Loussapatz The Dawn , 23 ՄԱՐՏ 2013

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PALM SUNDAY

Palm Sunday is the day we remember the "triumphal entry" of Jesus into Jerusalem, exactly one week before His resurrection (Matthew 21:1-11). Some 450-500 years earlier, the Prophet Zechariah had prophesied, "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; He is just and having salvation, Lowly and riding on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey” (Zechariah 9:9). Matthew 21:7-9 records the fulfillment of that prophecy: "They brought the donkey and the colt, laid their clothes on them, and set Him on them. And a very great multitude spread their clothes on the road; others cut down branches from the trees and spread them on the road. Then the multitudes who went before and those who followed cried out, saying: ‘Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD!’ Hosanna in the highest!’” This event took place on the Sunday before Jesus' crucifixion.

In remembrance of this event, we celebrate Palm Sunday. It is referred to as Palm Sunday because of the palm branches that were laid on the road as Jesus rode the donkey into Jerusalem. Palm Sunday was the fulfillment of the Prophet Daniel's "seventy sevens" prophecy: " Know therefore and understand, That from the going forth of the command To restore and build Jerusalem Until Messiah the Prince, There shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks; The street shall be built again, and the wall, Even in troublesome times" (Daniel 9:25). John 1:11 tells us, "He (Jesus) came to His own, and His own did not receive Him." The same crowds that were crying out "Hosanna" were crying out "crucify Him" five days later (Matthew 27:22-23).

Matthew 21:1-11: Jesus sent two disciples, 2 saying to them, “Go into the village in front of you, and immediately you will find a donkey tied, and a colt with her. Untie them and bring them to me. 3 If anyone says anything to you, you shall say, ‘The Lord needs them,’ and he will send them at once.”

Zechariah 9:9:Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout aloud, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your king is coming to you; righteous and having salvation is he,  mounted on a donkey on a colt, the foal of a donkey.

Matthew 21:7-9:They brought the donkey and the colt and put on them their cloaks, and he sat on them. 8 Most of the crowd spread their cloaks on the road, and others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road. 9 And the crowds that went before him and that followed him were shouting, “Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!”

Daniel 9:25:Know therefore and understand that from the going out of the word to restore and build Jerusalem to the coming of an anointed one, a prince, there shall be seven weeks. Then for sixty-two weeks it shall be built again with squares and moat, but in a troubled time.

John 1:11: He came to his own, and his own people did not receive him.

Matthew 21:1-11: Pilate said to them, “Then what shall I do with Jesus who is called Christ?” They all said, “Let him be crucified!” 23 And he said, “Why, what evil has he done?” But they shouted all the more, “Let him be crucified!”

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Below is the full text of a speech delivered by Armenian Weekly columnist Ayse Gunaysu during a panel discussion at the Grotowski

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Institute in Wroclaw, Poland, on Nov. 10.

AAyse Gunaysu is a professional translator, human rights advocate, and feminist. She has been a member of the Committee Against Racism and Discrimination of the Human Rights Association of Turkey (Istanbul branch) since 1995, and was a columnist in a pro-Kurdish daily from 2005–07. Since 2008, she writes a bi-weekly column, titled "Letters from Istanbul,"

for the Armenian Weekly.

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A scene from the panel discussion

I thank the Grotowski Institute for inviting me, and for their generous hospitality. And I thank you, dear audience, for taking the time and coming to listen to us. I feel privileged to be here with you.

I’m a Muslim Turk by birth. In other words, a descendant of the perpetrators of the Genocide of Ottoman Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. I’m not a historian, nor a scholar, or a writer. Just a human rights activist. So I can only share with you my feelings and my views about post-genocidal Turkey.

Now, I ask you to imagine that I am a German woman, coming from Germany.

But imagine that Germany was not defeated in the World War II; that, on the contrary, it was victorious and, therefore, not caught red-handed in the crimes it committed: The world never had the chance to see the film footage of the gas chambers and the heaps of dead bodies. And imagine that Germany used all of the technology and industrial power it had to cover up and deny the Holocaust. Imagine that the Holocaust/Shoah is denied in Germany officially, publicly, socially, and culturally, in every sense.

Of course, denial is not only saying, “No, that did not happen”; imagine that the whole state apparatus and the social life are organized around this denial. Text books, the mainstream media, academia, civil society, the internet–all say the same thing, trying to justify the extermination of the Jews and others. They say it was not without reason. That it was inevitable. That it was for the survival of their nation. Moreover, that it was not they who butchered the Jews, that the Jews butchered us.

Imagine that museums, encyclopedias, and exhibitions in Germany all told these lies. And, what’s much more terrible, that almost all of the German people believed the government wholeheartedly, never doubting what they were told.

Imagine that the remaining Jews are targeted by German racists, and hate speech against Jews is a normal occurrence in Germany.

With such a Germany, and such a denial of the Holocaust, would Europe be the same? Would Poland be the same? Would there be a Grotowski Institute?

I asked you to imagine this to once again think about how the denial of a genocide can change life itself.

In such a scenario, objective reality means nothing. Just nothing. Objective reality doesn’t count at all. What determines life is the subjective reality, that is, what people sincerely believe.

This is exactly the case with Turkey in the context of the Armenians and the Armenian Genocide. This is the Turkey that I come from.

Recognition, repentance, humility, and feeling shame makes one a human. In the absence of this, a people, a country, is liable to commit new crimes, to normalize violence, to in fact make violence a way of life. This is the case with Turkey. In the absence of these emotions, there is no room for a sort of catharsis, repentance, or cleaning oneself of guilt. This has been the case with Turkey since the genocide. And successive governments have committed, and continue to commit, new crimes.

Now a few words about me. I hope my story will offer some kind of insight into the reality of Turkey. I was a Marxist-Leninist, a Communist, a secret member of the outlawed Communist Party of Turkey between 1970-85.

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We were devoted anti-imperialists, particularly anti-American. For us, Turkey was under imperialist oppression and exploitation. So national independence for our country was one of our top priorities. In other words, the “evil” was outside of us. We didn’t see the evil within our country. The enemy was far away; so cursing and shouting slogans against the far-away enemy was much easier and more convenient than fighting the evil right beside us. Despite our outspoken internationalism, we were surely nationalists without being aware of it.

We were anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist, believing in class struggle, but we became anti-fascist only after the para-military, government-backed ultra-nationalist mobs started to kill us in the streets, in our homes, in factories, and at schools in the late 1970’s.

But fascism was for us an anti-communist movement. We never awoke to see that fascists were racist Turks, as well, reflecting the racist essence of the Turkish state, the extension of the genocidal Ottoman Empire.

Oh yes, we, the Turkish left, were undoubtedly, surely, and vehemently anti-racist.

But which racism? The racism in the United States and in South Africa, which were far away from us. Racism had nothing to do with our country! We were totally blind to the very racist environment we were living in. Denial of the genocide, hate speech directed against Armenians and non-Muslims in general, discrimination, portraying non-Muslims as potential traitors, these were all around us, and yet we didn’t see it! We were like fish living in a sea of racism without being aware of it.

Our blindness was so great that we didn’t even think of campaigning against the Nazi-like “oath” children were made to chant every morning at school. Generations of children started (and are starting today) classes every morning with that “oath,” chanted together as loud as they can–that we are proud of being Turks and we are ready to sacrifice our own existence for the sake of the existence of Turkishness! Every morning! Together with a handful of our non-Turkish and non-Muslim classmates: Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Kurds!

This has gone on and on for decades. None of our “international,” Marxist-Leninist selfless comrades, including myself, initiated a campaign against this Nazi-like practice at schools.

OK, we were “internationalists.” But what kind of an internationalism was it?

We would give our lives for the national liberation wars in Africa and Asia. We sang Latin American revolutionaries’ songs, memorized their slogans, shed tears for Angola. But we were unaware of what was happening under our nose. We knew nothing and said nothing about the Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians– tiny communities, the children of genocide victims doomed to live in a racist environment. And we knew nothing of the Kurds in Kurdish provinces who were subjected to different legislation, under a permanent state of emergency law.

We were masters of the history of the Soviet Communist Party, knew every detail anpit Trotsky’s fight against Stalin, the history of the Vietnamese fight against America, but we didn’t know the true history of our own country. But why?

Because of a very successful disinformation and manipulation of the Turkish republic’s founding ideology and the founding myths. The history re-written by the Kemalist leadership, in a totally misleading way. Let’s not go into details; it will take a lot of time.

What happened to Turkey after 1915? Turkey found no peace after, no real democracy, no real development. The once-developed and urban Western Armenia, with its colleges, theaters, and rich cultural life, became a barren land, a land of blood and tears. Kurdish uprisings followed one another, repressed with huge bloodshed and forced displacements.

Military interventions also followed one another. The one in 1980 was a disaster. Tens of thousands of people were jailed, unimaginable methods of torture were used, many died in prison, and 36 people were executed. Despite a formal restoration of democratic institutions, the constitution in force today is essentially the constitution adopted by the military rule.

Now a war is going on in the southeast of Turkey, in historical Western Armenia and Kurdistan. It is estimated that 50,000 people have died, most of them Kurds. Currently 10,000 Kurdish human rights activists, municipal workers, politicians, and citizens engaged in a totally peaceful struggle are in jail. And a massive hunger strike is under way.

Genocide denial is the destruction of all collective values, all ethics, sense of justice–in brief, the hearts and minds of the entire nation.

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You may hear that things are changing in Turkey regarding the Armenian “issue,” as they say. Yes, but very slowly, very irregularly, and very disappointingly.

Thank you for listening to me.

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Will Pope Francis Repeat Cardinal Bergoglio’s Words on the Genocide?

By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier

Shortly after Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio became Pope Francis I, Armenian and Turkish media outlets rushed to inform their audiences that the Argentinean Archbishop had acknowledged the Armenian Genocide on a number of occasions.

When Catholicos Karekin II visited Buenos Aires on April 23, 2004, Cardinal Bergoglio joined him in an ecumenical liturgy and spoke during the commemoration of the victims of the Armenian Genocide. The Cardinal stated: "We are united in grief over a genocide -- the first of the 20th century -- a genocide that powerful empires seek to silence and cover up by all means."

Last week, in his congratulatory letter to Pope Francis I, Karekin II "fondly remembered" their joint meetings and prayers in Argentina, and praised the Catholic Pontiff "as a courageous, wise, and righteous shepherd." The Catholicos recalled Cardinal Bergoglio’s "sincere affection toward the Armenian people," adding: "We gladly confirm that the historical relationship between our churches is marked by fraternal warmth. We greatly value the progress registered by our churches as a result of collaborative efforts undertaken during the pontificates of ourselves and our predecessors. This has been manifested during mutual visits and elaborated through a multitude of educational and charitable programs."

On April 22, 2006, during a program commemorating the 91st anniversary of the Armenian Genocide in Buenos Aires, Cardinal Bergoglio urged Turkey to unconditionally recognize the Armenian Genocide as the "gravest crime of Ottoman Turkey against the Armenian people and the entire humanity."

More recently, in 2011, after an Argentinean Federal Court found Turkey guilty of committing genocide against Armenians in response to a lawsuit filed by survivor Krikor Hairabedian, Cardinal Bergoglio issued a statement condemning "the abominable crime of genocide that the Turkish state committed against the Armenian people between 1915 and 1923."

Both Armenians and Turks are now wondering if in his new capacity Pope Francis I will repeat the words he uttered as Cardinal Bergoglio. Armenians are delighted that a close friend of their community in Argentina has been elected to lead the Catholic Church. Meanwhile, the Turkish press has expressed great concern that "the new Pope could be influenced by [Armenian] lobbying groups."

Now that he has ascended to the highest office of the Roman Church, no one really knows what position Pope Francis would take on Armenian issues. One must remember that the Pontiff has two distinct functions as head of the Catholic Church and the sovereign city-state of Vatican. In other words, he is both a spiritual leader and head of state. Hence, depending on the issue, he may not necessarily express the views he held as Cardinal Bergoglio. At times, he may assume positions on political matters that diverge from his personal views and coincide with Vatican’s more worldly interests. As head of the Vatican state, the Pope may be forced to act as any other politician, such as Pres. Obama, who said one thing before the election and changed his tune afterward. However, as the spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and a man of strong moral values, the Pope cannot simply ignore or contradict his deeply held convictions.

Realizing that all Popes are not alike, it may be useful to review recent papal pronouncements on the Armenian Genocide. Pope John Paul II, on two occasions, used the term Armenian Genocide -- on November 9, 2000 and September 27, 2001. However, unlike his predecessor, Pope Benedict XVI refrained from using that term, preferring to qualify the Genocide as "martyrdom" and "unspeakable suffering."

In the case of Pope Francis I, there is no need for Armenians to insist that he use the term Armenian Genocide; as the Vatican has twice acknowledged the Armenian Genocide. Thus, no purpose is served by demanding that every new Pope reaffirm the facts of the Armenian Genocide all over again. It is important,

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however, that Pope Francis I not retreat from his earlier position on the Armenian Genocide; substitutes and euphemisms would not be appropriate.

Given the Vatican’s positive record on the Armenian Genocide, it would be best to go beyond this issue and look for other areas in which the Pontiff could be supportive, such as pressing for the security of Armenians and other Christians in Syria. Efforts should also be made to strengthen the existing amicable ties between the Armenian Apostolic and Catholic churches, and friendly relations between the Vatican State and the Republic of Armenia.

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Armenian Constitutional Court Rejects Hovannisians Election Appeals President Sarkisian Rules Out Visiting with Raffi Hovannisian in Liberty Square

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YEREV AN — Armenia’ s Constitutional Court on Thursday rejected opposition leader Raffi Hovannisian’s and another candidate’s demands to invalidate the official results of the February 18 presidential election that gave victory to incumbent President Serzh Sarkisian.

In a 34-page verdict read out by its chairman, Gagik Harutiunian, the court upheld the decision by Armenia’ s Central Election Commission, which said there were no legal violations during the vote.

It also rejected Hovannisian’ s separate demand to declare him the rightful winner of the vote, saying that the leader of the opposition Zharangutyun (Heritage) party failed to present any compelling evidence in support of that claim.

The Constitutional Court scrapped the official vote tally in only one of Armenia’s 1,988 electoral precincts where two local observers claimed to have witnessed large-scale ballot stuffing by government loyalists. The precinct covers part of Artashat, a town 30 kilometers south of Yerevan notorious for election-related violence and other violations. The number of voters living there is too small to have any impact on the overall election outcome.

According to the Central Election Commission (CEC), Sarkisian won reelection outright with 58.6 percent of the vote, while Hovannisian finished second with around 37 percent.

The panel of nine judges at the same recognized widespread public distrust in official vote results. In a carefully-worded sentence, it blamed this on the “merger of political, economic and administrative resources” in Armenia.

Tigran Mukuchian, the pro-government chairman of the CEC, welcomed the widely anticipated ruling. He said the court highlighted “baseless judgments and evaluations” made by the opposition candidates.

Zaruhi Postanjian, one of Hovannisian’s legal representatives, condemned the decision, accusing Armenia’s highest court of “sponsoring” Sarkisian. She also said that the Hovannisian campaign plans to organize alternative “court hearings” on the election at Liberty Square, the main venue of the opposition leader’s post-election protests.

Hovannisian, who has been on a hunger strike in the Square since Sunday, is set to continue his protest until Inauguration Day, April 9, warning that President Sarkisian will be sworn in only on his, Hovannisian’s, “dead body”.

Sarkisian Rejects Dialogue with Hovannisian

On Monday President Serzh Sarkisian held a meeting with journalists and criticized Raffi Hovannisian for disputing the legitimacy of his reelection and claiming to represent most Armenians, saying that only a tiny segment of the country’s population is participating in demonstrations organized by his main election challenger. Sarkisian also voiced skepticism over possible dialogue with Hovannisian.

“When they say that the people are out in the streets it sounds very strange to me,” he told a rare news conference organized for a limited number of broadcast media outlets. “On average, only 3,000 people participate in these rallies taking place in Liberty Square ... Even if the opinion of every person matters to us, 3,000 people account for only 0.1 percent of our citizens.”

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Sarkisian claimed that Levon Ter-Petrosian, the main opposition candidate in the 2008 presidential election, rallied ten times as many people in the same venue when challenging official vote results, despite getting fewer votes than Hovannisian. The latter has therefore no right to speak on behalf of the nation, he said.

Hovannisian has repeatedly urged the incumbent to recognize “the people’s victory” in the ballot and “return power to the people” by leaving office. He went on hunger strike over a week ago to continue pressing those demands. The U.S.-born oppositionist, who remains camped out in Liberty Square, has also demanded that Sarkisian visit and talk to him.

Sarkisian ruled out the possibility of such a visit, however. “I’m asking myself: what should I talk with Raffi Hovannisian about? What should I negotiate on with a man who is bitter at the world and has been hungry for eight days?” he said.

“If I were to go [to the square] I would do that for one purpose: to once again urge and ask Raffi Hovannisian to end the hunger strike and choose other methods of struggle. I’m doing it now,” he said.

“But you know, there is aother very important circumstance: I don’t know the purpose for which Raffi Hovannisian went on hunger strike,” added Sarkisian.

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PARIS -- A group of municipalities, members of the French National Assembly and Senate, who represent France’s major political forces, announced the formation of Circle of Friendship with Nagorno Karabakh Republic (NKR).

They made a special statement appreciating the consistent efforts of the NKR people and authorities to build free and democratic society, calling for an end to the NKR’s political isolation and expressing support to the NKR people's right of self-determination.

"Assuming as a basis the absolute significance of the liberty and democratic values stated in the General Declaration on Human Rights, supporting the right to self-determination of all the peoples including the people of Nagorno Karabakh – Artsakh, and being confident that the international isolation of the Artsakh people does not contribute to the dialogue of the peoples and steadfast peace, we – political figures, deputies, and senators of the French Republic, declare about the creation of friendship circle with Artsakh." Reads the statement.

The Circle members are Deputy Mayor of Marseille Roland Blum, Mayor of Vienne Jacques Remiller, MPs Valérie Boyer, René Rouquet, Guy Teissier, François Rochebloine, senators Sophie Zhuassen, Philippe Marini, Bernard Fournier as well as former MPs Georges Colombier and Richard Malia.

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LONDON -- Grandmaster Levon Aronian is a sole leader at the World Chess Candidates Tournament after three rounds of play in the competition being held in London, UK.

Armenia’s top chess player has 2 1⁄2 points, half a point clear of the next rival, after registering two wins and one

draw.

So far, Aronian has beaten Boris Gelfand (Israel) and Vassily Ivanchuk (Ukraine), tying the game with FIDE’s current number one Magnus Carlsen (Norway).

The tournament brings together the world’s eight strongest players seeking the right to challenge the current titleholder, Viswanathan Anand from India, later this year.

The competition scheduled to run through April 1. On Tuesday Aronian is scheduled to play second-placed Peter Svidler from Russia.

Official website: london2013.fide.com

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Argentina’s Armenian community has welcomed the election of Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio as new Pope. The community members have stated that Archbishop Bergoglio has always been in friendly ties with them and participated in different events dedicated to the Armenian Genocide and served a liturgy in memory of Genocide victims during the visit of His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians.

Seven years ago the archbishop publicly demanded that Turkey admit the Ottoman-era Genocide of Armenians.

The Vatican used the term genocide to describe the massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in an official communiqué in 2000, under Pope John Paul II.

Bergoglio was elected Pope in a surprise choice on Wednesday, taking the name Francis I and becoming the first non-European pontiff in nearly 1,300 years.

President Serzh Sarkisian and Catholicos Karekin II on Thursday congratulated the new Pope Francis I on being elected as the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, expressing hope that its links with Armenia will strengthen during his pontificate.

“We pray that the Lord will grant to Your Holiness a most fruitful pontificate blessed with many ever-lasting accomplishments for the glory of God and the splendor of the Church of Christ,” the supreme head of the Armenian Apostolic Church wrote in his letter.

Karekin II “fondly” recalled his meetings and joint prayers with Bergoglio during a 2004 visit to Argentina, saying that he got to know “a courageous, wise, and just Church Leader.” “ We are happy to avow Your sincere love and affection shown towards the Armenian people,” he said.

Karekin II also said he hopes Francis will build on “significant progress” in relations between the Armenian and Catholic Churches. “It is our prayer that our cooperative efforts will continue to grow into the future and that the relations between our two sister Churches will blossom with new achievements for the sake of meeting the challenges facing humanity,” he wrote.

In a separate message, Sarkisian expressed confidence that Pope Francis will spread his “merciful influence” all over the world. He said the Armenian government expects that its “fruitful cooperation” with the Vatican “will continue deepening and developing in the same spirit.”

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YEREVAN -- Two residents of Armenian border villages who crossed into Azerbaijan in unclear circumstances over the weekend were freed and sent back home by Azerbaijani authorities on Wednesday.

The repatriation facilitated by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) took place at the westernmost section of the heavily militarized Armenian-Azerbaijani border.

Mnatsakan Karian, an 86-year-old resident of Dovegh village in Armenia’s northern Tavush province, crossed the frontier on Saturday. Anahit Arakelian, a 48-year-old woman from a nearby village, did the same on Sunday.

The reasons for the crossings remain unclear. Military authorities in Yerevan have not yet commented on those incidents.

Both Karian and Arakelian were detained immediately after entering Azerbaijan. The ICRC said its representatives visited them “in order to assess their treatment and conditions of internment.”

“Acting as a neutral intermediary and in accordance with its mandate, the ICRC facilitated this repatriation in conjunction with the Azerbaijani and Armenian authorities,” read a statement by the Red Cross. “The internees had previously confirmed to ICRC delegates that both were returning of their own free will.”

Throughout the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, civilian residents of Armenian and Azerbaijani settlements located close to the frontier have occasionally crossed it, usually because of going astray. In one such example, an Azerbaijani villager crossed into Tavush last November and was repatriated two weeks later.

Manvel Saribekian, a 20-year-old Armenian civilian, met a more tragic fate. Saribekian was found hanged in an Azerbaijani prison cell three weeks after being detained by Azerbaijani border troops in September 2010.

The Azerbaijani government said he committed suicide, a claim strongly denied by the Armenian authorities. They said Saribekian was brutally tortured and murdered in Azerbaijani custody.

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YEREVAN -- Armenian Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian has called Azerbaijan the only party responsible for the lack of progress in the Karabakh peace process answering criticism voiced by the neighboring state’s leader on Tuesday.

In comments made to News.am, Armenia’s top diplomat said authorities in Baku are themselves to blame for the unchanging status quo and the international community is well aware of this.

“If Azerbaijan is, in fact, interested in a status quo change, it should have given consent to the proposals of the [OSCE Minsk Group] Co-Chairs instead of rejecting them over the last few years,” said Nalbandian.

In a speech made on the occasion of Nowruz on March 19 Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev accused Armenia of assuming a ‘non-constructive’ position in the settlement of the Karabakh conflict, insisting that Yerevan is interested in the maintenance of the status quo.

He also contended that while Azerbaijan was getting stronger from year to year, Armenia was getting weaker due to its isolation from major regional projects – a policy that he said Azerbaijan will continue to pursue in the future as well.

In this regard, the Armenian foreign minister stressed that the difference between Azerbaijan and Armenia is indeed “huge”. He said that while Azerbaijan is strengthening an authoritarian regime, Armenia is strengthening democracy.

“It is clearly seen in the assessments and rankings issued by international agencies,” he said.

“In Azerbaijan they think they can buy reputation, friends, and erect monuments, push forward questionable resolutions and present this to the Azerbaijani society as an achievement and as proof of high reputation. It is not the money and caviar that helps build international reputation. We have recently witnessed what happened to no less rich and self-confident authoritarian regimes,” concluded Nalbandian.

