was the word TERROR in Turkish-red and in capital letters. Wink, wink; nudge, nudge... guess to whom were the Turks referring? Certainly not to Tala’at, Enver, Jemal, and Mustafa Kemal, the Four Horsemen of the Genocide of Armenians. That’s for sure.

This irresponsible Turkish photo-op might have made Canada’s foreign ministry more circumspect about the plaque text. Indeed, the banner is a crystal-clear indication that the made-in-Turkey, Turkey financed, transported free of charge by the Turkish Airlines “monument” is intended to be a permanent symbol of anti-Armenian propaganda devised by the globe-trotting Turkish foreign minister and his mignons at the Ottawa embassy.

The Turkish hate banner underlines Canada’s folly in bowing to Ankara’s will and in ceding part of our national park to the dissemination of hate propaganda by a foreign government. The main blame for the hate banners, of course, lies with the Turkish embassy in our country: it initiated the monument project and lobbied for it. The blame lies with the Turkish embassy in Ottawa because, for years, it has been ground- zero of anti-Armenian propaganda in Canada. There’s no point in listing Ankara’s anti-Armenian projects in this country: the Canadian government knows all too well about the Turkish ambassadors’ red hand in clandestine operations... in devising, funding, propagating Turkey’s racist rants.

A key question that Canada government should answer is this: knowing the mindset of Turkey’s diplomats in Canada and Turkey’s animosity toward Armenians, why did Ottawa take the unprecedented act of ceding part of our territory for the advancement of a foreign government’s falsehoods?

30

Canadian-Armenians should condemn the pretend-monument in a Canadian park. The Canadian- Armenian lobby, together with Greeks, Cypriots and Kurds, should protest Davutoglu’s presence in our capital. Along with these victims of Turkish terror, Armenians should condemn the naiveté of Canada’s foreign ministry, and Canada’s Boy Scouts R Us handling of this diplomatic debacle. Armenians should expose how the monument promotes divisiveness—nay, hatred—among Canadian-Armenians and Turks, and how the monument can make Canadian-Armenians hate targets in this country. No government which espouses amity and cooperation among its diverse cultural, religious, ethnic groups should have been seduced by Turkey’s sweet-talking Ottawa man in black-striped pants. The collective protest would be a legitimate response to the hateful shenanigans of the Turkish embassy and major domo Davutoglu. Armenians and righteous people should eviscerate Turkey’s expensive conspiracy with the truth: Turkey, failing to eliminate the Armenian nation (1915 to 1923) is now harassing the Canadian descendants of the Armenian martyrs who fell under the Turkish sword, and it is out to erase Armenia from the map to revive its long dream of a contiguous Turkic land mass from Istanbul to the Chinese border. Last week hundreds of Canadian-Armenian youth travelled to Ottawa to demonstrate against the Azeri and Hungarian embassies. They, other Armenians, in addition to Cypriots, Greeks and Kurds, should now head to Ottawa to demonstrate against Davutoglu, the sham monument, and Ankara’s foreign and domestic policies.

Èàôê2 ́2ò Þ2 ́2Â2Âoð - LOUSSAPATZ - THE DAWN

Üàð êoðàôÜ ̧ ØÞ2ÎàôÂ2ÚÆÜ ØÆàôÂo2Ü - ÂàðàÜÂú

333 DENISON ST. UNIT # 3 MARKHAM, ON CANADA L3R 2Z4 TEL: 905 – 752 – 1206 FAX: 905 – 752 – 1207

E-MAIL : loussapatz@gmail.com

Èàôê2 ́2ò Þ2 ́2Â2ÂoðÂÆ ì2ðâ2Î2Ü Î21⁄4Ø

îÜúð3⁄4Ü äoîðàê ØàôÞo2Ü MANAGING EDITOR BEDROS MOUCHIAN îÜîoê2Î2Ü Úàìê3⁄4ö ¶2ܶàôðo2Ü FINANCE HOVSEP KANKOURIAN

ÐÐð2î2ð2ÎàôÂÆôÜ

331