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By Hrayr S. Karagueuzian

Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, speaking at the 5th Global Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) in Vienna on February 27, 2013 said: “The world should consider Islamophobia just like Zionism or anti-Semitism or fascism, a crime against humanity.” The PM had already expressed in the past his anger with Israeli policies in blunt terms at World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland in 2009, when he suddenly stormed off the stage at the mid of a heated discussion of Israel’s Gaza offensive and after telling President Shimon Peres: “When it comes to killing, you know well how

to kill.” The irony behind these two dark and irresponsible condemnations is that Mr. Erdogan’s own

government continues to uphold a policy in today’s Turkey that is precisely based not only on crimes against humanity but also on the legacy of the art of mass killings. Indeed, “crime against humanity” was first used in history on May 24, 1915 when the British, French and Russian Allies in a joint declaration condemned the Turkish authorities for the planning and the implementation of the wholesale massacres of Armenians in Turkey. The declaration reads in part: “In view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization... the Allied governments announce publicly ...that they will hold personally responsible all members of the Ottoman government and those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres. The adjective “new” appended to the words “crimes of Turkey” goes beyond the present and establishes a legacy of mass murders in the past. That legacy seems to well and alive in Turkey today. The Turkish PM may well know that the International Criminal Court on March 2009 ordered the arrest of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir of Sudan, a good friend and ally of Erdogan (see attached photo), charging him with war crimes and crimes against humanity for a

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concerted government campaign against civilians in the Darfur region of Sudan. More than 2.5 million people have been chased from their homes and 300,000 have died in a conflict pitting non-Arab rebel groups against the Arab-dominated Islamic government and militias of President al Bashir. It seems for the PM that when a crime against humanity is committed by a Muslim country it is not a crime, however, it becomes a crime only in the case of the non-Muslims.

As for the art of mass killings, history has consistently shown that the Ittihadist regime (the party that controlled the Turkish Empire during WWI) continued what the Ottoman Sultanate did previously and the Kemalist’s “Death Squads” thereafter which became known as “finishing the genocide.” Starting 1930s and up to now the Armenophobia, and the systematic massacres of the Kurds continued of which the Dersim tragedy is just now being articulated. The legacy of brutality with which these acts of mass killings were committed during the Kemalist phase captured the attention of the post- WWI British High Commissioner in Constantinople, who included in his London report the following:

“The Turks have an expression, “yavash–yavash,” which means to go slowly. That is how clearing Trebizond of its remaining Christian population is being managed.... Now they are going after the little boys. It used to be conscription that was invoked as an excuse to take the men. When they got down to deporting the boys from 15–18, the Turks said it was to give them preliminary training. Now—as I write— they are making a new visitation of the angel of death in Greek homes, and seizing boys from 11 to 14. The poor little kiddies are gathered together like cattle, and driven through the streets to the Government House, where they are put in filthy dungeons half underground. One could not believe this was possible.”1

More so, one can not believe the audacity of the Turkish PM to preach civility and condemnation of crimes against humanity at international forums at a time when his own government continues to enforce the infamous Article 301 that bans Turkish citizens’ to expose their Armenian ancestry. Violators of Article 301 are charged with “insulting Turkishness” and become liable for prosecution, forced exile, jail terms, and even assassination as in the case of the Turkish-Armenian editor and journalist Hrant Dink in front of his office on January 19, 2007. Turkish and international news media did not dismiss the planning of the assassination by the Turkish security forces, dubbed as the “Deep State.” The motivation in the murder of Dink was to prevent him to unravel the names of millions of Turks who have Armenian ancestry but were afraid of publicly acknowledgment. In the words of the Turkish Foreign Minister Daoud Oglo, a close protégé of the PM, “he was talking too much.”

It would be thoughtful for the Grand Vizier to give a hard look at his own governments’, past and present policies of committing and covering up crimes against humanity before preaching civility at international forums.

Turkish policies in South Caucasus concern for Moscow – report

NEWS.am March 21, 2013 | 12:08

Complex and often-contradictory interactions among Turkey, Russia, and Iran are shaping regional dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Central Asia, says the report issued by Center for Strategic and International Studies.

In its report Washington-based think tank focused on three pairs of bilateral relations between Russia, Iran and Turkey. The report says the current Turkish government has made improving relations with Russia a priority since it took office in 2002.

It is mentioned that Russia’s positive interests with Turkey are

principally economic. “Turkey is a major energy export market, but there have also been dramatic increases intrade,

investment, and tourism. Iran is a minor trading partner and energy competitor. Moscow’s engagement

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with Tehran is driven by geopolitical goals vis--vis the United States and a desire to temper Iranian influence over Muslim populations in Russia and neighboring countries,” the report says.

“For now, Turkish policies in the South Caucasus are probably a bigger concern for Moscow than those of Iran. Many Russian analysts talk of a North/South axis of Russia, Armenia, and Iran that is opposed to an East-West axis of Turkey, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.”

The analysts also say that Iran’s foreign policy reveals focus on advancing national goals.

“Time after time, as well, Iran’s foreign policy reveals a clear-eyed focus on advancing national goals over pan-Islamic ones, for example through sustaining closer ties with non-Muslim nations such as Armenia than with Muslim nations such as Azerbaijan or Saudi Arabia.”

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Hrayr S. Karagueuzian & Yair Auron; A Perfect Injustice: Genocide & Theft of the Armenian Wealth. Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University, NJ 2009

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We the people, immersed in “Boston Legal,” “Law and Order,” and “The Good Wife,” believe we know what goes on in a court of law. Media attention to high-profile cases like the Casey Anthony verdict and our unprecedented access to real-life in-court drama, via the televised O.J. Simpson trial, and others, have lulled us into thinking we understand the American judicial system. We are so wrong.

Now, in MISTRIAL: An Inside Look at How the Criminal Justice System Works ... and Sometimes Doesn’t (Gotham Books; April 2013; $27.00) Mark Geragos, JD, and Pat Harris, JD, upend the scales and reveal why “justice” often literally is blind in this land of stealth jurors manipulating their way onto cases so they can convict a defendant, cops who feel compelled to lie on the witness stand, detectives who sell confidential police information, defense attorneys too scared to go to trial, and clients eager to bribe judges.

Mark Geragos and Pat Harris, two of America’s leading criminal defense attorneys, take readers inside some of the most compelling and sensational trials of the past 20 years. They have worked on cases that involved celebrities (Michael Jackson, Chris Brown, Winona Ryder,

Mike Tyson) and on cases that have made ordinary people into celebrities (Susan McDougal, Scott Peterson, Gary Conduit).

Going behind the legal scenes, Geragos and Harris assess the dramatic changes that have occurred in our judicial system, making it heavily weighted toward the prosecution. They examine how politics shifted the balance, the strategies that fed misconceptions that courts were soft on crime, why the O.J. Simpson trial spiraled out of control and the powerful impact it had on future jurors countrywide, and the deep influence of media coverage. Zeroing in on the wide margins of error, Geragos and Harris scrutinize defense attorneys, prosecutors, judges, jurors, clients, cops, and the media, and the roles they play in changing your perception of the truth.

Far from preserving the credo of “innocent until proven guilty,” more jurors than ever are entering the court convinced that our system could not get it wrong. The falsely accused are confessing to crimes they did not commit, and only a portion of the wrongly convicted defendants are being proven innocent and released, following re-evaluation of evidence.

MISTRIAL will change forever your outlook as a juror, and make you think twice about your rights as a defendant. You will question why the public is so willing to overlook a D.A. who jails an innocent person.

A manifesto on the ills of the criminal justice system, and outlining steps that can be taken to bring balance back, MISTRIAL is a fascinating and timely read for legal eagles and armchair arbiters, alike.

GLENDALE, CA -- My Mother’s Voice, an updated book (2013 Edition) and new documentary, tell the moving story of Flora Munushian’s teenage years, and are written and produced by her daughter Kay Mouradian. From 1914-1919, Flora traveled from Hadjin, Turkey to Aleppo, Syria then ultimately to the United States, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide.

“I am my mother’s voice,” Kay Mouradian declares in the new edition of her book and her moving documentary. “She told me in no uncertain terms that I was going to write a book about her.” This hadn’t been Mouradian’s goal or even a thought until her mother’s last years. Luckily, she did take up the

challenge, presenting the story of her mother’s harrowing teenage years from 1915-1919. Flora Munushian was a 14-year-old Armenian girl attending an American school in Hadjin, Turkey when a deportation order forced her community on a death march to Der Zor. Her father managed to stow his daughters in Aleppo, where she and her sister hid for the duration of WWI. Flora never saw her parents or her brothers again. At the age of 18, she sailed to the U.S. to marry an

Armenian man she’d never met. Mouradian’s narrative is well-paced and action-packed, with the right amount of carefully

researched details. Told from her mother’s point of view, the story highlights Flora’s drive to get an education, her youthful idealism and her inner strength. The book is a great read for both young readers and adults, with a positive message and story arc.

The film based on the book takes a more historical look at the genocide’s impact on Flora and her family. Among its visuals: a copy and translation of the deportation order posted in Hadjin; a photograph of Rev. Hovhanness Eskijian, who rescued Flora, her sister and hundreds of Armenian orphans in Aleppo; and a photograph of Flora’s family – most of whom perished during the march or in Der Zor.

A neighbor introduced Mouradian to award-winning filmmaker Mark Friedman, who worked diligently with her to produce the documentary. “He was so far-sighted, and very resourceful,” Mouradian said. Together they searched out original film footage and were able to use portions of the 1919 silent film Ravished Armenia that appears on Zareh Tjeknavorian’s DVD Credo.

Tjeknavorian wrote to Mouradian, “Congratulations to you and Mark for so beautifully and affectingly bringing the message of your mother’s life to the world. Her voice speaks so eloquently through your own. This film, and the vast history it artfully distills into such a poignant and positive personal story is as much a testimony to the resiliency of family and culture across generations as it is to the evil that sought to destroy them. I am sure it will go a long way to honoring the memory of Flora and the millions she speaks for.”

Mouradian’s South Pasadena community links not only got her introduced to a top-notch film collaborator, they have also supported and recognized her educational and civic endeavors. While serving as LA Community College Professor of Health and Physical Education, she published guidebooks and studies on yoga. She was honored for her professional and literary achievements by Congressman Adam Schiff (D-Calif.), who named her 2012 Woman of the Year for South Pasadena.

The South Pasadena audience at a preview of the documentary last September was strongly affected by the film. “The film is tastefully, artfully done, the music is beautiful, and your narration hit all the right notes,” one viewer wrote later. “It’s a shock (and a shame) that this subject is not taught in high school history classes. I sure didn’t know much about it until I moved to Glendale and started talking with Armenian friends.”

My Mother’s Voice premiered at Toronto’s Pomegranate Film Festival in October 2012, and was also featured at Los Angeles’ ARPA Film Festival in December 2012.

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Armenian National Congress submits party list for Yerevan council elections

European championship: Armenia’s wrestler performs unsuccessfully

Andranik Galstyan, who represents Armenia, was unable to pass the round of 8 at the European Freestyle Wrestling Championship, which is held in the Georgian capital city Tbilisi. In his first match, Galstyan (120 kg) was defeated by Nick Matuhin of Germany on points. Separately, Grigor Grigoryan (74 kg) of Armenia will start his campaign Thursday at the round of 8.

NEWS.am Sport

EU made progress in negotiations with Armenia - Stefan Fule

March 21, 2013 | 12:37

EU made progress in negotiations with Moldova, Georgia and Armenia on association agreements, including Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas, EU commissioner Stefan Fule said on Wednesday. “I am proud to note that in a recent Eurobarometer survey, people from our Neighbourhood, both in the East and South, noted that ‘human rights’ and ‘solidarity’ are the characteristics which best represent the EU. I feel that this is also the result of our continuing engagement,” Commissioner for Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy said during the presentation of the European Neighborhood Policy package.

“We want to ensure that the reform objectives agreed with partner countries are a true reflection of their societies’ concerns and aspirations and this is where the engagement of the

European Parliament with parliaments of our partners is crucial.” Stefan Fule is hopeful that the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius this November will be a milestone in bringing Eastern European partners closer to political association and economic integration.

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Azerbaijan hands over 2 civilians to Armenia

March 20, 2013 | 15:24 Azerbaijan handed over to Armenia two civilians who had illegally crossed the Armenian-

Azerbaijani border. The ceremony took place at about 3pm on Wednesday on the border near Kaynavan settlement or

Armenia’s Tavush Region under the mediation of the Yerevan and Baku representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

Mnatsakan Karyan—a resident of Dovegh village of Armenia’s Tavush Region, and who is born in 1926—crossed the border on March 16, whereas Anahit Arakelyan—a resident of Aygehovit village of Tavush Region, and who is born in 1965—crossed the border on March 17.

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Istanbul Armenian Apostolic Church Patriarch Mesrob Mutafyan was just one of several prominent figures in Turkey targeted for assassination by the group Ergenekon in an attempt to destabilize the country according a lead prosecutor in the case.

As reported in yesterday’s Today’s Zaman, prosecutor Ali Pekgüzel presented his final opinion to an Istanbul Court, arguing that the terrorist group had sought to create disorder in Turkey through seventeen subversive plans and thus lead to a coup d’etat.

One of the plans, according to the prosecutor, was to murder prominent figures in the country and lay the blame on the ruling Justice and development Party (AKP).

In addition to Archbishop Mesrob Mutafyan, others marked for assassination were the former chief prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Appeals, Abdurrahman Yalçınkaya; former Chief of General Staff retired Gen. Yaar Büyükanıt; world-renowned writer Orhan Pamuk; Diyarbakır Mayor Osman Baydemir; Kurdish lawmakers Sebahat Tuncel and Ahmet Türk; Federation of Alevi-Bektai Associations (ABF) head Ali Balkız.

Prosecutor Mehmet Ali Pekgüzel is seeking life imprisonment for 64 defendants and up to 15 years for 96 others.

The defendants include Turkish officials, retired military officers, journalists and scholars.

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For more information, please visit Kiva.org, do your due diligence, and

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ԵԿԵՂԵՑԻ՝ ԱՂՔԱՏԻՆ ՀԱՄԱՐ Մեթր Պարգեւ Դաւիթեան

Շնորհաւորելի են աշխարհի քրիստոնեաները նորընտիր Ֆրանսիսքօ Ա. Պապով։

Ան որ մեր մէջ քնացած «քրիստոնէապատկանելիութեան» կուտայ վերազարթնում, ոգեւորուած իր աղքատասէր եւ պարզասէր կերպարի առաջնորդութեամբ։ Ան որ եկեղեցականի կեանքին եւ կոչումին կու տայ օրինակելի հմայք ու պատիւ, հեռու մնալով ճոխ ու փարթամ երեւոյթներէ, եւ կիրարկելով ժողովուրդի ծոցէն ծնած ու բխած պարզ կեանք մը։

Ան որ կ՚ուզէ եկեղեցին քրիստոսավայել համեստութեամբ, հեզութեամբ եւ պարզութեամբ աղքատի խրճիթէն ներս տանիլ, որ հոն իր բնական տեղը գտնէ եւ դերը կատարէ։

Կ՚ըսուի թէ երբ քուէարկութիւնը ի նպաստ նորընտիր Պապին կ՚ընթանար եւ ան կարծես ապահոված ըլլալ կը թուէր 115 քարտինալներու նուազագոյն երկու-երրորդը (2/3) կամ 77 ձայները, պրազիլցի Քարտինալ Գլոտիօ Հոմէզ զինք կը շնորհաւորէ ու կը համբուրէ, յետոյ կ՚ըսէ. «Մի մոռնար աղքատները»։ Ճիշդ այդ պահուն է որ արժանթինցի Քարտինալ Խորխէ Մարիօ Պէրկոլիօ կամ նորընտիր Պապը կ՚որոշէ ընտրել Ֆրանսիսքօ անունը, վերյիշելով այն աղքատասիրութիւնը որով հռչակաւոր դարձած էր ատենօք (ԺԲ-ԺԳ դար) «Ասիսիի Ֆրանսիս»ը (San Francisco d’Assisi), որ Վատիկանի պատերուն տակ աղքատներուն հետ մուրացկանի կեանք ապրեցաւ եւ ամէն տեսակի զրկանք ճանչցաւ։

Կ՚ըսուի նաեւ, թէ լրագրողներու հետ իր առաջին հանդիպումի ընթացքին Ֆրանսիսքօ Ա. Պապը յաճախ կը բարձրացնէր իր առջեւ ծնրադրողները եւ յաճախ կը մերժէր աջահամբոյրը։

Անոր մէկ յիշատակելի խօսքը եղած է, թէ ինք ամէն տեսակի գաղափարամիտները կը յարգէ, ըլլան անոնք որեւէ տարբեր կրօնի հաւատացեալներ կամ անհաւատ էակներ, որովհետեւ, ըստ նորընտիր Պապին, «բոլորն ալ նոյն Աստուծոյ զաւակներն են»։

«Ո՜հ, որքա՜ն պիտի ուզէի որ եկեղեցին աղքատ ըլլար եւ աղքատին ծառայէր», ըսած է նորընտիր Պապը։ Այդ ըսելով ան նոր յոյսերով ոգեւորեց եւ խանդավառեց անիրաւուածները այս աշխարհի։ Անցեալին, Լատին եւ Կեդրոնական Ամերիկաներու հարիւրաւոր միլիոններ հաշուող աղքատները կը յուսային իրենց խեղճ վիճակի փրկութիւնը գտնել Չէ Կեվարայով (նաեւ արժանթինցի) սկսած կարմիր յեղափոխութիւններով ... եւ անկէ ասդին շատ բան պատահած է ժողովրդավար եւ խաղաղ միջոցներով տեղի ունեցած պետական բարեփոխուած վարչաձեւերու ծնունդով։ «Եկեղեցի՝ աղքատին համար» նշանաբանով յոյսով ենք որ կը գործէ Ֆրանսիս Ա.ի Վատիկանը ասկէ ետք, եւ իր անսահման կարելիութիւնները կը դնէ աղքատին կեանքը բարելաւելու համար՝ Ամերիկաներու եւ տարբեր աշխարհամասերու մէջ։

«Եկեղեցի՝ աղքատին համար» նշանաբանը կը փափաքինք տեսնել նաեւ կիրարկուած մեր ազգային եկեղեցւոյ աշխատակազմին կողմէ, ամենաբարձրէն եկած յորդորներով, որպէսզի առատաձեռն նուիրատուութիւնները եւ շահաղբիւրներն ու այլազան կարելիութիւնները հայ եկեղեցւոյ՝ գործածուին ու դրուին հայրենի գիւղերու խղճալի վիճակը բարելաւելու համար։

«Եկեղեցի՝ աղքատին համար» նշանաբանը կը յուսանք տեսնել կիրարկուած ոչ թէ եկեղեցաշինութեամբ հաւատացեալներուն հանգիստ ապահովելու կամ բարերարներուն հաճոյք պատճառելու... այլ ազգաշինութեամբ եւ մարդասիրութեամբ անկարին ապրելու յոյս ներշնչելու եւ աղքատին պատուաբեր կեանք ապահովելու։

Եւ վերջապէս, «Եկեղեցի՝ աղքատին համար» նշանաբանով կը յուսանք տեսնել աշխարհ մը, որու տաճարներէն դո՛ւրս կը վռնտուին այն վաճառականները, որոնք՝ Քրիստոսի խօսքերով՝ «կը պղծեն Իր Հօր տունը»...։

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ê. ̧.Ð.Î.-Æ ÔoÎ2ì2ðàôÂÆôÜÀ ìoÐ2ö2è Ð2Úð2äoîÆÜ Øúî

êáóÇ3É ̧»ÙáÏñ3ï ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝáÕ å3ïáõÇñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ, ·ÉË3õáñáõû3Ùբ í3ñãáõû3Ý 3ï»Ý3å»ï ÀÝÏ. ê»1ñ3Ï 2׿ٻ3ÝÇ, àõñμ3Ã, 15 Ø3ñïÇÝ 3Ûó»É»ó 2ÝÃÇÉÇ3ëÇ Ù3Ûñ3í3Ýù, áõñ Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙ áõÝ»ó3õ Ø»ÍÇ î3ÝÝ ÎÇÉÇÏÇáÛ 2ñ3Ù 2. Ï3ÃáÕÇÏáëÇÝ Ñ»ï: ä3ïáõÇñ3Ïáõû3Ý Ù3ë Ï31⁄2Ù»óÇÝ Ï»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý í3ñãáõû3Ý ÷áË-3ï»Ý3å»ï, ÈÇμ3Ý3ÝÇ å»ï3Ï3Ý »ñ»ë÷áË3Ý ÀÝÏ. ê»åáõÑ ¶3É÷3ù»3Ý, ÀÝÏ. îáùÃ. oÕÇÏ Ö¿ñ¿×»3Ý, ÀÝÏ. ì31⁄2·¿Ý ¶3ÉÃ3ù×»3Ý »õ ÀÝÏ. Ú3Ïáμ îÇ·ñ3Ý»3Ý:

Øûï »ñÏáõ Å3Ù ï»õ3Í ËáñÑñ13Ïó3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÇÝ ÁÝÃ3óùÇÝ É3ÛÝûñ¿Ý ùÝÝ3ñÏáõ»ó3Ý Û3ïÏ3å¿ë ò»Õ3ëå3Ýáõû3Ý 100 3Ù»3ÏÇ á·»ÏáãÙ3Ý 3éÝãáõ3Í 3ßË3ï3ÝùÝ»ñÁ, ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Ûáõû3Ý 3éç»õ óóáõ3Í 1Åáõ3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ »õ ûÅ3Ý13ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ÷áË3ÝóáõÙÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáõ Ññ3Ù3Û3Ï3ÝÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý- ê÷Çõéù Û3ñ3բ»ñáõû3Ý Ñ»ï 3éÝãáõ3Í ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ:

ì»Ñ3÷3é Ð3Ûñ3å»ïÁ »õ ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3ñ»õáñáõû3Ùբ ß»ßï»óÇÝ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ å3Ñ3Ýç3ïÇñáõÃÇõÝÁ 3õ»ÉÇ 3Ùñ3åÝ1»Éáõ »õ ÙÇ3ëÝ3Ï3Ý á·Çáí Ñ3Ý1¿ë ·3Éáõ 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßïáõÃÇõÝÁ, 3é3çÝ3Ñ»ñÃáõÃÇõÝ áñ3Ï»Éáí ëáõñÇ3Ñ3Ûáõû3Ý ûÅ3Ý13Ï»Éáõ 3ßË3ï3ÝùÁ:

ê  ̧ ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Î»1ñáÝ3Ï3Ý ì3ñãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝáÕ å3ïáõÇñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÁ Ø»ÍÇ î3ÝÝ ÎÇÉÇÏÇáÛ 2ñ3Ù 2. Ï3ÃáÕÇÏáëÇÝ Ñ»ï

3

3

êÆðÆ2Ð2Ú oðoÊ2ÜoðÀ Þ2î 2ôoÈÆ È2ô oÜ Ö2Ü2âàôØ ì2ð ̧2Ü Ø2ØÆÎàÜo2ÜÆÜ, ø2Ü ¶àôò3⁄4 Þ2î Ð2Ú2êî2Ü2 ́Ü2ÎÜoð

haynews.am - 16 Ø3ñïÇ 2013£ êÇñÇ3Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï3õáñ3å¿ë μ3óáõ3Í ÎÇÉÇÏ»3Ý í3ñÅ3ñ3ÝÇ Ù3ëÇÝ Éñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÁ í»ñç»ñë ï»ë3ÝÇõà ¿ñ å3ïñ3ëï»É, áñÇó 3ÏÝÛ3Ûï »ñ»õáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ Ýñ3Ýó 3é3çÝ3ÛÇÝ Ýå3ï3ÏÁ áã ÿ 1åñáóáõÙ ëáíáñáÕ ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û 3ß3Ï»ñïÝ»ñÇ 3éûñ»3Ý, Ýñ3Ýó áõëáõÙÝ3éáõÃÇõÝÝ áõ ÇÝãáõ ã¿, Ý3»õ 1åñáóáõÙ 3éÏ3Û ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñÁ Éáõë3μ3Ý»ÉÝ ¿ñ, 3ÛÉ ÇÝã-áñ É3ñáõÙ, ëÏ3Ý13É åñåï»ÉÁ:

î»Õ»Ï3óÝ»Ýù, áñ 1åñáóÁ μ3óáõ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝáõÙ ·ïÝáõáÕ ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÇ ó3ÝÏáõû3Ùμ, êáóÇ3É ̧»ÙáÏñ3ï ÐÝã3Ï»3Ý Îáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý

Ñáí3Ý3õáñáõû3Ùμ »õ ÐÐ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý 3ç3Ïóáõû3Ùμ:  ̧åñáóáõÙ ëáíáñáõÙ ¿ 3õ»ÉÇ ù3Ý 300 3ß3Ï»ñïa 1-Çó 9-ñ1 13ë3ñ3ÝÝ»ñáõÙ:  ̧åñáóáõÙ áõëáõó3ÝáõÙÁ Ï3ï3ñõáõÙ ¿ ëÇñÇ3Ï3Ý Íñ3·ñáía ÐРζ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý ÇÙ3óáõû3Ùμ »õ ÃáÛÉïáõáõû3Ùμ, ê÷ÇõéùÇ Ý3Ë3ñ3ñáõû3Ý »õ oñ»õ3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï3ñ3ÝÇ 3ÝÙÇç3Ï3Ý í»ñ3ÑëÏáÕáõû3Ùμ:

ì»ñáÛÇß»3É ï»ë3ÝÇõÃáõÙ ÝßõáõÙ ¿, áñ í3ñÅ3ñ3ÝáõÙ 3ß3Ï»ñïÝ»ñÁ 13ëÁ ëÏëáõÙ »Ý ëÇñÇ3Ï3Ý ù3ÛÉ»ñ·áí, ÙÇÝã1»é, Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÙ, ëÏëáõÙ »Ý î¿ñáõÝ3Ï3Ý 2ÕûÃùáía ÇÝãå¿ë ÙÇÝã 3Û1 ÁÝ1áõÝáõ3Í ¿ñ 3Ý»É êÇñÇ3ÛÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 1åñáóÝ»ñáõÙ:

ÆÝã í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ í3ñÅ3ñ3ÝáõÙ Ñ3Ûáó å3ïÙáõÃÇõÝ ã13ë3õ3Ý1»ÉáõÝ, ï»Õ»Ï3óÝ»Ýù »õë Ù¿Ï 3Ý·3Ù. oñ»õ3ÝÇ ÎÇÉÇÏ»3Ý í3ñÅ3ñ3ÝáõÙ Ý»ñ1ñáõ3Í ¿ êÇñÇ3ÛáõÙ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 1åñáóÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ëï»ÕÍáõ3Í Íñ3·ÇñÁ, áñáõÙ Ý»ñ3éáõ3Í ã¿ 3é3ÝÓÇÝ 13ë3Å3Ùáí Ñ3Ûáó å3ïÙáõû3Ý 13ë3õ3Ý1áõÙ, ÙÇÝã1»é êÇñÇ3ÛÇ, Û3ïÏ3å¿ë Ð3É¿åÇ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 1åñáóÝ»ñáõÙ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3ÏÝ»ñ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï ÏñûÝÇ »õ Ñ3Ûáó É»1⁄2áõÇ 13ë3Å3Ù»ñÇÝ Ñ3Ûáó å3ïÙáõÃÇõÝ Ù3ïáõóáõ»É ¿ 3ß3Ï»ñïÝ»ñÇÝ, 3ÛÝå¿ë, áñ ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û »ñ»Ë3Ý»ñÁ ß3ï 3õ»ÉÇ É3õ ·Çï»Ý ÿ° ì3ñ13Ý Ø3ÙÇÏáÝ»3ÝÇ, ÿ 3ÛÉ Ñ»ñáëÝ»ñÇ 3ñÓ3ÝÝ»ñÁ, ù3Ý ·áõó¿ ß3ï Ñ3Û3ëï3Ý3μÝ3Ï Ñ3Û»ñ: ÆÝã í»ñ3μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ï»ë3ÝÇõÃáõÙ ÑÝã»óáõ3Í Ù»Õ31ñ3ÝùÝ»ñÇÝ, ÿ 3Ûë 1åñáóÇ 3ß3Ï»ñïÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ3ÛÝ ëÇñÇ3Ï3Ý ïûÝ»ñÝ »Ý ÝßáõÙa Ñ3Ï313ñÓ»Ýù. 3Ý·3Ù êÇñÇ3ÛÇ 1åñáóÝ»ñáõÙ Ýßáõ»É »Ý Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý ïûÝ»ñÝ áõ 3Ý·3Ù 3Û1 ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ 3ñÓ3Ïáõñ1Ý»ñ »Ý »Õ»É:

ÜÙ3Ý ÝÇõûñ, ï»ë3ÝÇõûñ, Ûû1áõ3ÍÝ»ñ å3ïñ3ëïáÕ Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇÝ Ïáã »Ýù 3ÝáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõÃÇõÝáõÙ áõ áã ÙÇ3ÛÝ 3ÛÝï»Õ μÝ3ÏáõáÕ ëÇñÇ3Ñ3Û»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï3ïáõáõÃÇõÝ Ñ3Õáñ1»ÉÇë Ï3Ù áñ»õ¿ ÝÇõà å3ïñ3ëï»ÉÇëa ÉÇÝ»É 3é3õ»É 1⁄2·áõß3õáñ »õ Ïáé»Ïï áõ ÁÝûñóáÕÝ»ñÇ ÃÇõ 3õ»É3óÝ»Éáõ, ÇÝã-áñ 3ñÑ»ëï3Ï3Ý 3ÕÙáõÏ μ3ñÓñ3óÝ»Éáõ Ýå3ï3Ïáí ã÷áñÓ»É ë»õ3óÝ»É ÎÇÉÇÏ»3Ý  ́3ñ»ëÇñ3Ï3Ý ØÇáõû3Ý »õ 1åñáóÇ ïÝûñÇÝáõû3Ý μ3ñÇ Ñ3Ùμ3õÁa 3ÕÙÏáï ï»Õ»Ï3ïáõáõÃÇõÝ ¦ÛûñÇÝ»Éáõ§ ï3ñμ»ñ3ÏÝ ÁÝïñ»Éáí:

oñ»õ3ÝÇ ÎÇÉÇÏ»3Ý μ3ñ»ëÇñ3Ï3Ý-ÏñÃ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝ

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4

êoðÄ ê2ð¶êo2Ü oô ð2üüÆ ÚàìÐ2ÜÜÆêo2Ü öàÊ2 ̧2ðÒ

2Ø ́2êî2ÜàôÂÆôÜÜoð ÎÀ Î2î2ðoÜ Æð2ð Ð2êò3⁄4ÆÜ

Ø3ñï 18-ÇÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3Ý ËáõÙμ ÙÁ Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñáõ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý- 1ÇåÙ3Ý Å3Ù3Ý3Ï Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ¿Ý Û»ïáÛ Çñ »õ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ:

Ü3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3Ý Ýáñ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ, »ñÏñáñ1 ÷áõÉÇ »õ ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÁ ÉáõÍ3ñ»Éáõ 3é3ç3ñÏÝ»ñáõ Ù»ñÅáõÙÁ ëï3Ý3É¿ »ïù, ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý, Áëï ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ, Ñ3ñóáõó3Í ¿ Çñ»Ýa DZÝã å¿ïù ¿ ÁÝ¿ 3Ûë Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÇÝ Ù¿ç:

ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÝ 3é3ç3ñÏ3Í ¿ »ñ»ù ×3Ý3å3ñÑ: 2é3çÇÝÁa ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý ÏÁ ÙÝ3Û 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3ÏÇ íñ3Û, ÏÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï¿ åÝ1»É, áñ ëï3ó3Í ¿ ùáõ¿Ý»ñáõ 80 ïáÏáëÁ, ÇÝù1⁄2ÇÝù ÏÁ Ñéã3Ï¿ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ »õ ÏÁ ÷áñÓ¿ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý 3ÛÉÁÝïñ3Ýù3- ÛÇÝ Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñ: 2Û1 å3ñ3·3ÛÇÝ Çñ3õ3å3Ñ Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñÁ åÇïÇ Ï3ï3ñ»Ý Çñ»Ýó í»ñ3å3Ñ- áõ3Í å3ñï3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ:

oñÏñáñ1a ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý, ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»Éáí åÝ1»É, áñ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ 3ñ13ñ ã»Ý »Õ3Í, áñ ÇÝù ÇëÏ3Ï3ÝÇÝ Ù¿ç Ñ3õ3ù3Í ¿ å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý¿Ý 3õ»ÉÇ μ3ñÓñ ïáÏáëÝ»ñ, ÏÿáõÅ»- Õ3óÝ¿ Çñ Ï3éáÛóÝ»ñÁ, ÏÁ Ù3ëÝ3ÏóÇ oñ»õ3ÝÇ 3õ3·3ÝÇÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ, ÏÁ ëï3Ý3Û Ù»Í3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝ, ÏÁ 13éÝ3Û oñ»õ3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ï »õ ÏÁ Õ»Ï3í3ñ¿ Ñ3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý Ù¿Ï »ññáñ1Á:

oññáñ1 ×3Ý3å3ñÑÁa ÏÁ 1313ñÇ ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝ ÁÉÉ3É¿a Ý»ñ·ñ3õáõ»Éáí ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý Ï3- éáÛóÝ»ñáõ Ù¿ç »õ ÏÁ å3Ûù3ñÇ Ïáéáõå3óÇ3ÛÇ áõ 3ñï3·3ÕÃÇ 1¿Ù, ÇÝãå¿ë áñ Ëáëï3ó3Í ¿ñ ÁÝïñ3ñß3õÇ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï:

ÐÐ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ Û3ÛïÝ»ó, áñ 3Ûë »ññáñ1 3é3ç3ñÏÇ í»ñ3μ»ñ»3É ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë- »3Ý ×ß1»óa 3ñ1»ûù ËûëùÁ Ïá3ÉÇóÇ3ÛDZ Ù3ëÇÝ ¿: àñáõÝ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3Ý å3ï3ëË3Ý3Í ¿, áñ μáÉáñ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñÁ ï»ÕÇ Ï°áõÝ»Ý3Ý ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý Çñ ëÏ1⁄2μáõÝù3ÛÇÝ 1Çñùá- ñáßáõÙÁ Û3ÛïÝ»É¿Ý Û»ïáÛ:

oñÏáõ ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÁ å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñáõ3Í »Ýa Çñ3ñ ÷áË3Ýó»É ·ñ3õáñ 3é3ç3ñÏÝ»ñ: Àëï ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ, ÇÝùÁ Û3ñ·3Í ¿ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝáõÃÇõÝÁ »õ áõÕ3ñÏ3Í ¿ Çñ 3é3ç3ñÏÝ»ñÁa ë3Ñ- Ù3Ý31ñ3Ï3Ý ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ Ñ3Ýñ3ùáõ¿ Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñå»Éáõ Ù3ëÇÝ: 2Û1 Ý3Ë3·ÇÍÁ, Áëï Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ 3é3ç3ñÏÇÝ, å¿ïù ¿ å3ïñ3ëï¿ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ3Í Û3ÝÓÝ3- ÅáÕáíÁ:

¦Ä3é3Ý·áõû3ݧ 3é3çÝáñ1Á »ï áõÕ3ñÏ3Í ¿ ÃáõÕÃÁa íñ3Ý Ë3ã ù3ß3Í:

ê3ñ·ë»3Ý Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñáõÝ Û3ÛïÝ»ó Ý3»õ, áñ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý ÁÝ1áõÝ3Í ¿ áñ ÇÝù ã¿ Û3ÕÃ3Í:

ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ μ3ó3Û3Ûï3Í 3Ûë Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ, ð3ý- ýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝ¿ë»3Ý Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó, áñ 3ÝáÝù ã»Ý Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3Ý»ñ Çñ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý:

¦Î»ÕÍáõ3Í ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ûñ 3Ýó »ë ÇÙ áïùáí ·Ý3óÇ »õ Ñ3Ý1Çå»óÇ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇÝ »õ ëáõï ¿ 3Û1 Ý3Ë313ëáõÃÇõÝÁ, ÿ »ë 3ë»É »Ù, áñ ã»Ù Û3ÕûÉ: oë 3ë»É »Ù, áñ Ï»ÕÍáõ3Í »Ý, Ñ3Ù3ï3ñ3Í Ï»ÕÍÇù ¿ »Õ»É »õ 3Ù»Ý3É3õÁ 1áõù ·Çï¿ù: Ò»ñ Ãáõ3μ3Ýáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ Çñ3Ï3Ýáõû3ÝÁ ãÇ Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3ÝáõÙ »õ 3é3ç3ñÏáõÙ »Ù, áñ μ3ó¿ù μáÉáñ ùáõ¿3- ïáõ÷»ñÁ »õ ï»ëÝ»Ýù ÉóáÝáõÙÝ»ñáí Ñ3Ý1»ñÓ, ÿ áñÝ ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý å3ïÏ»ñÁ:

¦ ́3Ûó áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç 3Ûë 1⁄2ñáÛóÁ ÉÇÝÇ ÷áË313ñÓ Û3ñ·3ÝùÇ, 3ÛÉ áã Ñé»ïáñ3μ3Ýáõû3Ý ßñç3Ý3ÏÝ»ñáõÙ, 1áõù Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÇó ßáõï ÁÝ1áõÝ»óÇù ßÝáñÑ3õáñ3ÝùÁ: oë ¿É 3ë3óÇ ÙÇ·áõó¿ ÇÙÝ ¿É ã3÷31⁄23ÝóáõÃÇõÝ ¿, áñ 80 ïáÏáëáí »Ù Û3ÕûÉ:  ́3Ûó »ÝÃ31ñ»Ýù, áñ Ù»Ýù Çõñ3ù3Ý- ãÇõñë Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝáõÙ »Ýù Ù»ñ ÅáÕáíñ1Ç 1⁄2·3ÉÇ Ñ3ïáõ3ÍÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝã忱ë åÇïÇ ÉáõÍáõÙ ï3Ýù 3Ûë Ñ3ñóÇݧ,-Áë3õ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý:

2Ý »õë Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõó ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3Ý Ù3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, Û3Ûï- Ý»Éáí. ¦2é3çÇÝ 3é3ç3ñÏÝ 3ÛÝ ¿ñ, áñ Ýß3Ý3Ï¿ù »ñÏñáñ1 ïáõñ: oñÏáõëáí, 1¿Ù 3é 1¿Ù, Û3ñ- ·3Ýùáí, ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ýáñ Ùß3ÏáÛÃáí μ3Ý3íÇ×»Ýù, »õ ÃáÕ áã Ù¿Ïë Çñ»Ý ãí»ñ3·ñÇ í»ñçÝ3- Ï3Ý ×ßÙ3ñïáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2ñ1¿Ý ·Çï¿ù‘ Ù»ñÅ»ó: 2é3ç3ñÏ»óÇ 3ÛÉ ï3ñμ»ñ3Ï, áñÁ ÃáÛÉ ÏÁ ï3ñ Çñ»Ý ÙÝ3É áñå¿ë î¿-ý3Ïïû Ý3Ë3·3Ñ, 3é3ç3ñÏ»óÇ, áñ Ñ3Ù3å3ï3ëË3Ý ûñ¿Ýë1ñ3Ï3Ý ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ¿Ý »ïù 3ÙμáÕçáíÇÝ Ñ3Ù3Ù3ëÝ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñ3Ï3ñ·áí ·Ý3Ýù ËáñÑñ13ñ3- Ý3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ, áñ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3Ý 3Ûë íÇ×3ÏÁ 3ñï3óáÉáõÇ Ñ3Ù3å»ï3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõû3Ùμ: oõ ÙÇ 3ë¿ù, áñ 3ÝÑÝ3ñ ¿, μáÉáñ1 ·Çï¿ù, áñ áñ ï»Õ Ï3Û ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ï3Ùù, μ»ñ»Éáõ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ïáõû3ÝÁ Ñ3Ù»ñ3ßË 3å3·3ÛÇ, Ï3Û Ý3»õ ÉáõÍáõÙ: Ø»ñÅ»ó§:

ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý ëË3É ë»å»ó Ý3»õ 3ÛÝ Ý3Ë313ëáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñ Çñ 3é3ç3ñÏ3Í ×3Ý3- å3ñÑÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç »ññáñ1Á ùÝÝ3ñÏáõ3Í ¿: ¦àã ÇÝùÁ, áã »ë »ñμ»ù ã»Ýù ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É ÇÙ Ù3ëÝ3Ï- óáõÃÇõÝÁ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ áñ»õ¿ 3ßË3ï3ÝùáõÙ: лÝó ÇÝùÁ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝáõ»ó, áñ 13 ëË3É ¿§:

5

Ð2Ê-Æ 1⁄4úð2ÎòàôÂÆôÜÀ ì2ÚoÈàÔ ÂoÎÜ2ÌàôÜoðÀa ÎÈ3⁄4Üî3⁄4ÈÆ

ÀÜîðàôÂÆôÜÜoðàôÜ

2åñÇÉ 2-ÇÝ, ÎÉ¿Ýï¿É ù3Õ3ùÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ 3éÃÇõ ê ̧ÐÎ Ð3Û 2Ù»ñÇÏ»3Ý ÊáñÑáõñ- 1Á (Ð2Ê) Ññ3å3ñ3Ï»ó Çñ 1⁄2ûñ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ í3Û»ÉáÕ Ã»ÏÝ3ÍáõÝ»ñáõ ó3ÝÏÁ:

Æõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñ ûÏÝ3ÍáõÇ Ñ»ï 3é3ÝÓÇÝ Ñ3Ý1ÇåáõÙÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý3Éáí »õ áõëáõÙÝ3ëÇñ»Éáí 3ÝáÝó 1ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ»ñÁa ù3Õ3ùÇ μÝ3ÏãáõÃÇõÝÁ Ûáõ1⁄2áÕ μ31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ Ñ3ñó»ñáõ ßáõñç, Ð2Ê áñáß3Í ¿ 1⁄2ûñ3ÏóÇÉ, ø3Õ3ù3å»ï3Ï3Ý ÊáñÑáõñ1Ç »ñÏáõ 3Ý13ÙÝ»ñáõÝa 2ñ3 Ü3×3ñ»3ÝÇÝ »õ Èáñ3 üñÇïÙÁÝÇÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÇã Þ3Ñ¿ øáñáÕÉ»3ÝÇÝ:

Ü3×3ñ»3Ý »õ üñÇïÙÁÝ í3ñ3Í »Ý ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇ å3ßïûÝÁ, ÇëÏ øáñáÕÉ»3Ý Ù3ë ÏÁ Ï31⁄2Ù¿ ù3Õ3ùÇ Û3ÝÓÝ3ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏáõÝ:

ÜáÛÝ ûñÁ ï»ÕÇ åÇïÇ áõÝ»Ý3Ý Ý3»õ ÎÉ¿Ýï¿ÉÇ àõëáõÙÝ3Ï3Ý ÊáñÑáõñ1Ç ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ:

2Ûë 3éÃÇõ Ð2Ê Çñ 1⁄2ûñ3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÁ Û3ÛïÝ¿ ûÏÝ3Íáõa  ̧áÏï. 2ñÙÇÝ¿ Î3ñ3å»ï»3ÝÇÝ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ àõëáõÙÝ3Ï3Ý ÊáñÑáõñ1Ç Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë 3Ý13ÙÝ»ña Îñ¿Ï ¶ñÇ·áñ»3ÝÇ »õ ÖáÛÉÇÝ àõ3ÏÝÁñÇ í»ñÁÝïñáõû3Ý:

êoðÄ ê2ð¶êo2ÜÀ ÞÜàðÐ2ôàðoÈ 3⁄4 üð2ÜòÆêÎàê ä2äÆÜ

ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3Ý ÏÁ ßÝáñÑ3õáñ¿ ÐéáÙÇ ÝáñÁÝïÇñ ä3å üñ3ÝóÇëÏáëÇÝ

ØØ3ñïÇ 20-ÇÝ ì3ïÇÏ3ÝáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ ÐéáÙÇ ÝáñÁÝïÇñ ä3å üñ3ÝóÇëÏáëÇ ·3Ñ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý 3ñ3- ñáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ:

¶3Ñ3Ï3Éáõû3Ý Ñ3Ý1Çë3õáñ 3ñ3ñáÕáõû3ÝÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û »Ý »Õ»É 3ßË3ñÑÇ 163 »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõ ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý 3é3çÝáñ1Ý»ñ, áíù»ñ Ùûï»ó»É »õ ßÝáñ- Ñ3õáñ»É »Ý ÐéáÙÇ Ýáñ å3åÇÝ: Üñ3Ý ßÝáñÑ3õáñ»É ¿ Ý3»õ ÐÐ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ: ÆÝãå¿ë Û3ÛïÝáõÙ »Ý ÐÐ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ Ù3ÙáõÉÇ ·ñ3ë»Ý- »3ÏÇó, ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ Ýᯐ ¿, áñ 3ßË3ñÑáõÙ 3é3- çÇÝÁ å»ï3Ï3Ýûñ¿Ý ùñÇëïáÝ¿áõÃÇõÝÝ ÁÝ1áõÝ3Í Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíñ1Ç Ñ3Ù3ñ 3Ûë Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝÝ 3é3ÝÓÝ3Û3- ïáõÏ ËáñÑáõñ1 »õ ÇÙ3ëï ¿ å3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÙ: Ü3Ë3- ·3ÑÝ áõñ3Ëáõû3Ùμ ÷3ëï»É ¿, áñ êáõñμ ä»ïñáëÇ ÝáõÇñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý 3ÃáéÝ 1⁄2μ3Õ»óÝáõÙ ¿ Ñ3Û ÅáÕáíñ1Ç

μ3ñ»Ï3ÙÁ, áí ù3ç3ï»Õ»3Ï ¿ Ù»ñ Ùß3ÏáÛÃÇÝ áõ å3ïÙáõû3ÝÁ, ÇÝãÁ Ý3 μ31⁄2ÙÇóë ÷3ëï»É ¿ 2ñ·»ÝïÇÝ3ÛáõÙ Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõû3Ý ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ:

§Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü  ́2Ü2ÎÜ 2ôoÈÆ Ø2ðîàôÜ2Î 3⁄4, ø2Ü

2 ̧ð ́oæ2Ü2Î2ÜÀ¦

è31⁄2Ù3í3ñ3Ï3Ý Ñ»ï31⁄2ûïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ÇÝëïÇïáõïÁ (The International Institute for Strategic Studies, IISS, Ï»ÝïñáÝ3Ï3Û3ÝÁa ÈáÝ1áÝ, ػ͠ ́ñÇï3ÝÇ3) Ññ3å3ñ3- Ï»É ¿ ¦è31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý Ñ3õ3ë3ñ3ÏßéáõÃÇõݧ Ëáñ3·ñáí 3Ù»Ý3Ù»3Û 1⁄2»ÏáÛóÁ, áñáõÙ 3Ý1ñ3- 13ñÓ Ï3Û Ý3»õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ 1⁄4ÇÝáõ3Í áõÅ»ñÇ Ý»ñáõÅÇÝ áõ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñÇÝ:

ÆÝãå¿ë ï»Õ»Ï3ÝáõÙ »Ýù éáõë3Ï3Ý Mediarupor.ru Ï3ÛùÇó, 1⁄2»ÏáÛóáõÙ ÝßõáõÙ ¿, áñ Ñ3- ñ3õÏáíÏ3ë»3Ý »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñ ¿É Çõñ3ù3ÝãÇõñ ï3ñÇ 1⁄2·3ÉÇ ýÇÝ3Ý3ë3Ï3Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ »Ý Û3ïÏ3óÝáõÙ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý áÉáñïÇÝ: ¦oÿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ 3Û1 Ýå3ï3ÏÝ»ñáí (é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý áÉáñïÁ ýÇÝ3Ýë3õáñ»Éáõ) ï3ñ»Ï3Ý Ùûï 400 ÙÉÝ 1áÉ3ñ ¿ Í3ËëõáõÙ (2012Ã-ÇÝa 394 ÙÇÉÇáÝ), 3å3 21ñμ»ç3ÝáõÙ 3ÝÑ3Ù»Ù3ï 3õ»ÉÇ ß3ï. ÙÇ3ÛÝ 2012Ã.  ́3ùáõÇ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý Í3Ëë»ñÁ ·Ý3Ñ3ïáõ»É »Ý 1 ÙÇÉÇ3ñ1 770 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1áÉ3ñ§,-3ëáõ3Í ¿ ÷3ëï3ÃÕÃáõÙ:

ÀÝ1 áñáõÙ, ÝßõáõÙ ¿, áñ  ́3ùáõÝ 2012Ã., 2011Ã-Ç Ñ3Ù»Ù3ïáõû3Ùμ, é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý áÉáñïÇ Û3ïÏ3óáõÙÝ»ñÇ Í3õ3ÉÝ 3õ»É3óñ»É ¿ 90 ÙÇÉÇáÝ 1áÉ3ñáí: ¦ÀÝ1Ñ3Ýáõñ 3éÙ3Ùμ, 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý Í3Ëë»ñÁ Ï31⁄2ÙáõÙ »Ý »ñÏñÇ ÐÜ2-Ç (Ð3Ù3Ë3éÝ Ý»ñùÇÝ 3ñ1ÇõÝù) Ùûï 2,5 ïá-

6

ÏáëÁ, ÇëÏ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý Í3Ëë»ñÁa ÐÜ2-Ç Ùûï 4 ïáÏáëÁ§,-ÁÝ1·ÍáõÙ »Ý 1⁄2»ÏáÛóÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3ÏÝ»ñÁ:

 ́ñÇï3Ý3óÇ ÷áñÓ3·¿ïÝ»ñÁ ¦·Ý3Ñ3ï»É »Ý§ Ý3»õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ »õ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ μ3Ý3Ï- Ý»ñÇ Ù3ñïáõÝ3Ïáõû3Ý 3ëïÇ×3ÝÁ áõ å3ñ1⁄2»É, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1⁄4àõ-Ý 3õ»ÉÇ Ù3ñïáõÝ3Ï ¿: ¦Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1⁄2ÇÝáõ3Í áõÅ»ñÁ μ3õ3Ï3ÝÇÝ ÑÙáõï »Ý »õ Ûëï3Ï å3ïÏ»ñ3óÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó 3éç»õ 1ñáõ3Í Ýå3ï3ÏÝ»ñÝ áõ 3é3ç31ñ3ÝùÝ»ñÁ:  ̧ñ3Ý 1⁄2áõ·3Ñ»éa Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1⁄4ÇÝáõ3Í áõÅ»ñáõÙ ·Ý3Éáí 3×áõÙ ¿ å3ÛÙ3Ý3·ñ3ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙáõùÝ»ñáí Í3é3Ûáõû3Ý 3ÝóÝáÕ 1⁄2ÇÝáõáñ3- Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ ÃÇõÁ, ÿ»õ å3Ñå3ÝõáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ å3ñï31Çñ 1⁄2ûñ3ÏáãÁ§,-ÝßõáõÙ ¿ ÷3ëï3ÃÕÃáõÙ:

öáñÓ3·¿ïÝ»ñÝ 3Ý1ñ313ñÓ»É »Ý Ý3»õ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý μ3Ý3ÏáõÙ Çñ3Ï3Ý3óáõáÕ μ3ñ»÷á- ËáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ: 1⁄4»ÏáÛóÇ Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝa Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1⁄4àô-áõÙ μ3ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3ÝáõÙ áõÕÕ- áõ3Í »Ý å3ÛÙ3Ý3·ñ3ÛÇÝ 1⁄2ÇÝÍ3é3ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ ÃÇõÇ 3õ»É3óÙ3ÝÝ áõ 3õ»ÉÇ áñ3Ï»3É ëå3é3- 1⁄2ÇÝáõû3Ý Ó»éù μ»ñÙ3ÝÁ:

¦âÝ3Û3Í, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ Éáõñç ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ ¿ Û3ïÏ3óÝáõÙ Çñ 1⁄2ÇÝ3ÝáóáõÙ 3éÏ3Û ëå3é3- 1⁄2ÇÝáõÃÇõÝÝ 3ñ1Ç3Ï3Ý3óÝ»Éáõ áõ Ýáñ3óÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ, 3Û1áõÑ3Ý1»ñÓ, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1⁄4àõ-Á 1»é»õë ß3ï Ñ»éáõ »Ý Ýáñ3·áÛÝ ï»ËÝÇÏ3Ûáí Û3·»óáõ3Í ÉÇÝ»Éáõó:  ̧3, Ù3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë, å3ÛÙ3Ý3õáñáõ3Í ¿ ÏáéáõåóÇáÝ 1ñë»õáñáõÙÝ»ñáí »õ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ å3ßïå3Ýáõû3Ý Ý3Ë3- ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝáõÙ ýÇÝ3ÝëÝ»ñÁ áã 3ñ1ÇõÝ3õ¿ï Õ»Ï3í3ñ»Éáí§,-ÝßõáõÙ ¿ 1⁄2»ÏáÛóáõÙ:

IISS-Ý, 3Ý1ñ313éÝ3Éáí Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý áõ 31ñμ»ç3Ý3Ï3Ý 1⁄2ÇÝáõ3Í áõÅ»ñÇ ß÷Ù3Ý ·ÍáõÙ 3éÏ3Û Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÇÝ, ÝßáõÙ ¿, áñ 2012Ã. 3éÝáõ31⁄2Ý »ñÏáõ 3Ý·3Ù (3Ùé3ÝÝ áõ ·3ñÝ3ÝÁ) Ñ3- Ï3Ù3ñïáõû3Ý ·ûïáõÙ Çñ31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ËÇëï É3ñáõ»É ¿, ÇÝãÁ, ë3Ï3ÛÝ, ¦ãÇ Û3Ý·»óñ»É ï3- ñ3Í3ßñç3ÝáõÙ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñëÏÙ3ÝÁ§:

21ñμ»ç3ÝÇÝ í»ñ3μ»ñáÕ Ñ3ïáõ3ÍáõÙ IISS-Ç ÷áñÓ3·¿ïÝ»ñÁ ÝßáõÙ »Ý, áñ ãÝ3Û3Í áñ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý μÇõç¿Ý ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ 3Ý·3Ù ·»ñ31⁄23ÝóáõÙ ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý Í3Ëë»ñÁ, 3Û1áõÑ3Ý1»ñÓ, 3Û1 Ñ3Ý·3Ù3ÝùÝ 31ñμ»ç3Ý3Ï3Ý μ3Ý3ÏÝ 3õ»ÉÇ Ù3ñïáõÏ ãÇ 13ñÓÝáõÙ: ¦Ü3õÃÇ í3×3éùÇó ëï3óáõ3Í ß3ÑáÛÃÇ ßÝáñÑÇõ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÁ Ï3ñáÕ3ó»É ¿ 1⁄2·3ÉÇ ù3Ý3Ïáõû3Ùμ ëå3é31⁄2ÇÝáõÃÇõÝ Ó»éù μ»ñ»É, ë3Ï3ÛÝ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇ 1⁄2ÇÝáõ3Í áõÅ»ñÝ û13ÛÇÝ ï3ñ3ÍùáõÙ ã»Ý Ï3ñáÕ3ÝáõÙ Ñ3ëÝ»É ÙÇ3Ýß3Ý3Ï 3é3õ»Éáõû3Ý: ÜáÛÝ Ý3õÃÝ 21ñμ»ç3ÝÇÝ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝ ¿ ïáõ»É ·Ý»É SS-300 ï»ë3ÏÇ Ýáñ3·áÛÝ Ñ3Ù3Ï3ñ·»ñ (1⁄2»ÝÇÃ3ÑñÃÇé3ÛÇÝ), ë3Ï3ÛÝ, 1»é»õë Ûëï3Ï ã¿, ÿ 13 Ù3ñïáõÝ3Ïáõû3Ý μ3ñÓñ3óÙ3Ý ï»ë3ÝÏÇõÝÇó ÇÝã ¿ ï3- ÉÇë  ́3ùáõÇݧ,-ÝßõáõÙ ¿ ÷3ëï3ÃÕÃáõÙ:

ìÆð2Ð2ÚoðÀ ä2Ð2Üæ oÜ ÜoðÎ2Ú2òðoÈ Â ́ÆÈÆêÆÆÜ

î»ë3ñ3Ý æ3õ3ËùÇ 2Ë3Éù3É3ù ù3Õ3ùÇó

iìÇñ3Ñ3Û»ñÁ ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñÇó å3Ñ3Ýç»É »Ý 3ÝÛ3å3Õ í3õ»ñ3óÝ»É î3ñ3Í3ßñç3Ý3ÛÇÝ É»1⁄2áõÝ»ñÇ »õñáå3Ï3Ý Ë3ñïÇ3Ý: èáõë3ëï3Ý»3Ý ¦ÎáÙ»ñë3Ýï§-Ç ÷áË3ÝóÙ3Ùμ‘ 13 »ñÏñÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ØÇË¿ÇÉ ê33Ï3ßíÇÉÇÇ »õ í3ñã3å»ï  ́ÇÓÇÝ3 Æí3- ÝÇßíÇÉÇÇ ÙÇç»õ Ñ3Ï3Ù3ñïáõû3Ý ëñÙ3Ý Ýáñ 3éÇà ¿ 13ñÓ»É:

oõñáå3Ï3Ý Ë3ñïÇ3Ý í3õ»ñ3óÝ»Éáõ ÏáãÁ ÑÝã»É ¿ Ñ3Û3μÝ3Ï æ3õ3ËùÇ 2Ë3Éù3- É3ùÇ ßñç3ÝáõÙ: ¦Ø»Ýù åÝ1áõÙ »Ýù, áñå¿ë- 1⁄2Ç ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÁ í»ñç3å¿ë í3õ»ñ3óÝÇ oõ- ñáå3Ï3Ý Ë3ñïÇ3Ý, áñÇÝ ìñ3ëï3ÝÁ ÙÇ3- ó»É ¿ 1999 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇݧ, - Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ ï»- Õ3Ï3Ý ËáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÇ Õ»Ï3í3ñ Ð3ÙÉ»ï ØáíëÇë»3ÝÁ‘ Ýß»Éáí, áñ 3Û1 Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáõ- ÃÇõÝÁ ¦ìñ3ó3Ï3Ý oñ31⁄23Ýù§ ÇßËáÕ Ïá3- ÉÇóÇ3ÛÇ å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ñÇÝÝ ¿:

ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿, ÿ Ë3ñïÇ3ÛÇ í3õ»ñ3óáõÙÁ ëå3éÝáõÙ ¿ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 3Ýíï3Ý·áõû3ÝÁ »õ Çñ ÁÝ11ÇÙ3ËûëÝ»-

ñÇÝ Ù»Õ31ñ»É ¿ ¦Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 31⁄2·3ÛÝ3Ï3Ýáõû3ÝÁ§ ïáõñù ï3Éáõ Ù¿ç: Î3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝáõÙ, ÙÇÝã1»é, ÛÇß»óÝáõÙ »Ý, áñ Ë3ñïÇ3ÛÇÝ ÙÇ3Ý3Éáõ Ý3Ë3Ó»éÝáÕÁ

Ñ»Ýó Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë Ý3Ë3·3ÑÝ ¿ñ: ¦1999 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ ØÇË¿ÇÉ ê33Ï3ßíÇÉÇÝ, ÉÇÝ»Éáí Çñ3õ3-

7

Ï3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñáí ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý ÏáÙÇï¿Ç Õ»Ï3í3ñÁ, 3Ýå3ï3ëË3Ý3ïáõ Ï»ñåáí Éáμ- μÇÝ·áí ¿ñ 1⁄2μ3Õáõ3Í ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó 3Û1 ÷3ëï3ÃÕÃÇ í3õ»ñ3óÙ3Ý å3ñï3õáñáõÃÇõÝÁ ëï3ÝÓÝ»Éáõ û·ïÇݧ, - Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ í»ñ3ÇÝï»·ñÙ3Ý Ñ3ñó»ñáí å»ïÝ3Ë3ñ3ñ ä33ï3 1⁄43ù3ñ»ÇßíÇÉÇÝ‘ Û3õ»É»Éáí, áñ ê33Ï3ßíÇÉÇÝ 3ÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï Çñ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ å3ÛÙ3- Ý3õáñáõÙ ¿ñ oõñáå3ÛÇ ËáñÑñ1ÇÝ ìñ3ëï3ÝÇ 3Ý13Ù3Ïóáõû3Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÁ 3ñ3·3óÝ»Éáõ ó3ÝÏáõû3Ùμ:

1⁄43ù3ñ»ÇßíÇÉÇÝ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ3Í ¿, áñ 3ÛÅÙ »ñÏÇñÁ 3ÛÉ ×3Ý3å3ñÑ ãáõÝÇ, ù3Ý‘ í3õ»ñ3ó- Ý»É Ë3ñïÇ3Ý: ¦Ð3Ï3é3Ï 1¿åùáõÙ Ù»Ýù »õñ3ÇÝï»·ñ3óáõÙ ã»Ýù ï»ëÝǧ, - 1⁄2·áõß3óñ»É ¿ íñ3ó å»ïÝ3Ë3ñ3ñÁ:

2Ü ̧ðÆ2ê ÔàôÎ2êo2ÜÀ ø2Ô2ø2òÆ2Î2Ü 2ÜÐÜ21⁄42Ü ̧àôÂo2Ü Îàâ 3⁄4 2ÜàôØ

Ü3Ë3·3ÑÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ã»ÏÝ3Íáõ 2Ý1ñÇ3ë ÔáõÏ3ë»3Ý

UÜ3Ë3·3ÑÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ã»ÏÝ3Íáõ 2Ý1ñÇ3ë Ôáõ- Ï3ë»3ÝÁ, áí ùáõ¿3ñÏáõû3Ý 3ñ1ÇõÝùÝ»ñÁ íÇ×3ñ- ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ê3ÑÙ3Ý31ñ3Ï3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝáõÙ, Ï3ñÍáõÙ ¿‘ 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ áñáßáõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ, Û»ïÁÝïñ3Ï3Ý 3Ûë ÷áõÉáõÙ ¿ Çñ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÁ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»Ý3Éáõ:

¦2õ3ñïáõ»óÇÝ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ï31⁄2- Ù3Ï»ñåáõ3Í ßÇÝÍáõ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ: ê3ÑÙ3Ý31- ñ3Ï3Ý 13ï3ñ3ÝÇ áñáßáõÙÁ 3Û1 ßÇÝÍáõ ÁÝïñáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óáõÙ 1ñ»ó í»ñç3Ï¿ï: 2Û1 ûñáõ3- ÝÇó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ ëÏëáõ»ó ÇëÏ3Ï3Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»- ñÇ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÁ, áñáíÑ»ï»õ 2åñÇÉÇ 9-ÇÝ Ù»ñ Ñ3Ý- ñáõÃÇõÝÁ åÇïÇ áñáßÇ‘ ÇÝùÁ »ÝÃ3ñÏõáõÙ ¿ 3Ûë áã Ã3- ÷3ÝóÇÏ »õ Ï3ëÏ3ÍÇ ×3Ý3å3ñÑáí Ó»õ3õáñáõ3Í å»ï3Ï3Ý Ù3ñÙÝÇÝ, ÿ‘ áã§, - Ø3ñïÇ 18-ÇÝ Éñ3·- ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3Ý1ÇåÙ3ÝÁ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó ÔáõÏ3ë- »3ÝÁ:

ÊûëùÁ, Ù3ëÝ3õáñ3å¿ë, ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý 3ÝÑ- Ý31⁄23Ý1áõû3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ ¿, áñÁ, Áëï ÔáõÏ3ë»3ÝÇ, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ë3ÑÙ3Ý31ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ÃáÛÉ ¿

ï3ÉÇë: ¦2Ù»Ý3å3ñ1⁄2 ÙÇçáóÁ Ñ3ñÏ»ñ ãí×3ñ»ÉÝ ¿, »õ »Ã¿ 3é3çÇÝ »é3Ùë»3ÏÇ 3ñ1ÇõÝùáí Ñ3ñ-

Ï»ñÁ ãí×3ñáõ»Ý é»ÅÇÙÇÝ, é»ÅÇÙÇ 3å3·3Ý ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ ß3ï Ï3ñ×. Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3ÉÇ ¿, áñ é»ÅÇÙÁ Ï3ñáÕ3ÝáõÙ ¿ å3Ñå3Ý»É Çñ»Ý Ç Ñ3ßÇõ Ýñ3Ý, áñ ïÝûñÇÝáõÙ ¿ Ù»ñ å»ïáõû3Ý μÇõç¿Ý§, - 3ë3ó Ý3Ë3·3ÑÇ Ý3ËÏÇÝ Ã»ÏÝ3ÍáõÝ:

oÿ 3Ý·3Ù Ý3Ë3·3Ñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ 3Ûó»ÉÇ Ñ3ó31áõÉÇ Ù¿ç ·ïÝáõáÕ ð3ýýÇ Úáí- Ñ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇÝ, Áëï ÔáõÏ3ë»3ÝÇ, ÏáÙåñáÙÇë 3ÛÉ»õë ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ ÉÇÝ»É: ¦3⁄43å¿ë ß3ï ï3ñμ»ñ »Ý ÏáÕÙ»ñÇ å3ïÏ»ñ3óáõÙÁ »ñÏñÇ 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ: Æß- ËáÕ Ïáõë3ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ 3Ù¿Ý ÇÝã 3ÝáõÙ ¿ Çñ Ó»éùÇ ï3Ï ·ïÝáõáÕ é»ëáõñëÇ ï»ë3Ï¿ïÇó. 3Û1 é»ëáõñëÁ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿‘ ¦3Ûëå¿ë μ3Å3Ý»Ýù, ÿ 3ÛÝå¿ë μ3Å3Ý»Ýù§, - 3ë3ó Ý3:

22Ì-Ü oô äoÎ-À §êÆìÆÈÆÂ2êàôئ Üàð êîàô¶àôØÜoð

ÎÀ êÎêoÜ

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ð3Ýñ3å»ïáõû3Ý Ï3é3í3ñáõû3ÝÝ 3éÁÝûñ 31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ 3Ýíï3Ý·áõû3Ý Í3é3ÛáõÃÇõÝÁ (22Ì), áñÁ ¦÷áÕ»ñÇ Éáõ3óÙ3ݧ Û3ïÏ3ÝÇßÝ»ñáí ¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇÝ »õ Ýñ3 ÑÇÙÝ31Çñ ì3ñ13Ý úëÏ3Ý»3ÝÇÝ 3éÝãáõáÕ ùñ¿3Ï3Ý ·áñÍ ¿ñ Û3ñáõó»É 2012Ã. Ø3ÛÇ- ëÇ 25-ÇÝ, áñáᯐ ¿ ¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇó å3Ñ3Ýç»É ïáõ»3ÉÝ»ñ »õ ÷3ëï3ÃÕûñ 2012 »õ 2013 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇ ýÇÝ3Ýë3õáñÙ3Ý 3ÕμÇõñÝ»ñÇ, ÇÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ 1ñ3Ýó ïÝûñÇÝÙ3Ý í»- ñ3μ»ñ»3É: 2Ûë Ù3ëÇÝ ÝßõáõÙ ¿ ¦êÇíÇÉÇÃ3ë§ ÑÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇ ï3ñ3Í3Í Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç:

Àëï Ñ3Õáñ13·ñáõû3Ýa 22Ì-Ý ÐÇÙÝ31ñ3ÙÇó å3Ñ3ÝçáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ Û3ÛïÝ»É, ÿ 2009- 2011 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÝ»ñÇÝ 3ÝÓ»ñÇ »õ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó 41 Ù»Í »õ ÷áùñ ÝáõÇñ3ïáõáõ- ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ »õ 1ñ3Ù3ßÝáñÑÝ»ñÇ ·áõÙ3ñÝ»ñÁ ÇÝãå¿ë »Ý Í3Ëëáõ»É Ï3Ù ïÝûñÇÝáõ»É:

8

Î2ð2äoî èàô ́ÆÜo2Ü.- §êoðÄ ê2ð¶êo2ÜÀ Þ2î Îþàô1⁄4oÜ2Ú, àð Ð2Ú2êî2ÜàôØ ÊàðÐð ̧2ð2Ü2Î2Ü Î2è2ì2ðàôØ ØîòàôƦ

2Ä Ý3ËÏÇÝ ÷áËÝ3Ë3·3Ñ Î3- ñ3å»ï èáõμÇÝ»3Ý

eê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ ß3ï Ïÿáõ1⁄2»Ý3Û, áñ ë3ÑÙ3Ý31ñ3- Ï3Ý μ3ñ»÷áËáõÙ 3ñáõÇ »õ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý Ï3é3í3- ñáõÙ ÙïóáõÇ: 2Û1 Ù3ëÇÝ Ø3ñïÇ 19-ÇÝ, 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3- å3ñ3ÏáõÙ ÁÝÃ3óáÕ ù3Õ3ù3óÇ3Ï3Ý ËáñÑñ1Ç ßñç3Ý3Ï- Ý»ñáõÙ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»É ¿ 2Ä Ý3ËÏÇÝ ÷áËÝ3Ë3·3Ñ Î3ñ3- å»ï èáõμÇÝ»3ÝÁ:

ì»ñçÇÝÇë Ëûëùáí, ë3 ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ »ñÏñáñ1 å3ß- ïûÝ3í3ñáõÙÝ ¿, »õ Ý3, Áëï ê3ÑÙ3Ý31ñáõû3Ý, ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ »ññáñ1 3Ý·3Ù Ï3é3í3ñ»É: ¦Þ3ï Ïÿáõ1⁄2»Ý3Û, áñ ÙÇ é»- ýáñÙ 3ñáõÇ, áñ ÑÝ3ñ3õáñáõÃÇõÝ áõÝ»Ý3Û å3ßïûÝ3í3ñ»É

3Ûë »ñÏñáõÙ:  ́3Ûó 13 ãÇ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ, áñ åÇïÇ Ñ3Ï3é3Ï- áõ»Ýù 3Û1 3éáõÙáí: Î3ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, áñ 3Û1 é»ýáñÙÁ å¿ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ, ÇëÏ ×Çß1 3Ý»Éáõ 1¿åùáõÙ ÏÁ μ3ó3é»Ýù ÝÙ3Ý Ù3ñ1- Ï3Ýó Û3ÛïÝáõ»ÉÁ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý Ù¿ç§,- Ýᯐ ¿ èáõμÇÝ»3ÝÁ:

Ü3 ÛÇß»óñ»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ýáñ3·áÛÝ ßñç3ÝÇ å3ïÙáõÃÇõÝÁ, »ñμ ¶»ñ3·áÛÝ ËáñÑáõñ1Á 13ñÓ3õ Çñ3å¿ë ·áñÍáõÝ Ù3ñÙÇÝ‘ 1Ý»Éáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ å»ï3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÁ:

¦àõÝ»ó»É »Ýù »ñ»ù Ý3Ë3·3Ñ, »õ, ó3õûù ëñïÇ, å¿ïù ¿ 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñ»Ýù, áñ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3- Ï3Ý Ï3é3í3ñÙ3Ý ÷áñÓÁ 3ÝÛ3çáÕ ¿: àõÝ»ó»É »Ýù Û3çáÕ ËáñÑñ13ñ3Ý3Ï3Ý Ï3ñ× Ï3é3- í3ñÙ3Ý ÷áñÓ: È»õáÝ î¿ñ-ä»ïñáë»3ÝÇ 1¿åùáõÙ, ÇÑ3ñÏ¿ Ýß»Éáí μáÉáñ Ó»éùμ»ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ, Ý߻٠Ý3»õ ÙÇ ó3õ3ÉÇ ÏáåÇï ëË3É, áñÁ ÇÝùÝ ÁÝ1áõÝ»ó ÑÇÝ· ï3ñÇ 3é3ç, »ñμ Ý»ñáÕáõÃÇõÝ ËÝ1ñ»ó ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇÝ »õ èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÇÝ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý μ»ñ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ: ÊÝ1ÇñÁ áã ÿ 3ÝÓ»ñÇ Ù¿ç ¿ñ, 3ÛÝ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï áí ÏÁ Ùï3Í¿ñ, áñ ÝÙ3Ý áñ3ÏÝ»ñ ÏÁ 1ñë»õáñ»Ý§,- Ýᯐ ¿ èáõμÇÝ»3ÝÝ áõ Û3õ»É»É. ¦ØÇÝã 3Û1 Ù»Ýù í3ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝù ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ, áñ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÝ 3ÝÏ3Ë3ó»É ¿, »õ μáÉáñ 3ï»3ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ËûëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áñ å3ï»ñ31⁄2ÙáõÙ ¿ Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÁ: èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ, ÉÇÝ»Éáõó Ô3ñ3μ3ÕÇ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ, Ñ3Ù3Ó3ÛÝáõ»ó ·3É »õ 13éÝ3É í3ñã3å»ï:  ̧ñ3Ýáí Éáõñç Ñ3ñáõ3Í Ñ3ëóáõ»ó μ3Ý3Ïó3ÛÇÝ ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÇÝ §: Àëï èáõμÇÝ»3ÝÇ, 3Û1 Ýß3- Ý3ÏáõÙÁ »ñÏñÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ á»õ¿ Ù¿ÏÇ Ñ»ï ãÇ ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É, μ3óÇ Ý»Õ ßñç3å3ïÇ 3ÝÓ3ÝóÇó:

¦ÐÇÝ· ï3ñÇ ¿ 3Ýó»É Ýñ3 Ï3é3í3ñáõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ, »õ Forbes-Ç ïáõ»3ÉÝ»ñáí‘ Ù»ñ »ñÏñÇ 3Ù»Ý3Ñ3ñáõëï Ù3ñ1Ý ¿: ÆÝãDZ Ñ3ßáõÇÝ, »Ã¿ áã Ã3É3ÝÇ: ÜáÛÝÁ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÝ ÑÇÙ3 Ù¿Ï ûÉÇ·3ñË ¿: ÊáñÑñ13ñ3ÝÁ 13ñÓ»É ¿ 3Ý3ï3Ù Ï3éáÛó, áñÁ 13ÏáõÙ ¿ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý áñáßáõÙÝ»ñÁ§,- 3ñÓ3Ý3·ñ»É ¿ èáõμÇÝ»3ÝÁ‘ 3Ù÷á÷»Éáí, áñ ÙÇ3ÝÓÝ»3Û Õ»Ï3í3ñÙ3Ý ëÏ1⁄2μáõÝùÁ, áñÇÝ ·áõÙ3ñõáõÙ »Ý ËáñÑñ13ÛÇÝ Ï3Õ3å3ñÝ»ñÁ, Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ 3ñ1ÇõÝ3- õ¿ï ÉÇÝ»É ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ:

1⁄4àÐð2 ́o2ÜÀ §ê2î2ÜÆêî2Î2ܦ 3⁄4 Ð2Ø2ðàôØ

2ÚÈÀÜîð2Üø2ÚÆÜ oð ̧ØÜ2Î2ÈàôÂÆôÜÀ

ÆßËáÕ Ð3Ýñ3å»ï3Ï3Ý Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý ÷áËÝ3Ë3·3Ñ è31⁄2ÙÇÏ 1⁄4áÑñ3μ»3ÝÁ ¦ë3ï3- ÝÇëï3Ï3Ý »ñ»õáÛÃÝ»ñ§ ¿ ï»ëÝáõÙ 2åñÇÉÇ 9-ÇÝ 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ ¦3ÛÉÁÝïñ3Ý- ù3ÛÇÝ ÇÝ3áõ·áõñ3óÇ3§ 3ÝóÏ3óÝ»Éáõ Ùï31ñáõû3Ý Ù¿ç:

¦21⁄23ïáõÃÇõݧ é31ÇáÏ3Û3ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛóáõÙ ¦1⁄4áÑñ3μ»3ÝÁ Ñ3Ùá1⁄2ÙáõÝù Û3Ûï- Ý»ó, áñ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÇ ·ÉË3õáñ3Í ß3ñÅÙ3Ý Ñ»ï»õáõÙ ¦Ï3Ý·Ý3Í ¿ 3Õ3Ý13õá- ñ3Ï3Ý Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõݧ:

¦Üñ3Ýó ÃÇÏáõÝùáõÙ, »ë 3ñ1¿Ý ëÏëáõÙ »Ù Ñ3Ùá1⁄2áõ»É, áñ Ï3Û ÇÝã-áñ 3Õ3Ý13õáñ[3Ï3Ý] Ï31⁄2Ù3Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñÁ Ññ3ÑñáõÙ ¿ »õ Ï3é3í3ñáõÙ ¿ Çñ»Ýó§, - 3ë3ó 1⁄4áÑñ3μ»3ÝÁ‘ Û3- õ»É»Éáí, áñ 13 Ï3ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ¦»’õ 1ñëÇó, »’õ Ý»ñëÇó§. - ¦Î3ñÍáõÙ »Ù, áñ ÝÙ3Ý ÙÇ Ï31⁄2Ù3- Ï»ñåáõÃÇõÝ Ï3Û, áñ 3Ûë Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó ãÇ ÃáÕÝáõÙ, áñ ëñ3Ýù Ñ3Ý·ëï3Ý3ݧ:

ÐÐÎ-Ç ÷áËÝ3Ë3·3ÑÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»ó. - ¦Æ±Ýã ¿ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ, 3ë»Ýù, 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3- ñ3ÏáõÙ ÇÝ3áõ·áõñ3óÇ3 3Ý»É, ð3ýýÇÇÝ ÁÝïñ»É Ý3Ë3·3Ñ: ê3 ÇÝã-áñ ë3ï3Ý3Û3Ï3Ý ÍÇ- ë3Ï3Ý Ï3ñ·»ñ »Ý, áñáÝù Ñ»Ýó 3Õ3Ý13õáñáõû3Ý Ñ»ï »Ý Ï3åáõ3Í: Ð3õ3ë3ñáõû3Ý, 3ñ- 13ñáõû3Ý, 31⁄23ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Éû1⁄2áõÝ·Ý»ñÇ ï3Ï ï»ÕÇ »Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ù3Õ3ù3ÏñûÝ3Ï3Ý ÇÝã-áñ ÍÇë3Ï3ñ·»ñ, áñÁ »ë Ïÿ3Ýáõ3Ý¿Ç ë3ï3ÝÇëï3Ï3ݧ:

9

21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ í»ñçÇÝ ûñ»ñÇÝ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»óáÕ Çñ313ñÓáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ 1⁄4áÑñ3μ»3ÝÝ 3ë3ó. - ¦2é 3Ûë å3ÑÁ Ù»ñ »ñÏñáõÙ, ÉÇÝ»Ýù ûμÇ»ÏïÇõ, ÉÇÝ»Ýù 3ÝÏ»ÕÍ‘ Ñ3Ýñ3Ñ3õ3ùÝ»ñáí ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ãÇ ÷áËáõ»É:  ́3Ûó 13 ãÇ Ýß3Ý3- ÏáõÙ, áñ »Ã¿ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ïáõ»3É áõÅÁ ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ 3Ûë Ï»ñå åÇïÇ Çñ μáÕáùÁ 3ñï3Û3Ûïǧ:

¦ ́3ñ·3õ3× Ð3Û3ëï3ݧ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Õ»Ï3í3ñ 3Ý13Ù Ü3Çñ3 1⁄4áÑñ3μ- »3ÝÁ, ÙÇÝã1»é, ëïáõ»ñ3ÛÇÝ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý Ó»õ3õáñÙ3Ý Ù¿ç 13ï3å3ñï»ÉÇ áãÇÝã ãÇ ï»ëÝáõÙ. - ¦ÐÇÙ3 3ÝÁÝ1Ñ3ï 1⁄2áõ·3Ñ»éÝ»ñ »Ý 3ÝóÏ3óÝáõÙ, áñ ð3ýýÇÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ ÝÙ3Ý3Ï»É Ø3Ñ3ÃÙ3 ¶3Ý1ÇÇ ß3ñÅÙ3Ý ¿É»Ù»ÝïÝ»ñÁ, 3Ûá, ¶3Ý1ÇÝ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝ Ó»õ3õáñ»ó ÷áÕáóáõÙ: Ü3»õ 3ñ»õÙï»3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Ùß3ÏáÛ- ÃáõÙ 13 ÁÝ1áõÝáõ3Í Ó»õ ¿, ÝáñÙ ¿§:

§Ð2Ú2êî2ÜÆ ÆÞÊ2ÜàôÂÆôÜÜoðÀ âoÜ ì2ÊoÜ2Ú Ê2Ô2Ô ÀÜ ̧ ̧ÆØàôÂÆôÜÆò¦

ø3Õ3ù3·¿ï oñáõ3Ý1  ́á1⁄2á»3Ý

ÐÐ3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ë3- Õ3Õ ÁÝ11ÇÙáõû3Ý Ù¿ç íï3Ý· ã»Ý ï»ë- ÝáõÙ, Ø3ñïÇ 19-ÇÝ, Éñ3·ñáÕÝ»ñÇÝ Û3Ûï- Ý»É ¿ ù3Õ3ù3·¿ï oñáõ3Ý1  ́á1⁄2á»3ÝÁ:

Àëï Ýñ3a å¿ïù ã¿ Ý3ËÏÇÝ »õ Ý»ñ- Ï3Û Ý3Ë3·3ÑÝ»ñÇÝ 13ë3Ï3ñ·»É ¦ã3- ñǧ »õ ¦μ3ñáõ§, ÇÝãå¿ë áñ 3ñõáõÙ ¿ Û3- ×3Ë: ¦Þ3ï»ñÁ μ»ñáõÙ »Ý 2008Ã. Ø3ñïÇ 1-Ç ûñÇÝ3ÏÁa åÝ1»Éáí. èáμ»ñ1 øáã3ñ»3- ÝÁ Ïáïáñ»ó óáõó3ñ3ñÝ»ñÇÝ, ÇëÏ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÁ Ýñ3Ýó Ó»éù ãÇ ï3ÉÇë, Ýß3- Ý3ÏáõÙ ¿a Ý3 3õ»ÉÇ μ3ñÇ ¿: oõ 3Û1 Ù3ñ1- Ï3ÝóÇó áã áù ãÇ ÁÝ1áõÝáõÙ 3ÛÝ, áñ 3Û1 »ñÏáõ Ù3ñ1Á ÝáÛÝ ÃÇÙÝ »Ý: oõ ÇÝã áñ 3ñ»É

¿ Ù¿ÏÁ, Ï3ñáÕ ¿ 3Ý»É »õ ÙÇõëÁ, »Ã¿ Çñ Ñ3Ù3ñ 3ÛÝåÇëÇ íï3Ý· 1⁄2·3Û, ÇÝãåÇëÇÝ 2008Ã. ¿ñ: ê3Ï3ÛÝ Ñ3ñóÝ ¿É Ñ»Ýó 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ 3ÛÅÙ ÝÙ3Ý íï3Ý· ãÏ3Û§, - 3ë»É ¿  ́á- 1⁄2á»3ÝÁ:

Ü3 Ýᯐ ¿, áñ 3ÝÑñ3Å»ßï ¿ Ûëï3Ï Ñ3ëÏ3Ý3É. Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ 1⁄2Ç- çáõÙÝ»ñÇ ãÇ ·Ý3Û, »Ã¿ Çñ 3é3ç Ë3Õ3Õ ÁÝ11ÇÙ31ÇñÝ»ñÇ ï»ëÝÇ: ¦ÆëÏ »Ã¿ 3Û1 ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ Çñ Ñ3Ù3ñ íï3Ý·3õáñ ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝ ï»ëÝÇ, íëï3Ñ »Õ¿ù, áñ Ïÿ3ÝÇ ÝáÛÝÁ, ÇÝã áñ øáã3ñ»3ÝÁ§, - ÁÝ1·Í»É ¿  ́á1⁄2á»3ÝÁ: Ü3 Û3õ»É»É ¿, áñ 3ÛÅÙ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ 3ÛÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý Çñ3íÇ×3ÏÁ ãÇ ï»ëÝáõÙ, ÇÝãÁ Ï3ñ 2008Ã. ÁÝï- ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇó Û»ïáÛ:

Æñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3·¿ï êï»÷3Ý ¶ñÇ·áñ»3ÝÁ Ý»ñÏ3ÛÇë ÁÝ11ÇÙáõû3Ý å3Û- ù3ñÇ ï»ë3Ý»ÉÇ 3ñ1ÇõÝù ¿ 3Ýáõ3Ý»É μ3ó3Û3Ûï ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý óÇÝÇ1⁄2ÙÇ Ïñ×3- ïáõÙÁ: ¦Ð»ßï Û3ÕÃ3Ý3ÏÇ Ù3ëÇÝ Ý3ËÏÇÝáõÙ μ3ó3Û3Ûï óÇÝÇÏ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñ 3ÝáÕ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ñÝ 3ÛÅÙ ã·Çï»Ýa ÇÝãå¿ë 3ñ13ñ3óÝ»É Ý3ËÏÇÝ 3ñï3Û3ÛïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, »õ 3õ»ÉÇ Ñ3õ3ë3ñ3Ïßéáõ3Í »Ý Çñ»Ýó å3ÑáõÙ§: Ü3 Û3õ»É»É ¿, áñ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÁ ÏñÏÇÝ ëïÇå»É ¿ Ñ3ßáõÇ Ýëï»É Çñ í3ñ- Ï3ÝÇßÇ Ñ»ï Ý3»õ Ù3ñ1⁄2»ñáõÙ Ñ3Ýñ3Ñ3õ3ùÝ»ñÇó Û»ïáÛ: ¦Ü3 óáÛó ïáõ»ó, áñ Çñ Ñ»ï»õáñ1Ý»ñÝ Çñ ßáõñçÝ »Ý Ñ3õ3ùõáõÙ áã ÙÇ3ÛÝ oñ»õ3ÝáõÙ: ÚÇß¿ù Î3å3ÝÇ Ñ3Ý- ñ3Ñ3õ3ùÁ: ÜáÛÝÇëÏ ÇßËáÕ Ïáõë3Ïóáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ 3ÛÝï»Õ Ñ3Ýñ3Ñ3õ3ù 3Ýó- Ï3óÝ»ÉÁ Ñ»ßï ã¿: ÆëÏ ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝÁ »Ï3õ »õ Ñ3õ3ù»ó »ñ»ù Ñ31⁄23ñ Ù3ñ1§, - 3ë»É ¿ ¶ñÇ·áñ»3ÝÁ:

10

îð2Ø2 ́2ÜàôÂÆôÜÆò  ̧àôðê

лï3ùñùÇñ Å3Ù3Ý3ÏÝ»ñ »Ý. Ñ3ó31áõÉ áõ Ýëï3óáÛó, ëïáõ»ñ3ÛÇÝ Ï3é3í3ñáõÃÇõÝ áõ Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3ÛÇÝ ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñ, 3ÛÉÁÝïñ3Ýù3ÛÇÝ ÇÝ3áõ·áõñ3óÇ3, ·3Õï3·áÕÇ 3ëáõÉÇë: Î3ñÍ»ë ÿ ù3Õ3ù3ÏÇñà áõ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÝ»ñÇó 1áõñë »Ýù ÙÝ3ó»É: 2Ù¿Ý ÇÝã í»- ñ3Íáõ»É ¿ Ë»ÕÏ3ï3Ïáõû3Ý:

2å3ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõ 3ÝÇÙ3ëï åñáó¿ëÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ3ÑÇõëáõ»É »Ý, Ïáñóñ»É ï3ññ3Ï3Ý ïñ3- Ù3μ3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ: oõ 3Ù»Ý3ï3ñûñÇÝ3ÏÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ μÝ3Ï3ÝáÝ ß3õÕÇó 1áõñë ¿ ÁÝÏ»É ÇÝãå¿ë Çß- Ë3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ, 3ÛÝå¿ë ¿É ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝÁ: 2ë»Ýùa Ù»Í Ñ3ßáõáí Ï3ñá±Õ ¿ù μ3ó3ïñ»É, ÿ ÇÝãáõ ¿ ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3ÝÁ Ñ3ó31áõÉ 3ÝáõÙ, DZÝã 3ÏÝÏ3ÉÇùÝ»ñ áõÝÇ 3Û1 Ñ3ó31áõÉÇó »õ ÇÝã- å¿±ë ¿ å3ïñ3ëïõáõÙ 1313ñ»óÝ»É 3ÛÝa 3é3Ýó ë»÷3Ï3Ý í3ñÏÁ íï3Ý·»Éáõ »õ Ñ3ë3ñ3Ï3- Ï3Ý 3å3ïÇ3ÛÇ Ñ»ñÃ3Ï3Ý 3ÉÇùÁ μ3ñÓñ3óÝ»Éáõ: Î3Ùa ÇÝãá±õ ¿ »ñÏñÇ Ý3Ë3·3ÑÁ Ñ3ë3ñ3- Ïáõû3Ý ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ»Ý 3é3ç31ñáõ3Í Ñ3ñó»ñÇÝ å3ï3ëË3Ý ï3Éáõ ÷áË3ñ¿Ý Çñ ÏáÕÙÇó Ï3é3í3ñ»ÉÇ Éñ3ïáõ3ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ñ3ñó»ñÇÝ å3ï3ëË3ÝáõÙ: oõ 3Û1 3ëáõÉÇëÇó Å3Ù»ñ 3Ýó áã ÙÇ ï»ë3ÝÇõà ãÇ Ñ»é3ñÓ3ÏõáõÙa Ñ3õ3Ý3μ3ñ Ý3Ë3·3Ñ3Ï3ÝáõÙ ÝÇõÃÁ Ùß3Ï»ÉÁ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï ¿ å3Ñ3ÝçáõÙ:

ÐÝ3ñ3õáñ ã¿ Ñ3ñó ãï3É Ý3»õ 21⁄23ïáõû3Ý Ññ3å3ñ3ÏáõÙ 3ÝáõÝÝ»ñ ÑÝã»óÝáÕ, 3é3- ç3ñÏÝ»ñ 3ÝáÕ 3ÝÓ3Ýó »õ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ Ó»õ3Ï»ñåáõÙáí ã3ë»Éa 13 3ÝáõÙ ¿ù, áñ DZÝã ÉÇ- ÝÇ: Ø»ñ Ñ3ë3ñ3ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ 3é3Ýó 3ÛÝ ¿É ß3ï ¿ μ»õ»é3ó3Ía ÇÝã-áñ 3ÝÓ3Ýó 3é3ÝÓÝ3óÝ»ÉÁ, ÙÇõëÝ»ñÇÝ ãÛÇß3ï3Ï»ÉÝ 3õ»ÉÇ ¿ Ëáñ3óÝ»Éáõ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó ÙÇç»õ »Õ3Í 3Ýçñå»ïÁ, Ýáñ ÃÇñ3Ë- Ý»ñ ¿ ÝßÙ3ñ»Éáõ, Ý»Õ3óáÕÝ»ñÇ, Ù»ñÅáÕÝ»ñÇ Ýáñ μ3Ý3Ï ¿ Ó»õ3õáñ»Éáõ: oõ í»ñç3å¿ë, 2åñÇ- ÉÇ 9-Ç 3ñ3ñáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñÇ Ñ»ï 3ÛÝù3Ý ÛáÛë»ñ ¿ Ï3åáõÙ ÁÝ11ÇÙáõÃÇõÝÁ: ÆëÏ »Ã¿ Ó»ñ Íñ3·- ñ3Í ëó»Ý3ñÁ ï3å3ÉáõÇ, DZÝã ¿ù 3Ý»Éáõ, DZÝã å3ï3ëË3Ý ¿ù ï3Éáõ ñáå¿3Ï3Ý 3ñ1ÇõÝù 3ÏÝÏ3ÉáÕ ÅáÕáíñ1ÇÝ:

¦Ðð2ä2ð2Χ

Ø2Ð2òoÈ 3⁄4 2ð2Ø2ÚÆê ê2Ð2Îo2ÜÀ

¶ñáÕ, »ñ·ÇÍ3μ3Ý 2ñ3Ù3ÛÇë ê3Ñ3Ï»3Ý

ooðoô2Ü, 14 Ø2ðîÆ, 2ðØoÜäðoê: λ3ÝùÇ 77 ï3ñ»Ï3Ý Ñ3- ë3ÏáõÙ í3Ë×3Ýáõ»É ¿ ·ñáÕ, »ñ·ÇÍ3μ3Ý 2ñ3Ù3ÛÇë ê3Ñ3Ï»3- ÝÁ: ÆÝãå¿ë ¦2ñÙ»Ýåñ»ë§-ÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï3óñÇÝ oñ»õ3ÝÇ 8-ñ1 ÏÉÇÝÇ- Ï3Ï3Ý ÑÇõ3Ý13ÝáóÇó, Ý3 ÙÇ ù3ÝÇ ûñ ÑÇõ3Ý13ÝáóáõÙ ¿ñ: 2ñ3- Ù3ÛÇë ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÁ Ù3Ñ3ó»É ¿ 3ñ»3Ý ÑÇõ3Ý1áõÃÇõÝÇó:

2ñ3Ù3ÛÇë 213ÙÇ ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÁ ÍÝáõ»É ¿ 1936 Ã. Ø3ÛÇëÇ 24- ÇÝ, 2ñÍáõ3ß¿Ý ·ÇõÕáõÙ: Ú3ÛïÝÇ μ3Ý3ëï»ÕÍ, Ññ3å3ñ3Ï3ËûëÝ 3õ3ñï»É ¿ Ê. 2μáí»3ÝÇ 3Ýáõ3Ý å»ï3Ï3Ý Ù3ÝÏ3í3ñÅ3Ï3Ý ÇÝëïÇïáõïÇ å3ïÙ3É»1⁄2áõ3Ï3Ý ý3ÏáõÉï»ïÁ: Ü3»õ Ù3ëÝ3Ïó»É ¿ ØáëÏáõ3ÛÇ Ø. ¶áñÏáõ 3Ýáõ3Ý ·ñ3Ï3Ýáõû3Ý ÇÝëïÇïáõïÇ ·ñ3Ï3Ý μ3ñÓñ3·áÛÝ 13ëÁÝÃ3óÝ»ñÇÝ 1967Ã.-ÇÝ: 2ßË3ï»É ¿ ¦2õ3Ý·3ñ1§ ûñÃáõÙ (1960-1965), ¦¶3ñáõݧ ·ñ3Ï3Ý 3Ùë3·- ñáõÙ (1967-1970), ÐÈÎoØ Î»ÝïÏáÙáõÙ (1970-1971), ÐÊêÐ Ñ»- éáõëï3ï»ëáõû3Ý »õ é31ÇáÑ3Õáñ1áõÙÝ»ñÇ å»ï3Ï3Ý ÏáÙÇï¿-

áõÙ (1971-1977): 1982-Çó ¦à1⁄2Ýǧ »ñ·ÇÍ3Ï3Ý Ñ3Ý1¿ëÇ ·ÉË3õáñ ËÙμ3·ÇñÝ ¿: Üñ3 ·ñù»ñÝ »Ý ¦2ëïÕÇÏÝ»ñ§ (1958), ¦êÇñáÛ Ð3ë3ϧ (1959), ¦Ø»Ýù ØÇ3ëÇÝ oÝù§ (1964), ¦2åñ»É »õ êÇñ»É§ (1968; 3Ûë ·ñùÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ëï3ó»É ¿ ÐÈÎoØ Ùñó3Ý3Ï 1970 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇÝ), ¦oñç3ÝÇÏ oÕ»ù§ (1972), ¦oë êÇñáõÙ »Ù Ó»1⁄2§ (1975) »õ 3ÛÉÝ:

 ̧3ñÓ»É ¿ Ñ3Ù3ÙÇáõûÝ3Ï3Ý »ñ3Åßï3Ï3Ý ÙñóáÛÃÇ 13÷Ý»ÏÇñ »ñ·»ñÇ ï»ùëï»ñÇ Ñ3- Ù3ñ: Üñ3 μ3Ý3ëï»ÕÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ã3ñ·Ù3Ýáõ»É »Ý êêÐØ »õ 3ñï3ë3ÑÙ3Ý»3Ý μ31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ É»- 1⁄2áõÝ»ñáí: ÊêÐØ ÷Éáõ1⁄2áõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ 2. ê3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÁ ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É ¿ Ññ3ï3ñ3Ï»É Çñ ¦à1⁄2Ýǧ Ñ3Ý1¿ëÁ, Ý3»õ 3ßË3ï»É ¿ Ð3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ Ñ»éáõëï3ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÇõÝáõÙ: ÀÝïñáõ»É ¿ Ý3»õ ÐÐ 2Ä å3ï·3Ù3õáñ:

Üñ3 μ3Ý3ëï»ÕÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ å3ñμ»ñ3μ3ñ ïå3·ñáõ»É »Ý Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý »õ Ñ3Ù3ÙÇáõû- Ý3Ï3Ý Ù3ÙáõÉáõÙ:  ́31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ »ñ·»ñÇ ï»ùëï»ñÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ3Ï ¿, Ã3ñ·Ù3Ýáõ»É ¿ 3ßË3ñÑÇ 30-Çó 3õ»ÉÇ É»1⁄2áõÝ»ñáí: 1⁄4μ3ÕõáõÙ ¿ Ý3»õ Ã3ñ·Ù3Ýáõû3Ùμ: Øûï »ñ»ù ï3ëÝ»3Ï »ñÏ»ñ ¿ ïå3·- ñ»É, μ31⁄2Ù3ÃÇõ 3ßË3ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ã3ñ·Ù3Ý»É éáõë»ñ¿ÝÇó:

11

2003Ã. ¦ÌÇÍ3ÕÇ îáõݧ Ñ3Õáñ13ß3ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ 3ñÅ3Ý3ó»É ¿ ¦Øáíë¿ë Êáñ»Ý3óǧ Ù»13- ÉÇ, 1998Ã.  ́»ÛñáõÃáõÙ‘ ¦êáõñμ Ø»ëñáå Ø3ßïáó§ Ûáõß3Ù»13ÉÇ, 1986Ã. ¦à1⁄2Ýǧ »ñ·ÇÍ3ûñ- ÃáõÙ ïå3·ñáõ3Í μ3Ý3ëï»ÕÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ ¦àëÏ¿ ¶ñÇ㧠Ùñó3Ý3ÏÇ, 1984Ã. ùÝ3ñ3- Ï3Ý μ3Ý3ëï»ÕÍáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ‘ 2õ»ïÇù Æë3Ñ3Ï»3ÝÇ 3Ýáõ3Ý Ùñó3Ý3ÏÇ, 1970Ã. ¦2å- ñ»É »õ êÇñ»É§ ·ñùÇ Ñ3Ù3ñ 3ñÅ3Ý3ó»É ¿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ÏáÙ»ñÇïÙÇáõû3Ý 13÷Ý»ÏñÇ ÏáãÙ3Ý:

Ð2ÚÎ2Î2Ü  ̧Æô2Ü2¶ÆîàôÂo2Ü ÈèàôÂo2Ü ¶ÆÜÀ

Ú2Îà ́  ́2 ̧2Èo2Ü

úñ»ñë Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ 3é3çÇÝ 3Ý·3Ù Ýßáõ»ó 1Çõ3Ý3·¿ïÇ ÙÇç31⁄2·3ÛÇÝ ûñÁ: 2Û1 3éÇ- Ãáí Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ñÁ ÝáÛÝÇëÏ Ñ3Ý1Çë3õáñ Ñ3ñó31⁄2ñáÛó ïáõ»ó Ð3Ýñ3ÛÇÝ Ð»éáõëï3ÁÝÏ»ñáõû3ÝÁ, ÷áñÓ»Éáí Ý»ñÏ3Û3óÝ»É 1Çõ3Ý3·Çï3Ï3Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÇ 1Åáõ3ñÇÝ áõ Û3×3Ë 3Ýï»ë3Ý»ÉÇ Ýñμ»ñ3Ý·Ý»ñÁ:

2ÝÏ3Ë Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1Çõ3Ý3·ÇïáõÃÇõÝÁ Û3ñ3μ»ñ3Ï3Ý Ñ3ëÏ3óáõÃÇõÝ ¿:  ́3ÝÝ 3ÛÝ ¿, áñ 13 1⁄2·3ÉÇûñ¿Ý Ï3éáõóáõ»É ¿ ÊáñÑñ13ÛÇÝ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ Ï31ñ3ÛÇÝ åáï»ÝóÇ3ÉÇ íñ3Û: ¿»õ 3ÝÏ3Ë 1Çõ3Ý3·Çïáõû3Ý ùë3Ý ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÝ áõÝ»ó»É ¿ 3ñ»õÙï»3Ý ë÷ÇõéùÇó »Ï3Í »ñÏáõ å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý »õ Ù¿Ï áã å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý 3ñï·áñÍÝ3Ë3ñ3ña ð3ýýÇ ÚáíÑ3ÝÝÇë»3Ý, ì3ñ13Ý úëÏ3Ý»3Ý, ÄÇñ3Ûñ ÈÇå3ñÇï»3Ý, 3Û1áõÑ3Ý1»ñÓ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 2¶Ü-Ý, Ù»Í Ñ3ßáõáí, 3ÙμáÕçáõû3Ý Ù¿ç ß3ñáõÝ3Ï»É ¿ ÙÝ3É ËáñÑñ13ÛÇÝ Î¶ ́-Ç »ñÏñáñ13- Ï3Ý ×ÇõÕ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÁ:

Ü3»õ 13 ¿ Ï3ñ»õáñ å3ï×3éÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÁ, áñ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÝ Çñ ùë3Ý3Ù»3Û 3ñï3ùÇÝ ù3- Õ3ù3Ï3Ý áõÕ»·ÍáõÙ 3Û1å¿ë ¿É ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ3ó»É 1ñë»õáñ»É ÇÝùÝáõñáÛÝáõû3Ý ëÏ1⁄2μáõÝù3ÛÇÝ ÙÇ 3ëïÇ×3Ý, »ñμ Ûëï3Ï ÏÁ ÉÇÝ¿ñ, áñ ·áñÍ áõÝ»Ýù å»ï3Ï3Ý ß3ÑÇÝ ÙÇïáõ3Í é31⁄2Ù3í3- ñáõû3Ý, áã ÿ ÇßË3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ Çõñ3óñ3Í ë»÷3Ï3Ý3ï¿ñ»ñÇ Ë3õÇ 3ÝÓÝ3Ï3Ý ß3Ñ»ñÇ ëå3- ë3ñÏÙ3Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ3óÇ Ñ»ï:

 ́áÉáñáíÇÝ í»ñç»ñë, ûñÇÝ3Ï, Ññ3å3ñ3Ïáõ»ó μ3õ3Ï3Ý Ñ»ï3ùñùÇñ ÙÇ íÇ×3Ï3·- ñáõÃÇõÝ, áñï»Õ å3ïÏ»ñáõ3Í ¿ñ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2¿ÝùÇ í3×3éùÇ í»ñçÇÝ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3ÏÇ å3ïÏ»ñÁ: àõß3·ñ3õ ¿, áñ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2¿Ýù í3×3éáÕ 3é3ç3ï3ñ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ß3ñùáõÙ ¿ÇÝ å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝóÇó »ñ»ùÁ 2äÐ-áõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÝ »Ý, ÇëÏ Ýñ3ÝóÇó »ñ- ÏáõëÁa Ð2äÎ-áõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 13ßÝ3ÏÇóÁ:

ÊûëùÁ èáõë3ëï3ÝÇ, ä»É3éáõëÇ »õ àõùñ3ÝÇ3ÛÇ Ù3ëÇÝ ¿: Üñ3Ýù í»ñçÇÝ ï3ëÝ3Ù»3- ÏáõÙ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2¿ÝùÇ »õ ëå3é31⁄2ÇÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù3ï3Ï3ñ3ñÙ3Ý 3é3ç3ï3ñÝ»ñÝ »Ý: Ð3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 1Çõ3Ý3·ÇïáõÃÇõÝÁ Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñ áõÝÇ 3Û1 μáÉáñ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ: àñ»õ¿ 3Ý·3Ù 3Û1 Ý»ñÏ3Û3óáõóÇãÝ»ñÁ Ùï3Ñá·áõÃÇõÝ 3ñï3Û3Ûï»±É »Ý 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ ëå3é31⁄2ÇÝáõÃÇõÝ- Ý»ñÇ ïñ3Ù31ñÙ3Ý Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ:

úñÇÝ3Ï, àõùñ3ÝÇ3ÛáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1»ëå3Ý 2Ý1ñ3ÝÇÏ Ø3ÝáõÏ»3ÝÁ μáÉáñáíÇÝ í»ñ- ç»ñë Ïáã ¿ñ 3ÝáõÙ Ñ3Û ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ»ï3ùñùñáõ»É àõùñ3ÝÇ3ÛÇ μÇ1⁄2Ý»ë ÙÇç3í3Ûñáí »õ Ý»ñ1ñáõÙÝ»ñ 3Ý»É, ù3ÝÇ áñ 13ßïÁ 1⁄2·3ÉÇûñ¿Ý 31⁄23ï ¿: Ø3ÝáõÏ»3ÝÝ ÇÝùÝ 3ÝÏ3ëÏ3Í Çñ μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÝ»ñáí ûñÇÝ3Ï Í3é3Û3Í ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ Ñ3Û3ëï3ÝóÇ ·áñÍ3ñ3ñÝ»ñÇÝ:  ́3Ûó ãÇ ÛÇßõáõÙ áñ»- õ¿ 1¿åù, áñ 1»ëå3Ý Ø3ÝáõÏ»3ÝÁ àõùñ3ÝÇ3ÛÇ ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý 3é3ç μ3ñÓñ3óñ3Í ÉÇÝ¿ñ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2¿ÝùÇ »õ ëå3é31⁄2ÇÝáõû3Ý í3×3éùÇ ËÝ1ÇñÁ, 3ÛÝ 1¿åùáõÙ, »ñμ 3Û1 1⁄2¿ÝùÝ áõ ëå3é31⁄2ÇÝáõÃÇõÝÝ áõÕÕõáõÙ ¿ 1¿åÇ Ð3Û3ëï3Ý: ÆëÏ 2Ý1ñ3ÝÇÏ Ø3ÝáõÏ»3ÝÁ 3Û1 Ñ3ñóÁ μ3ñÓñ3óÝ»Éáõ Û3ÝÓÝ3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝ »ñμ»õ¿ ëï3ó»±É ¿ oñ»õ3ÝÇó, ÿ oñ»õ3ÝÇó Ý3 ëï3ÝáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ3ÛÝ ë»÷3Ï3Ý μÇ1⁄2Ý»ëÝ»ñÇ »Ï3Ùï3μ»ñáõû3Ý »é3Ùë»3Ï3ÛÇÝ ïáõ»3ÉÝ»ñÁ:

ƱÝã »Ý 3ÝáõÙ  ́»ÉáéáõëáõÙ »õ èáõë3ëï3ÝáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1»ëå3ÝÝ»ñÁ: úñÇÝ3Ï, Ý»ñ- Ï3ÛáõÙ èáõë3ëï3ÝáõÙ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ 1»ëå3Ý úÉ»· oë3Û»3ÝÁ ÙÇÝã 3Û1  ́»ÉáéáõëáõÙ ¿ñ 1»ë- å3Ý: 2ÛÝï»Õ Ý3 ÙÇ3Ý·3Ù3ÛÝ μ3ñ»Û3çáÕ ÉéáõÙ ¿ñ: Àëï »ñ»õáÛÃÇÝ, 3Û1 í3ñå»ï Ééáõû3Ý Ñ3Ù3ñ Ýñ3 ¦é3Ý·Á§ μ3ñÓñ3óñ»óÇÝ »õ ï»Õ3÷áË»óÇÝ ØáëÏáõ3, áñï»Õ Ý3 ÷áË3ñÇÝ»ó ÏáÙåá1⁄2Çïáñ 1»ëå3Ýa íÇñïáõá1⁄2 ÉéáÕ 2ñÙ¿Ý êÙμ3ï»3ÝÇÝ:

Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ ÉéáõÃÇõÝÁ Ë3Ëï»ó 2012 Ãáõ3Ï3ÝÇ  ̧»Ïï»Ùμ»ñÇÝ, »ñμ ØáëÏ- áõ3ÛáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó3õ Ð2äÎ í»Ñ3ÅáÕáíÁ: ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÝ 3ÝÝ3Ë31¿å Ñ3Ù3ñÓ3ÏáõÃ- »3Ùμ Û3Ûï3ñ3ñ»ó, áñ Ð2äÎ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ãå¿ïù ¿ 3Ý»Ý ù3ÛÉ»ñ, áñáÝù Ñ3Ï3ëáõÙ »Ý 13ßÝ3ÏÇó Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ß3ÑÇÝ:

Ø3Ýñ3Ù3ëÝ »õ Ûëï3Ï ã¿ñ ÇÑ3ñÏ¿, μ3Ûó μ3õ3Ï3Ý Ã3÷3ÝóÇÏ áõ å3ñ1⁄2 ¿ñ:  ́3Ûó 3Û1 Û3Û- ï3ñ3ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ ÁÝ13Ù¿ÝÁ ÙÇ ÷áùñ 3ÕÙáõÏ ¿ñ, áñå¿ë1⁄2Ç 3é3õ»É ÁÝ1·ÍáõÇ Ééáõû3Ý ù3Õ3ù3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ: Ú3Ù»Ý3ÛÝ 1¿åë, 1ñ3ÝÇó μ3óÇ, ãÇ ÝÏ3ïõáõÙ áñ»õ¿ é31⁄2Ù3-

12

í3ñ3Ï3Ý áõÕ»·ÇÍ, áñÁ íÏ3ÛÇ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2¿ÝùÇ Ù3ï3Ï3ñ3ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ËÝ1ÇñÁ ù3Õ3- ù3Ï3Ý ûñ3Ï3ñ·Ç Ñ3ñó 13ñÓÝ»Éáõ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ áñ»õ¿ Ýå3ï3Ï31ñÙ3Ý Ù3ëÇÝ:

oÿ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÁ áñ»õ¿ μ3Ý ãÇ å3Ñ3ÝçáõÙ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2ÇÝáÕ Çñ 13ßÝ3ÏÇóÝ»- ñÇó, μÝ3Ï3Ý ¿, áñ áñ»õ¿ μ3Ý ãÇ Ï3ñáÕ å3Ñ3Ýç»É Ý3»õ Æëñ3Û¿ÉÇó, áñÝ 2ïñå¿Û×3ÝÇÝ 1⁄2¿ÝùÇ »õ ëå3é31⁄2ÇÝáõû3Ý ÑÇÙÝ3Ï3Ý Ù3ï3Ï3ñ3ñ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ¿: ÆÝãå¿ë Ý3»õ 3ÛÉ »ñÏñ- Ý»ñÇó, áñáÝù ¦ÉÇóù3õáñáõÙ§ »Ý ä3ùáõÇ é31⁄2Ù3Ï3Ý Ñé»ïáñ3μ3Ýáõû3Ý ¦Ëûë3Ïó3- Ï3Ý Ñ3ßÇõÁ§:

ÀÝ1 áñáõÙ, Û3ïÏ3Ýß3Ï3Ý ¿, áñ 3Û1 Ï3å3Ïóáõû3Ùμ Ñ3ÛÏ3Ï3Ý 1Çõ3Ý3·ÇïáõÃÇõÝÁ ãÇ »ÝÃ3ñÏõáõÙ Ý3»õ Ý»ñùÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ×ÝßÙ3Ý: Ð3Û3ëï3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 13ëÇ Ñ3- Ù3ñ Ï3ñÍ»ë ÿ 3Û1 ËÝ1ÇñÁ »õë ·áÛáõÃÇõÝ ãáõÝÇ, »õ 3Û1 13ëÁ Ñ3Ý·Çëï ÃáÛÉ ¿ ï3ÉÇë, áñ ß3ñáõÝ3ÏáõÇ å3ßïûÝ3Ï3Ý ÉéáõÃÇõÝÝ áõ 3ÛÝ Ë3ËïáõÇ ÁÝ13Ù¿ÝÁ ÉáÏ3É 3ÕÙáõÏáía Ééáõû3Ý ·ÇÝÁ μ3ñÓñ3óÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ:

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2ð2Ø 2 ́ð2Ð2Øo2Ü

Ø»Ýùa Ñ3Û»ñë, ëÇñáõÙ »Ýù ùÝÝ3ñÏ»É ·Éáμ3É Ñ3ñó»ña ¦ëñ3 í»ñçÝ Ç±Ýã ¿ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ§ ß3ñùÇó: 2Û1 í»ñ3ó3Ï3Ý ùÝÝ3ñÏáõÙÝ»ñáõÙ å3ñï31Çñ å¿ïù ¿ ÉÇÝ»Ý ¦é»ÅÇÙ§ »õ ¦ÅáÕá- íáõñ1§ Ñ3ëÏ3óáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù, 2ëïáõ3Í ·Çï¿, ÿ ÇÝã »Ý Çñ3Ï3ÝáõÙ Ýß3Ý3ÏáõÙ: oë, ó3õûù, ã»Ù Ï3ñáÕ3ÝáõÙ μ3ñÓñ3Ý3É 3μëïñ3ÏóÇ3ÛÇ 3Û1 Ù3Ï3ñ13ÏÇ íñ3Û »õ 3Û1 å3ï- ×3éáí Ùï3Ñá·áõ3Í »Ù ÏáÝÏñ»ï Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýóáí »õ ÏáÝÏñ»ï ËÝ1ÇñÝ»ñáí:

oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ 13ë3ËûëÝ»ñÇÝ 31⁄23ï»Ý 3ßË3ï3ÝùÇóa Çñ»Ýó ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý 1Çñ- ùáñáßáõÙÁ Û3ÛïÝ»Éáõ Ñ3Ù3ñ: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ ê»õ3ÝÇ ù3Õ3ù3å»ïÇ Ù3ëÇÝ Çñ Ï3ñÍÇ- ùÁ Û3ÛïÝ3Í ÏÝáçÁ ù3ñß ï3Ý áëïÇÏ3ÝáõÃÇõÝ: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ ÇßË3Ý3Ï3Ý ÃÇÙáõÙ ÉÇ- Ý»Ý ¦ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Å3Ù3Ý3Ï Ó3ÛÝ»ñ μ»ñáÕ§ ïÕ»ñù Ï3Ù ËÙμ»ñ, áñáíÑ»ï»õ Û»ï3- ·3Û 5 ï3ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ3óùáõÙ 3ÛÝ ¦ïÕ»ñùݧ áõ ËÙμ»ñÁ ß3ï Ã3ÝÏ »Ý ÝëïáõÙ å»ïáõû3Ý »õ Ñ»Ýó ÇßË3Ýáõû3Ý íñ3Û: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ ê»ñÅ ê3ñ·ë»3ÝÇ 3ÝáõÝ-31⁄2·3ÝáõÝÁ ·ñáõÇ ÷áùñ3ï3éáí, áñáíÑ»ï»õ Ý3Ëa 1ñ3 Ù¿ç áñ»õ¿ Ñ»ñáë3Ï3ÝáõÃÇõÝ ã»Ù ï»ëÝáõÙ, 13 3Ûëûñ ÙÇ3Ý·3Ù3ÛÝ 3Ýíï3Ý· 1⁄2μ3ÕÙáõÝù ¿, »ñÏñáñ1a 1ñ3ÝÇó á°ã »ñÏñÇó ·Ý3óáÕ Ù3ñ1- Ï3Ýó ÃÇõÝ ¿ å3Ï3ëáõÙ, á°ã ¿É ÏáéáõåóÇ3Ý: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ ÂáËÙ3ËÇ ØÑ»ñÁ Ï3Ù ÞÙ3ÛëÁ ÉÇÝ»Ý å3ï·3Ù3õáñÝ»ña 1⁄2μ3Õ»óÝ»Éáí 3õ»ÉÇ ·ñ3·¿ï »õ 3õ»ÉÇ μ3ÝÇÙ3ó Ù3ñ1- Ï3Ýó ï»ÕÁ: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ êáõñÇÏ Ê3ã3ïñ»3ÝÁ ÉÇÝÇ Ù3ñ1⁄2å»ï, áñáíÑ»ï»õ Ñ»Ýó ÝÙ3Ý Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó å3ï×3éáí »Ý 13ï3ñÏõáõÙ Ù»ñ ù3Õ3ùÝ»ñÝ áõ ·ÇõÕ»ñÁ: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ ÙÇ Ã»ÏÝ3ÍáõÇ ÏáÕÙÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ÙÇõë ûÏÝ3ÍáõÇ ÏáÕÙÝ3ÏÇóÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ3Ù3ñ»Ý ÃßÝ3ÙÇ, ë31ñÇã, Í3Ëáõ3Í »õ 3ÛÉÝ: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ Ññ3å3ñ3ÏÝ»ñáõÙ Ï31⁄2Ùáõ»Ý ¦åñáëÏñÇåóÇ- áݧ óáõó3ÏÝ»ña 3ÛÝ Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó, áíù»ñ ¦ÅáÕáíñ1ǧ Ñ»ï ã¿ÇÝ »õ ¦é»ÅÇÙǧ 1¿Ù ã¿ÇÝ å3Û- ù3ñáõÙ: oë ã»Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ ¦ëïáõ»ñ3ÛÇݧ, ÇëÏ 3ÛÝáõÑ»ï»õa ÁÝ11ÇÙáõû3Ý Û3ÕÃ3Ý3ÏÇ 1¿åùáõÙ ¦Éáõë3õáñ§ Ï3é3í3ñáõû3Ý Ï31⁄2ÙÇ Ù¿ç ÉÇÝ»Ý Ù3ñ1ÇÏ, áñáÝù 3é3õ»É μ3ñÓñ »Ý ·áéáõÙ Ñ3Ýñ3Ñ3õ3ùÝ»ñáõÙ. 1ñ3 ÷áñÓÁ Ù»Ýù Ù3ë3Ùμ áõÝ»Ýùa 1988-Ç Þ3ñÅáõÙÇó Û»ïáÛ: oë áõ1⁄2áõÙ »Ù, áñ îÇ·ñ3Ý 2é3ù»É»3ÝÁ 1áõñë ·3Û μ3ÝïÇó: ì»ñç3å¿ë, »ë ß3ï »Ù áõ1⁄2áõÙ, áñ Ù»ñ μáÉáñ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÁ ·áÝ¿ ÙÇ ùÇã ÝÙ3Ý ÉÇÝ»Ý ïÇÏÇÝ 2Ý3ÑÇï  ́3Ëß- »3ÝÇÝ:

2Û1 3Ù»ÝÇÝ ù3Õ3ù3Ï3Ý3óáõ3Í »õ í»ñ3ó3Ï3Ý Ùï3ÍáÕáõû3Ý μ3ñÓáõÝùÝ»ñÁ Ýáõ3×3Í ÇÙ Ñ3Ûñ»Ý3ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ÏÁ å3ï3ëË3Ý»Ý. ¦2Ù¿Ý ÇÝã É3õ ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ, »ñμ ÅáÕáíáõñ1Á ï3å3ÉÇ é»ÅÇÙÁ§: Þ3ï ÑÝ3ñ3õáñ ¿: Ðñ3ß3ÉÇ ÏÁ ÉÇÝ¿ñ, áñ ¦ÅáÕáíñ1ǧ »õ ¦é»ÅÇÙǧ 3Û1 (Ûáõëáí »Ùa Ë3Õ3Õ) Ùñó3Ù3ñïÇó Û»ïáÛ Ð3Û3ëï3ÝáõÙ μ3ñ»Ï»óÇÏ »õ »ñç3ÝÇÏ Ï»3Ýù ëÏëáõ¿ñ:  ́3Ûó ã»Ù Ï3ñÍáõÙ, áñ 3ÛÝ ÏÁ ÉÇÝÇ Ï3ï3ñ»É3å¿ë »ñç3ÝÇÏ, 3ÛÝù3Ý »ñç3ÝÇÏ, áñ 13ñÓ»3É å¿ïù ãÉÇÝÇ Ùï3Í»É ÏáÝÏñ»ï Ù3ñ1Ï3Ýó »õ ÏáÝÏñ»ï »ñ»õáÛÃÝ»ñÇ Ù3ëÇÝ:

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13

Կոտրել Պատեանը ԲԱԳՐԱՏ ԷՍԴՈՒՔԵԱՆ

«Ակօս»ի հայերէն էջերու խմբագիր Սարգիս Սերովբեան Լիբանանէն հաղորդուող «Վանա Ձայն» ռատիօկայանին տուած իր հարցազրոյցին ընթացքին կ՛ըսէ, թէ «այսօր պոլսահայութիւնը դէմ յանդիման կանգնած է բազմաթիւ հարցերու, որոնց մէջ առաջին տեղը կը գրաւէ քաղաքացիական արիութիւն ցոյց տալը...»:

«Քաղաքացիական արիութիւն». Հասկացողութիւն մը, որմէ առհասարակ ետ կեցած ենք: Ընդհակառակը թելադրած են մեր հաւաքականութեան խորհրդատուները: Անոնք փորձուելով բազմաթիւ փորձանքներէ՝ ամբողջ հանրապետութեան շրջանին ապահով գտան հաստ պատեանի մը մէջ գոյատեւելը: Կարծեցին, որ այդ պատեանին մէջ անտեսանելի մնալով՝ աւելի քիչ կը վնասուինք: Հետեւանքը ցոյց տուաւ, որ բնազդաբար մեր վրայ քաշուած այդ պատեանը այնքան ալ ապահով չէր: Չէր՝ քանի որ իշխանութեան չար միտքը գիտէր, թէ ի՛նչ կար այդ պատեանին տակ, եւ ամէն առիթով կը փորձէր վնաս հասցնել անոր տակ ապաստանածներուն:

Այդ վնասները մեզի հասան նախ՝ քաղաքական միտքի սնանկացումով, ապա վրայ հասաւ իբրեւ թէ պատեանին տակ մեզ պահպանել ջանացածներուն կորուստը: Օրինակի համար, հայախօսութենէ դադրեցանք այդ պատեանին տակ: Մեր տոհմին յատուկ անուններէն հրաժարեցանք այդ պատեանին տակ: Այն, ինչ պահել, խնայել պիտի ջանայինք, մի առ մի կորսնցուցինք: Մեր դպրոցները, աշակերտը յաճախորդ կարծելով եւ աւելի շատ յաճախորդ ունենալու մարմաջով՝ կորսնցուցին իրենց առաքելութիւնը: Նոյնը ըրին մեր եկեղեցիները իրենց հօտերուն նկատմամբ:

Այս բոլորին մէջ խանգարուեցաւ նաեւ հայ ընտանիքի աւանդական հասկացողութիւնը: Նման այլասերում մը ինքնաբերաբար պիտի բերէր արտագաղթի ախտը, որ կրկնակիօրէն վնասեց պատեանին տակ պահուըտած հաւաքականութիւնը: Եւ որովհետեւ թանձր էր մեզ պատող պատեանը՝ աշխարհը ընկալեցինք իր մէջ միայն: Չնկատեցինք, որ դուրսը ինչե՜ր կ՛անցնին, կը դառնան: Թէեւ գտնուեցան պատեանին արտաքինով հետաքրքրուող մարդիկ, բայց անոնք ալ այդ հետաքրքրութեամբ մատնուեցան դուրսի հոսանքին եւ լքեցին պատեանը:

Վերջին քսան տարիներուն, մեր հաւաքականութեան կարեւոր մէկ մասը պատեանէն դուրս կու գայ, առանց հոն մնացածներուն հետ իր կապը խզելու: Այս վերջինները կարելի է «պահանջատէրեր» անուանել: Անոնք հաշիւ ունին դուրսիններուն հետ: Եւ քանի զօրեղ կ՛ելլէ իրենց ձայնը, նոյն համեմատութեամբ արձագանգ կը գտնեն դուրսի լայն աշխարհէն: Սերովբեանի «քաղաքացիական արիութիւն» կոչածը՝ ահա ա՛յդ պահանջատիրութիւնն է, որուն պատճառաւ կարելի է վնասներ կրել, բայց անկարելի է ոչնչանալ:

Մենք, հազիւ մեր գլուխները պատեանէն դուրս հանած՝ տեսանք, թէ բաւական հաշիւներ ունինք դուրսը: Նախ եւ առաջ, ունինք 90 տարուան կորսուած քոյրեր ու եղբայրներ, որոնք այդքան տարիներ մեզ կը փնտռէին ու չէին կրնար հաղորդակցիլ, պարզապէս՝ մեզ պատող անթափանց պատեանին պատճառաւ: Հիմա որ մենք դուրս եկած ենք, ունեցանք իրենց հետ հաղորդուելու բախտը, բայց ափսոս, որ դեռ պատեանին մէջ կան շա՜տ շատեր, որոնք ի գին մեր ապահովութեան՝ կառչած են մեր ոտքերուն եւ խորհուրդ կու տան, որ շատ ալ չբացուինք: Գիտենք, որ աւելի վտանգաւոր է պատեանին տակ օրըստօրէ նուազիլ, ոչնչանալ, քան դուրս գալով՝ քաղաքացիական արիութեան հետեւանքով վնասուիլ:

Նախընտրեցինք կեղեւի մէջ փճացող ընկոյզ մը ըլլալու փոխարէն՝ համեղ ուտեստ մը ըլլալ:

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PALM SUNDAY

Palm Sunday is the day we remember the "triumphal entry" of Jesus into Jerusalem, exactly one week before His resurrection (Matthew 21:1-11). Some 450-500 years earlier, the Prophet Zechariah had prophesied, "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; He is just and having salvation, Lowly and riding on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey” (Zechariah 9:9). Matthew 21:7-9 records the fulfillment of that prophecy: "They brought the donkey and the colt, laid their clothes on them, and set Him on them. And a very great multitude spread their clothes on the road; others cut down branches from the trees and spread them on the road. Then the multitudes who went before and those who followed cried out, saying: ‘Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD!’ Hosanna in the highest!’” This event took place on the Sunday before Jesus' crucifixion.

In remembrance of this event, we celebrate Palm Sunday. It is referred to as Palm Sunday because of the palm branches that were laid on the road as Jesus rode the donkey into Jerusalem. Palm Sunday was the fulfillment of the Prophet Daniel's "seventy sevens" prophecy: " Know therefore and understand, That from the going forth of the command To restore and build Jerusalem Until Messiah the Prince, There shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks; The street shall be built again, and the wall, Even in troublesome times" (Daniel 9:25). John 1:11 tells us, "He (Jesus) came to His own, and His own did not receive Him." The same crowds that were crying out "Hosanna" were crying out "crucify Him" five days later (Matthew 27:22-23).

Matthew 21:1-11: Jesus sent two disciples, 2 saying to them, “Go into the village in front of you, and immediately you will find a donkey tied, and a colt with her. Untie them and bring them to me. 3 If anyone says anything to you, you shall say, ‘The Lord needs them,’ and he will send them at once.”

Zechariah 9:9:Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout aloud, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your king is coming to you; righteous and having salvation is he, humble and mounted on a donkey on a colt, the foal of a donkey.

Matthew 21:7-9:They brought the donkey and the colt and put on them their cloaks, and he sat on them. 8 Most of the crowd spread their cloaks on the road, and others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road. 9 And the crowds that went before him and that followed him were shouting, “Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!”

Daniel 9:25:Know therefore and understand that from the going out of the word to restore and build Jerusalem to the coming of an anointed one, a prince, there shall be seven weeks. Then for sixty-two weeks it shall be built again with squares and moat, but in a troubled time.

John 1:11: He came to his own, and his own people did not receive him.

Matthew 21:1-11: Pilate said to them, “Then what shall I do with Jesus who is called Christ?” They all said, “Let him be crucified!” 23 And he said, “Why, what evil has he done?” But they shouted all the more, “Let him be crucified!”

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Below is the full text of a speech delivered by Armenian Weekly columnist Ayse Gunaysu during a panel discussion at the Grotowski

About author

Ayse Gunaysu

Institute in Wroclaw, Poland, on Nov. 10.

Ayse Gunaysu is a professional translator, human rights advocate, and feminist. She has been a member of the Committee Against Racism and Discrimination of the Human Rights Association of Turkey (Istanbul branch) since 1995, and was a columnist in a pro-Kurdish daily from 2005–07. Since 2008, she writes a bi-weekly column, titled "Letters from Istanbul,"

for the Armenian Weekly.

A scene from the panel discussion

I thank the Grotowski Institute for inviting me, and for their generous hospitality. And I thank you, dear audience, for taking the time and coming to listen to us. I feel privileged to be here with you.

I’m a Muslim Turk by birth. In other words, a descendant of the perpetrators of the Genocide of Ottoman Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. I’m not a historian, nor a scholar, or a writer. Just a human rights activist. So I can only share with you my feelings and my views about post-genocidal Turkey.

Now, I ask you to imagine that I am a German woman, coming from Germany.

But imagine that Germany was not defeated in the World War II; that, on the contrary, it was victorious and, therefore, not caught red-handed in the crimes it committed: The world never had the chance to see the film footage of the gas chambers and the heaps of dead bodies. And imagine that Germany used all of the technology and industrial power it had to cover up and deny the Holocaust. Imagine that the Holocaust/Shoah is denied in Germany officially, publicly, socially, and culturally, in every sense.

Of course, denial is not only saying, “No, that did not happen”; imagine that the whole state apparatus and the social life are organized around this denial. Text books, the mainstream media, academia, civil society, the internet–all say the same thing, trying to justify the extermination of the Jews and others. They say it was not without reason. That it was inevitable. That it was for the survival of their nation. Moreover, that it was not they who butchered the Jews, that the Jews butchered us.

Imagine that museums, encyclopedias, and exhibitions in Germany all told these lies. And, what’s much more terrible, that almost all of the German people believed the government wholeheartedly, never doubting what they were told.

Imagine that the remaining Jews are targeted by German racists, and hate speech against Jews is a normal occurrence in Germany.

With such a Germany, and such a denial of the Holocaust, would Europe be the same? Would Poland be the same? Would there be a Grotowski Institute?

I asked you to imagine this to once again think about how the denial of a genocide can change life itself.

In such a scenario, objective reality means nothing. Just nothing. Objective reality doesn’t count at all. What determines life is the subjective reality, that is, what people sincerely believe.

This is exactly the case with Turkey in the context of the Armenians and the Armenian Genocide. This is the Turkey that I come from.

Recognition, repentance, humility, and feeling shame makes one a human. In the absence of this, a people, a country, is liable to commit new crimes, to normalize violence, to in fact make violence a way of life. This is the case with Turkey. In the absence of these emotions, there is no room for a sort of catharsis, repentance, or cleaning oneself of guilt. This has been the case with Turkey since the genocide. And successive governments have committed, and continue to commit, new crimes.

Now a few words about me. I hope my story will offer some kind of insight into the reality of Turkey. I was a Marxist-Leninist, a Communist, a secret member of the outlawed Communist Party of Turkey between 1970-85.

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We were devoted anti-imperialists, particularly anti-American. For us, Turkey was under imperialist oppression and exploitation. So national independence for our country was one of our top priorities. In other words, the “evil” was outside of us. We didn’t see the evil within our country. The enemy was far away; so cursing and shouting slogans against the far-away enemy was much easier and more convenient than fighting the evil right beside us. Despite our outspoken internationalism, we were surely nationalists without being aware of it.

We were anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist, believing in class struggle, but we became anti-fascist only after the para-military, government-backed ultra-nationalist mobs started to kill us in the streets, in our homes, in factories, and at schools in the late 1970’s.

But fascism was for us an anti-communist movement. We never awoke to see that fascists were racist Turks, as well, reflecting the racist essence of the Turkish state, the extension of the genocidal Ottoman Empire.

Oh yes, we, the Turkish left, were undoubtedly, surely, and vehemently anti-racist.

But which racism? The racism in the United States and in South Africa, which were far away from us. Racism had nothing to do with our country! We were totally blind to the very racist environment we were living in. Denial of the genocide, hate speech directed against Armenians and non-Muslims in general, discrimination, portraying non-Muslims as potential traitors, these were all around us, and yet we didn’t see it! We were like fish living in a sea of racism without being aware of it.

Our blindness was so great that we didn’t even think of campaigning against the Nazi-like “oath” children were made to chant every morning at school. Generations of children started (and are starting today) classes every morning with that “oath,” chanted together as loud as they can–that we are proud of being Turks and we are ready to sacrifice our own existence for the sake of the existence of Turkishness! Every morning! Together with a handful of our non-Turkish and non-Muslim classmates: Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Kurds!

This has gone on and on for decades. None of our “international,” Marxist-Leninist selfless comrades, including myself, initiated a campaign against this Nazi-like practice at schools.

OK, we were “internationalists.” But what kind of an internationalism was it?

We would give our lives for the national liberation wars in Africa and Asia. We sang Latin American revolutionaries’ songs, memorized their slogans, shed tears for Angola. But we were unaware of what was happening under our nose. We knew nothing and said nothing about the Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians– tiny communities, the children of genocide victims doomed to live in a racist environment. And we knew nothing of the Kurds in Kurdish provinces who were subjected to different legislation, under a permanent state of emergency law.

We were masters of the history of the Soviet Communist Party, knew every detail anpit Trotsky’s fight against Stalin, the history of the Vietnamese fight against America, but we didn’t know the true history of our own country. But why?

Because of a very successful disinformation and manipulation of the Turkish republic’s founding ideology and the founding myths. The history re-written by the Kemalist leadership, in a totally misleading way. Let’s not go into details; it will take a lot of time.

What happened to Turkey after 1915? Turkey found no peace after, no real democracy, no real development. The once-developed and urban Western Armenia, with its colleges, theaters, and rich cultural life, became a barren land, a land of blood and tears. Kurdish uprisings followed one another, repressed with huge bloodshed and forced displacements.

Military interventions also followed one another. The one in 1980 was a disaster. Tens of thousands of people were jailed, unimaginable methods of torture were used, many died in prison, and 36 people were executed. Despite a formal restoration of democratic institutions, the constitution in force today is essentially the constitution adopted by the military rule.

Now a war is going on in the southeast of Turkey, in historical Western Armenia and Kurdistan. It is estimated that 50,000 people have died, most of them Kurds. Currently 10,000 Kurdish human rights activists, municipal workers, politicians, and citizens engaged in a totally peaceful struggle are in jail. And a massive hunger strike is under way.

Genocide denial is the destruction of all collective values, all ethics, sense of justice–in brief, the hearts and minds of the entire nation.

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You may hear that things are changing in Turkey regarding the Armenian “issue,” as they say. Yes, but very slowly, very irregularly, and very disappointingly.

Thank you for listening to me.

Will Pope Francis Repeat Cardinal Bergoglio’s Words on the Genocide?

By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier

Shortly after Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio became Pope Francis I, Armenian and Turkish media outlets rushed to inform their audiences that the Argentinean Archbishop had acknowledged the Armenian Genocide on a number of occasions.

When Catholicos Karekin II visited Buenos Aires on April 23, 2004, Cardinal Bergoglio joined him in an ecumenical liturgy and spoke during the commemoration of the victims of the Armenian Genocide. The Cardinal stated: "We are united in grief over a genocide -- the first of the 20th century -- a genocide that powerful empires seek to silence and cover up by all means."

Last week, in his congratulatory letter to Pope Francis I, Karekin II "fondly remembered" their joint meetings and prayers in Argentina, and praised the Catholic Pontiff "as a courageous, wise, and righteous shepherd." The Catholicos recalled Cardinal Bergoglio’s "sincere affection toward the Armenian people," adding: "We gladly confirm that the historical relationship between our churches is marked by fraternal warmth. We greatly value the progress registered by our churches as a result of collaborative efforts undertaken during the pontificates of ourselves and our predecessors. This has been manifested during mutual visits and elaborated through a multitude of educational and charitable programs."

On April 22, 2006, during a program commemorating the 91st anniversary of the Armenian Genocide in Buenos Aires, Cardinal Bergoglio urged Turkey to unconditionally recognize the Armenian Genocide as the "gravest crime of Ottoman Turkey against the Armenian people and the entire humanity."

More recently, in 2011, after an Argentinean Federal Court found Turkey guilty of committing genocide against Armenians in response to a lawsuit filed by survivor Krikor Hairabedian, Cardinal Bergoglio issued a statement condemning "the abominable crime of genocide that the Turkish state committed against the Armenian people between 1915 and 1923."

Both Armenians and Turks are now wondering if in his new capacity Pope Francis I will repeat the words he uttered as Cardinal Bergoglio. Armenians are delighted that a close friend of their community in Argentina has been elected to lead the Catholic Church. Meanwhile, the Turkish press has expressed great concern that "the new Pope could be influenced by [Armenian] lobbying groups."

Now that he has ascended to the highest office of the Roman Church, no one really knows what position Pope Francis would take on Armenian issues. One must remember that the Pontiff has two distinct functions as head of the Catholic Church and the sovereign city-state of Vatican. In other words, he is both a spiritual leader and head of state. Hence, depending on the issue, he may not necessarily express the views he held as Cardinal Bergoglio. At times, he may assume positions on political matters that diverge from his personal views and coincide with Vatican’s more worldly interests. As head of the Vatican state, the Pope may be forced to act as any other politician, such as Pres. Obama, who said one thing before the election and changed his tune afterward. However, as the spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and a man of strong moral values, the Pope cannot simply ignore or contradict his deeply held convictions.

Realizing that all Popes are not alike, it may be useful to review recent papal pronouncements on the Armenian Genocide. Pope John Paul II, on two occasions, used the term Armenian Genocide -- on November 9, 2000 and September 27, 2001. However, unlike his predecessor, Pope Benedict XVI refrained from using that term, preferring to qualify the Genocide as "martyrdom" and "unspeakable suffering."

In the case of Pope Francis I, there is no need for Armenians to insist that he use the term Armenian Genocide; as the Vatican has twice acknowledged the Armenian Genocide. Thus, no purpose is served by demanding that every new Pope reaffirm the facts of the Armenian Genocide all over again. It is important,

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however, that Pope Francis I not retreat from his earlier position on the Armenian Genocide; substitutes and euphemisms would not be appropriate.

Given the Vatican’s positive record on the Armenian Genocide, it would be best to go beyond this issue and look for other areas in which the Pontiff could be supportive, such as pressing for the security of Armenians and other Christians in Syria. Efforts should also be made to strengthen the existing amicable ties between the Armenian Apostolic and Catholic churches, and friendly relations between the Vatican State and the Republic of Armenia.

Armenian Constitutional Court Rejects Hovannisian’s Election Appeals President Sarkisian Rules Out Visiting with Raffi Hovannisian in Liberty Square

President Serzh Sarkissian meets the representatives of Armenian media

YEREV AN — Armenia’ s Constitutional Court on Thursday rejected opposition leader Raffi Hovannisian’s and another candidate’s demands to invalidate the official results of the February 18 presidential election that gave victory to incumbent President Serzh Sarkisian.

In a 34-page verdict read out by its chairman, Gagik Harutiunian, the court upheld the decision by Armenia’ s Central Election Commission, which said there were no legal violations during the vote.

It also rejected Hovannisian’ s separate demand to declare him the rightful winner of the vote, saying that the leader of the opposition Zharangutyun (Heritage) party failed to present any compelling evidence in support of that claim.

The Constitutional Court scrapped the official vote tally in only one of Armenia’s 1,988 electoral precincts where two local observers claimed to have witnessed large-scale ballot stuffing by government loyalists. The precinct covers part of Artashat, a town 30 kilometers south of Yerevan notorious for election-related violence and other violations. The number of voters living there is too small to have any impact on the overall election outcome.

According to the Central Election Commission (CEC), Sarkisian won reelection outright with 58.6 percent of the vote, while Hovannisian finished second with around 37 percent.

The panel of nine judges at the same recognized widespread public distrust in official vote results. In a carefully-worded sentence, it blamed this on the “merger of political, economic and administrative resources” in Armenia.

Tigran Mukuchian, the pro-government chairman of the CEC, welcomed the widely anticipated ruling. He said the court highlighted “baseless judgments and evaluations” made by the opposition candidates.

Zaruhi Postanjian, one of Hovannisian’s legal representatives, condemned the decision, accusing Armenia’s highest court of “sponsoring” Sarkisian. She also said that the Hovannisian campaign plans to organize alternative “court hearings” on the election at Liberty Square, the main venue of the opposition leader’s post-election protests.

Hovannisian, who has been on a hunger strike in the Square since Sunday, is set to continue his protest until Inauguration Day, April 9, warning that President Sarkisian will be sworn in only on his, Hovannisian’s, “dead body”.

Sarkisian Rejects Dialogue with Hovannisian

On Monday President Serzh Sarkisian held a meeting with journalists and criticized Raffi Hovannisian for disputing the legitimacy of his reelection and claiming to represent most Armenians, saying that only a tiny segment of the country’s population is participating in demonstrations organized by his main election challenger. Sarkisian also voiced skepticism over possible dialogue with Hovannisian.

“When they say that the people are out in the streets it sounds very strange to me,” he told a rare news conference organized for a limited number of broadcast media outlets. “On average, only 3,000 people participate in these rallies taking place in Liberty Square ... Even if the opinion of every person matters to us, 3,000 people account for only 0.1 percent of our citizens.”

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Sarkisian claimed that Levon Ter-Petrosian, the main opposition candidate in the 2008 presidential election, rallied ten times as many people in the same venue when challenging official vote results, despite getting fewer votes than Hovannisian. The latter has therefore no right to speak on behalf of the nation, he said.

Hovannisian has repeatedly urged the incumbent to recognize “the people’s victory” in the ballot and “return power to the people” by leaving office. He went on hunger strike over a week ago to continue pressing those demands. The U.S.-born oppositionist, who remains camped out in Liberty Square, has also demanded that Sarkisian visit and talk to him.

Sarkisian ruled out the possibility of such a visit, however. “I’m asking myself: what should I talk with Raffi Hovannisian about? What should I negotiate on with a man who is bitter at the world and has been hungry for eight days?” he said.

“If I were to go [to the square] I would do that for one purpose: to once again urge and ask Raffi Hovannisian to end the hunger strike and choose other methods of struggle. I’m doing it now,” he said.

“But you know, there is aother very important circumstance: I don’t know the purpose for which Raffi Hovannisian went on hunger strike,” added Sarkisian.

Circle of Friendship with Karabakh Republic Formed in French National Assembly

PARIS -- A group of municipalities, members of the French National Assembly and Senate, who represent France’s major political forces, announced the formation of Circle of Friendship with Nagorno Karabakh Republic (NKR).

They made a special statement appreciating the consistent efforts of the NKR people and authorities to build free and democratic society, calling for an end to the NKR’s political isolation and expressing support to the NKR people's right of self-determination.

"Assuming as a basis the absolute significance of the liberty and democratic values stated in the General Declaration on Human Rights, supporting the right to self-determination of all the peoples including the people of Nagorno Karabakh – Artsakh, and being confident that the international isolation of the Artsakh people does not contribute to the dialogue of the peoples and steadfast peace, we – political figures, deputies, and senators of the French Republic, declare about the creation of friendship circle with Artsakh." Reads the statement.

The Circle members are Deputy Mayor of Marseille Roland Blum, Mayor of Vienne Jacques Remiller, MPs Valérie Boyer, René Rouquet, Guy Teissier, François Rochebloine, senators Sophie Zhuassen, Philippe Marini, Bernard Fournier as well as former MPs Georges Colombier and Richard Malia.

Chess: Armenia’s Aronian Leads in Candidates Tournament

LONDON -- Grandmaster Levon Aronian is a sole leader at the World Chess Candidates Tournament after three rounds of play in the competition being held in London, UK.

Armenia’s top chess player has 2 1⁄2 points, half a point clear of the next rival, after registering two wins and one

draw.

So far, Aronian has beaten Boris Gelfand (Israel) and Vassily Ivanchuk (Ukraine), tying the game with FIDE’s current number one Magnus Carlsen (Norway).

The tournament brings together the world’s eight strongest players seeking the right to challenge the current titleholder, Viswanathan Anand from India, later this year.

The competition scheduled to run through April 1. On Tuesday Aronian is scheduled to play second-placed Peter Svidler from Russia.

Official website: london2013.fide.com

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Armenians Salute the Election of

New Pope Francis

Argentina’s Armenian community has welcomed the election of Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio as new Pope. The community members have stated that Archbishop Bergoglio has always been in friendly ties with them and participated in different events dedicated to the Armenian Genocide and served a liturgy in memory of Genocide victims during the visit of His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians.

Seven years ago the archbishop publicly demanded that Turkey admit the Ottoman-era Genocide of Armenians.

The Vatican used the term genocide to describe the massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in an official communiqué in 2000, under Pope John Paul II.

Bergoglio was elected Pope in a surprise choice on Wednesday, taking the name Francis I and becoming the first non-European pontiff in nearly 1,300 years.

President Serzh Sarkisian and Catholicos Karekin II on Thursday congratulated the new Pope Francis I on being elected as the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, expressing hope that its links with Armenia will strengthen during his pontificate.

“We pray that the Lord will grant to Your Holiness a most fruitful pontificate blessed with many ever-lasting accomplishments for the glory of God and the splendor of the Church of Christ,” the supreme head of the Armenian Apostolic Church wrote in his letter.

Karekin II “fondly” recalled his meetings and joint prayers with Bergoglio during a 2004 visit to Argentina, saying that he got to know “a courageous, wise, and just Church Leader.” “ We are happy to avow Your sincere love and affection shown towards the Armenian people,” he said.

Karekin II also said he hopes Francis will build on “significant progress” in relations between the Armenian and Catholic Churches. “It is our prayer that our cooperative efforts will continue to grow into the future and that the relations between our two sister Churches will blossom with new achievements for the sake of meeting the challenges facing humanity,” he wrote.

In a separate message, Sarkisian expressed confidence that Pope Francis will spread his “merciful influence” all over the world. He said the Armenian government expects that its “fruitful cooperation” with the Vatican “will continue deepening and developing in the same spirit.”

Azerbaijan Repatriates Armenians

YEREVAN -- Two residents of Armenian border villages who crossed into Azerbaijan in unclear circumstances over the weekend were freed and sent back home by Azerbaijani authorities on Wednesday.

The repatriation facilitated by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) took place at the westernmost section of the heavily militarized Armenian-Azerbaijani border.

Mnatsakan Karian, an 86-year-old resident of Dovegh village in Armenia’s northern Tavush province, crossed the frontier on Saturday. Anahit Arakelian, a 48-year-old woman from a nearby village, did the same on Sunday.

The reasons for the crossings remain unclear. Military authorities in Yerevan have not yet commented on those incidents.

Both Karian and Arakelian were detained immediately after entering Azerbaijan. The ICRC said its representatives visited them “in order to assess their treatment and conditions of internment.”

“Acting as a neutral intermediary and in accordance with its mandate, the ICRC facilitated this repatriation in conjunction with the Azerbaijani and Armenian authorities,” read a statement by the Red Cross. “The internees had previously confirmed to ICRC delegates that both were returning of their own free will.”

Throughout the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, civilian residents of Armenian and Azerbaijani settlements located close to the frontier have occasionally crossed it, usually because of going astray. In one such example, an Azerbaijani villager crossed into Tavush last November and was repatriated two weeks later.

Manvel Saribekian, a 20-year-old Armenian civilian, met a more tragic fate. Saribekian was found hanged in an Azerbaijani prison cell three weeks after being detained by Azerbaijani border troops in September 2010.

The Azerbaijani government said he committed suicide, a claim strongly denied by the Armenian authorities. They said Saribekian was brutally tortured and murdered in Azerbaijani custody.

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Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian:

Baku ‘Only Responsible’ for Lack of Progress in Karabakh Settlement

YEREVAN -- Armenian Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian has called Azerbaijan the only party responsible for the lack of progress in the Karabakh peace process answering criticism voiced by the neighboring state’s leader on Tuesday.

In comments made to News.am, Armenia’s top diplomat said authorities in Baku are themselves to blame for the unchanging status quo and the international community is well aware of this.

“If Azerbaijan is, in fact, interested in a status quo change, it should have given consent to the proposals of the [OSCE Minsk Group] Co-Chairs instead of rejecting them over the last few years,” said Nalbandian.

In a speech made on the occasion of Nowruz on March 19 Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev accused Armenia of assuming a ‘non-constructive’ position in the settlement of the Karabakh conflict, insisting that Yerevan is interested in the maintenance of the status quo.

He also contended that while Azerbaijan was getting stronger from year to year, Armenia was getting weaker due to its isolation from major regional projects – a policy that he said Azerbaijan will continue to pursue in the future as well.

In this regard, the Armenian foreign minister stressed that the difference between Azerbaijan and Armenia is indeed “huge”. He said that while Azerbaijan is strengthening an authoritarian regime, Armenia is strengthening democracy.

“It is clearly seen in the assessments and rankings issued by international agencies,” he said.

“In Azerbaijan they think they can buy reputation, friends, and erect monuments, push forward questionable resolutions and present this to the Azerbaijani society as an achievement and as proof of high reputation. It is not the money and caviar that helps build international reputation. We have recently witnessed what happened to no less rich and self-confident authoritarian regimes,” concluded Nalbandian.

Erdogan’s Refusal to Learn the Lessons of Crimes Against Humanity

By Hrayr S. Karagueuzian

Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, speaking at the 5th Global Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) in Vienna on February 27, 2013 said: “The world should consider Islamophobia just like Zionism or anti-Semitism or fascism, a crime against humanity.” The PM had already expressed in the past his anger with Israeli policies in blunt terms at World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland in 2009, when he suddenly stormed off the stage at the mid of a heated discussion of Israel’s Gaza offensive and after telling President Shimon Peres: “When it comes to killing, you know well how

to kill.” The irony behind these two dark and irresponsible condemnations is that Mr. Erdogan’s own

government continues to uphold a policy in today’s Turkey that is precisely based not only on crimes against humanity but also on the legacy of the art of mass killings. Indeed, “crime against humanity” was first used in history on May 24, 1915 when the British, French and Russian Allies in a joint declaration condemned the Turkish authorities for the planning and the implementation of the wholesale massacres of Armenians in Turkey. The declaration reads in part: “In view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization... the Allied governments announce publicly ...that they will hold personally responsible all members of the Ottoman government and those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres. The adjective “new” appended to the words “crimes of Turkey” goes beyond the present and establishes a legacy of mass murders in the past. That legacy seems to well and alive in Turkey today. The Turkish PM may well know that the International Criminal Court on March 2009 ordered the arrest of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir of Sudan, a good friend and ally of Erdogan (see attached photo), charging him with war crimes and crimes against humanity for a

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concerted government campaign against civilians in the Darfur region of Sudan. More than 2.5 million people have been chased from their homes and 300,000 have died in a conflict pitting non-Arab rebel groups against the Arab-dominated Islamic government and militias of President al Bashir. It seems for the PM that when a crime against humanity is committed by a Muslim country it is not a crime, however, it becomes a crime only in the case of the non-Muslims.

As for the art of mass killings, history has consistently shown that the Ittihadist regime (the party that controlled the Turkish Empire during WWI) continued what the Ottoman Sultanate did previously and the Kemalist’s “Death Squads” thereafter which became known as “finishing the genocide.” Starting 1930s and up to now the Armenophobia, and the systematic massacres of the Kurds continued of which the Dersim tragedy is just now being articulated. The legacy of brutality with which these acts of mass killings were committed during the Kemalist phase captured the attention of the post- WWI British High Commissioner in Constantinople, who included in his London report the following:

“The Turks have an expression, “yavash–yavash,” which means to go slowly. That is how clearing Trebizond of its remaining Christian population is being managed.... Now they are going after the little boys. It used to be conscription that was invoked as an excuse to take the men. When they got down to deporting the boys from 15–18, the Turks said it was to give them preliminary training. Now—as I write— they are making a new visitation of the angel of death in Greek homes, and seizing boys from 11 to 14. The poor little kiddies are gathered together like cattle, and driven through the streets to the Government House, where they are put in filthy dungeons half underground. One could not believe this was possible.”1

More so, one can not believe the audacity of the Turkish PM to preach civility and condemnation of crimes against humanity at international forums at a time when his own government continues to enforce the infamous Article 301 that bans Turkish citizens’ to expose their Armenian ancestry. Violators of Article 301 are charged with “insulting Turkishness” and become liable for prosecution, forced exile, jail terms, and even assassination as in the case of the Turkish-Armenian editor and journalist Hrant Dink in front of his office on January 19, 2007. Turkish and international news media did not dismiss the planning of the assassination by the Turkish security forces, dubbed as the “Deep State.” The motivation in the murder of Dink was to prevent him to unravel the names of millions of Turks who have Armenian ancestry but were afraid of publicly acknowledgment. In the words of the Turkish Foreign Minister Daoud Oglo, a close protégé of the PM, “he was talking too much.”

It would be thoughtful for the Grand Vizier to give a hard look at his own governments’, past and present policies of committing and covering up crimes against humanity before preaching civility at international forums.

Turkish policies in South Caucasus concern for Moscow – report

NEWS.am March 21, 2013 | 12:08

Complex and often-contradictory interactions among Turkey, Russia, and Iran are shaping regional dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Central Asia, says the report issued by Center for Strategic and International Studies.

In its report Washington-based think tank focused on three pairs of bilateral relations between Russia, Iran and Turkey. The report says the current Turkish government has made improving relations with Russia a priority since it took office in 2002.

It is mentioned that Russia’s positive interests with Turkey are

principally economic. “Turkey is a major energy export market, but there have also been dramatic increases intrade,

investment, and tourism. Iran is a minor trading partner and energy competitor. Moscow’s engagement

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with Tehran is driven by geopolitical goals vis-а-vis the United States and a desire to temper Iranian influence over Muslim populations in Russia and neighboring countries,” the report says.

“For now, Turkish policies in the South Caucasus are probably a bigger concern for Moscow than those of Iran. Many Russian analysts talk of a North/South axis of Russia, Armenia, and Iran that is opposed to an East-West axis of Turkey, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.”

The analysts also say that Iran’s foreign policy reveals focus on advancing national goals.

“Time after time, as well, Iran’s foreign policy reveals a clear-eyed focus on advancing national goals over pan-Islamic ones, for example through sustaining closer ties with non-Muslim nations such as Armenia than with Muslim nations such as Azerbaijan or Saudi Arabia.”

Hrayr S. Karagueuzian & Yair Auron; A Perfect Injustice: Genocide & Theft of the Armenian Wealth. Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University, NJ 2009

Mark Geragos and Pat Harris: Mistrial

We the people, immersed in “Boston Legal,” “Law and Order,” and “The Good Wife,” believe we know what goes on in a court of law. Media attention to high-profile cases like the Casey Anthony verdict and our unprecedented access to real-life in-court drama, via the televised O.J. Simpson trial, and others, have lulled us into thinking we understand the American judicial system. We are so wrong.

Now, in MISTRIAL: An Inside Look at How the Criminal Justice System Works ... and Sometimes Doesn’t (Gotham Books; April 2013; $27.00) Mark Geragos, JD, and Pat Harris, JD, upend the scales and reveal why “justice” often literally is blind in this land of stealth jurors manipulating their way onto cases so they can convict a defendant, cops who feel compelled to lie on the witness stand, detectives who sell confidential police information, defense attorneys too scared to go to trial, and clients eager to bribe judges.

Mark Geragos and Pat Harris, two of America’s leading criminal defense attorneys, take readers inside some of the most compelling and sensational trials of the past 20 years. They have worked on cases that involved celebrities (Michael Jackson, Chris Brown, Winona Ryder,

Mike Tyson) and on cases that have made ordinary people into celebrities (Susan McDougal, Scott Peterson, Gary Conduit).

Going behind the legal scenes, Geragos and Harris assess the dramatic changes that have occurred in our judicial system, making it heavily weighted toward the prosecution. They examine how politics shifted the balance, the strategies that fed misconceptions that courts were soft on crime, why the O.J. Simpson trial spiraled out of control and the powerful impact it had on future jurors countrywide, and the deep influence of media coverage. Zeroing in on the wide margins of error, Geragos and Harris scrutinize defense attorneys, prosecutors, judges, jurors, clients, cops, and the media, and the roles they play in changing your perception of the truth.

Far from preserving the credo of “innocent until proven guilty,” more jurors than ever are entering the court convinced that our system could not get it wrong. The falsely accused are confessing to crimes they did not commit, and only a portion of the wrongly convicted defendants are being proven innocent and released, following re-evaluation of evidence.

MISTRIAL will change forever your outlook as a juror, and make you think twice about your rights as a defendant. You will question why the public is so willing to overlook a D.A. who jails an innocent person.

A manifesto on the ills of the criminal justice system, and outlining steps that can be taken to bring balance back, MISTRIAL is a fascinating and timely read for legal eagles and armchair arbiters, alike.

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Book and Film Review:

My Mother’s Voice - A Genocide Survival Story

GLENDALE, CA -- My Mother’s Voice, an updated book (2013 Edition) and new documentary, tell the moving story of Flora Munushian’s teenage years, and are written and produced by her daughter Kay Mouradian. From 1914-1919, Flora traveled from Hadjin, Turkey to Aleppo, Syria then ultimately to the United States, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide.

“I am my mother’s voice,” Kay Mouradian declares in the new edition of her book and her moving documentary. “She told me in no uncertain terms that I was going to write a book about her.” This hadn’t been Mouradian’s goal or even a thought until her mother’s last years. Luckily, she did take up the

challenge, presenting the story of her mother’s harrowing teenage years from 1915-1919. Flora Munushian was a 14-year-old Armenian girl attending an American school in Hadjin, Turkey when a deportation order forced her community on a death march to Der Zor. Her father managed to stow his daughters in Aleppo, where she and her sister hid for the duration of WWI. Flora never saw her parents or her brothers again. At the age of 18, she sailed to the U.S. to marry an

Armenian man she’d never met. Mouradian’s narrative is well-paced and action-packed, with the right amount of carefully

researched details. Told from her mother’s point of view, the story highlights Flora’s drive to get an education, her youthful idealism and her inner strength. The book is a great read for both young readers and adults, with a positive message and story arc.

The film based on the book takes a more historical look at the genocide’s impact on Flora and her family. Among its visuals: a copy and translation of the deportation order posted in Hadjin; a photograph of Rev. Hovhanness Eskijian, who rescued Flora, her sister and hundreds of Armenian orphans in Aleppo; and a photograph of Flora’s family – most of whom perished during the march or in Der Zor.

A neighbor introduced Mouradian to award-winning filmmaker Mark Friedman, who worked diligently with her to produce the documentary. “He was so far-sighted, and very resourceful,” Mouradian said. Together they searched out original film footage and were able to use portions of the 1919 silent film Ravished Armenia that appears on Zareh Tjeknavorian’s DVD Credo.

Tjeknavorian wrote to Mouradian, “Congratulations to you and Mark for so beautifully and affectingly bringing the message of your mother’s life to the world. Her voice speaks so eloquently through your own. This film, and the vast history it artfully distills into such a poignant and positive personal story is as much a testimony to the resiliency of family and culture across generations as it is to the evil that sought to destroy them. I am sure it will go a long way to honoring the memory of Flora and the millions she speaks for.”

Mouradian’s South Pasadena community links not only got her introduced to a top-notch film collaborator, they have also supported and recognized her educational and civic endeavors. While serving as LA Community College Professor of Health and Physical Education, she published guidebooks and studies on yoga. She was honored for her professional and literary achievements by Congressman Adam Schiff (D-Calif.), who named her 2012 Woman of the Year for South Pasadena.

The South Pasadena audience at a preview of the documentary last September was strongly affected by the film. “The film is tastefully, artfully done, the music is beautiful, and your narration hit all the right notes,” one viewer wrote later. “It’s a shock (and a shame) that this subject is not taught in high school history classes. I sure didn’t know much about it until I moved to Glendale and started talking with Armenian friends.”

My Mother’s Voice premiered at Toronto’s Pomegranate Film Festival in October 2012, and was also featured at Los Angeles’ ARPA Film Festival in December 2012.

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Armenian National Congress submits party list for Yerevan council elections

March 21, 2013 | 16:46 YEREVAN.- Armenian National Congress on Thursday submitted to the Central Electoral Commission (CEC) its proportional list for the capital city Yerevan Council election, CEC Press Secretary Hermine Harutyunyan told Armenian News-NEWS.am. The 42-member list is headed by former Yerevan Mayor Vahagn Khachatryan followed by Zoya Tadevosyan and Arman Musinyan. To note, the Yerevan Council election is slated for May 5, and the participating political forces will vie for 65 Council seats. The parties may submit their lists

between March 11 and Thursday, and these lists will be registered from Thursday to March 31. The election campaign will kick off on April 7 and come to an end on May 3. May 4 is a no-campaign day. The Yerevan Council election will be held with proportional lists only.

News from Armenia - NEWS.am

European championship: Armenia’s wrestler performs unsuccessfully

Andranik Galstyan, who represents Armenia, was unable to pass the round of 8 at the European Freestyle Wrestling Championship, which is held in the Georgian capital city Tbilisi. In his first match, Galstyan (120 kg) was defeated by Nick Matuhin of Germany on points. Separately, Grigor Grigoryan (74 kg) of Armenia will start his campaign Thursday at the round of 8.

NEWS.am Sport

EU made progress in negotiations with Armenia - Stefan Fule

March 21, 2013 | 12:37

EU made progress in negotiations with Moldova, Georgia and Armenia on association agreements, including Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas, EU commissioner Stefan Fule said on Wednesday. “I am proud to note that in a recent Eurobarometer survey, people from our Neighbourhood, both in the East and South, noted that ‘human rights’ and ‘solidarity’ are the characteristics which best represent the EU. I feel that this is also the result of our continuing engagement,” Commissioner for Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy said during the presentation of the European Neighborhood Policy package.

“We want to ensure that the reform objectives agreed with partner countries are a true reflection of their societies’ concerns and aspirations and this is where the engagement of the

European Parliament with parliaments of our partners is crucial.” Stefan Fule is hopeful that the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius this November will be a milestone in bringing Eastern European partners closer to political association and economic integration.

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Azerbaijan hands over 2 civilians to Armenia

March 20, 2013 | 15:24 Azerbaijan handed over to Armenia two civilians who had illegally crossed the Armenian-

Azerbaijani border. The ceremony took place at about 3pm on Wednesday on the border near Kaynavan settlement or

Armenia’s Tavush Region under the mediation of the Yerevan and Baku representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

Mnatsakan Karyan—a resident of Dovegh village of Armenia’s Tavush Region, and who is born in 1926—crossed the border on March 16, whereas Anahit Arakelyan—a resident of Aygehovit village of Tavush Region, and who is born in 1965—crossed the border on March 17.

Ergenekon Prosecutor: Patriarch Mesrob Mutafyan Was Targeted for Assassination

Hedq 12:36, March 21, 2013

Istanbul Armenian Apostolic Church Patriarch Mesrob Mutafyan was just one of several prominent figures in Turkey targeted for assassination by the group Ergenekon in an attempt to destabilize the country according a lead prosecutor in the case.

As reported in yesterday’s Today’s Zaman, prosecutor Ali Pekgüzel presented his final opinion to an Istanbul Court, arguing that the terrorist group had sought to create disorder in Turkey through seventeen subversive plans and thus lead to a coup d’etat.

One of the plans, according to the prosecutor, was to murder prominent figures in the country and lay the blame on the ruling Justice and development Party (AKP).

In addition to Archbishop Mesrob Mutafyan, others marked for assassination were the former chief prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Appeals, Abdurrahman Yalçınkaya; former Chief of General Staff retired Gen. Yaşar Büyükanıt; world-renowned writer Orhan Pamuk; Diyarbakır Mayor Osman Baydemir; Kurdish lawmakers Sebahat Tuncel and Ahmet Türk; Federation of Alevi-Bektaşi Associations (ABF) head Ali Balkız.

Prosecutor Mehmet Ali Pekgüzel is seeking life imprisonment for 64 defendants and up to 15 years for 96 others.

The defendants include Turkish officials, retired military officers, journalists and scholars.

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